Art Quarter 2

Name and explain the meaning of each of the three Jewish symbols below.

#1: Menorah - It is a symbol of paradise and the end of exile for the Jewish people. #2: Ram's Horn - It was considered sacred and used during ceremonial occasions. #3: Citron - It symbolized prosperity and good fortune for harvest.

What does each Egyptian symbols mean?

#1: White Crown of Upper Egypt #2: Red Crown of Lower Egypt #3: Eye of Horus (Egyptian god) #4: Scepter (represents power) #5: Ankh (everlasting life)

This is example of Egyptian tomb decoration. Answer the following: - What type of sculpture is this tomb decoration? - Why was this type of sculpture common among Egyptian tombs? - What is the title of the sculpture? - What is the subject matter of the sculpture? - What was the purpose of tomb decorations?

- It is a relief sculpture. - Relief sculptures were common because they could be engraved into the walls of the tombs, making them impossible for tomb raiders to steal. - The title of this tomb decoration is Stele of Amenemhat I. - The sculpture shows ordinary people in everyday life. - Tomb decorations were intended to bring joy to the dead for eternity.

List the three independent nations of the Three Kingdoms period in Korea.

- Stilla - Baekje (Unified Stilla) - Goguryeo

_______________ was a well-known architect of the Arts and Crafts Movement. a. Frank Lucas b. Dale Chihuly c. David Chipperfield d. Frank Lloyd Wright

d. Frank Lloyd Wright

What is a dome? What is another term used to describe a dome? How is it similar to an arch?

A dome is essentially a half sphere that improves the load bearing capacity of a ceiling piece. It is an arch that has been spun around on its vertical axis.

Define the difference between a draftsman and an architect.

A draftsman is someone who translates the designers ideas into a finished image using drawing and drafting skills. An architect is a licensed person who leads a team in the planning and design of a building or house

What is a freestanding sculpture? How many points of view does a freestanding sculpture have?

A freestanding sculpture is a three-dimensional piece of art, which is surrounded by space on all sides. A freestanding sculpture has multiple perspectives.

What is a handicraft? Examine the image above. Is it an example of functional piece art or fine art? Explain your answer.

A handicraft is made using hand skills and generally serves a utilitarian rather than fine art function. It is an example of a functional piece of art. Although it is beautifully made and artistic, it served a purpose for the ancient Greeks. It could have carried water, grain, or another substance.

Define and describe the attributes of a high relief? Examine the relief sculpture above. Explain what attributes make it an example of a high relief.

A high relief is a form of relief that extends at least halfway out of the background. You can see in this relief sculpture that the sculpted parts curve back into the background to created spaces(men and the horses). This action creates strong shadowing and overlapping, and the objects appear to be projecting out of the surface. These attributes can be seen in this relief sculpture and are attributes of a high relief.

Which of the following examples is from the Lower Paleolithic period?

A

Which of the following is not an example of Mesoamerican art?

A

Explain the processes used in forming metals. Name one occupation in history that has used forming in metalworking.

A collection of processes in which metal is arranged into a desired shape. Most commonly with forming metal, the metal is heated until it reaches liquid form, and is shaped. It will then harden and remain in the shape created. Forming can also include casting, which involving shaping the metal using a hammer or some other form of pressure. Forming has been most commonly used by blacksmiths for centuries.

Define and describe the attributes of a low relief sculpture. What is another term used to describe a low relief sculpture?

A low relief sculpture has less projection from the background plane than high relief. A low relief can also be called a bas relief.

What is a mandala? Describe the attributes and history of mandalas?

A mandala was a hanging scroll used for teaching about deities. The idea was brought to Japan from China by master Kukai from 775 to 835 BCE. Mandalas portrayed the deities in schematic order.

What is a natural sculpture? Name at least two forms of processes that exist in nature.

A natural sculpture is a sculpture that is inspired by forms and processes from nature. Two forms of processes are life cycles and weather.

Explain the difference between a piece of art and a craft.

A piece of art is a creative, visual expression of an idea in some form. A craft is the physical effort and skill used in the creative process.

What is a meander pattern? Which two civilizations mainly used this technique?

A piece of ceramics that has a meander pattern, has an outside rim designed with geometric patterns consisting of horizontal and vertical lines. This technique/style was mainly used by the Romans and the Chinese.

What is a post-and-lintel system of construction? What problem can occur with a post-and-lintel system? Provide an example of an ancient structure that used a post-and-lintel system.

A post-and-lintel system uses vertical posts which are separated to support a horizontal beam. The main problem that can occur with a post-and-lintel system is cause by the weight is unevenly distributed and the center is unsupported, which can cause sagging over time. Stonehenge is an example of an ancient structure that used a post-and-lintel system.

What equipment is necessary for creating ceramic? Describe each piece and how it is used.

A potter first of all need clay to begin making any creating. A potter's wheel is then used in a process known as "throwing" a pot, in which a spinning wheel spins clay at different speeds to create a desired shape for a piece of pottery. A kiln is a type of oven used to fire or heat the clay.

What is a relief? How many points of view does a relief have?

A relief sculpture is a type of sculpture that contains objects embedded in a ground or surface. It has only one point of view, as a painting or drawing has.

Define the term, sculpture in the round. How is sculpture more representational and communicative than other forms of art?

A sculpture in the round is a three dimensional art that is meant to be seen from all sides. Answers may vary, but should be similar to the following: Sculpture allows the artist a greater degree of freedom. It also communicates forms, figures, movement, and dynamic shapes, among others.

Can a sculpture in the round be appreciated fully if it is viewed from only one angle? Explain what occurs, and what can be noticed, when a sculpture in the round is viewed from all angles.

A sculpture in the round is designed to be view, and cannot be fully appreciate or understood from a single angle. When looking at a sculpture in the round from all angles, our focus changes and we notice different features. We notice that the staging, or the parts that appear to overlap at a given angle, changes depending on the angle we are looking from. The division of positive and negative space changes depending on the viewing angle.

What is a sculpture series? What elements does the artist need to consider when creating a sculpture series?

A sculpture series is a group of interrelated objects that exist together in a space. The artist has to consider how to arrange the individuals pieces so that they convey whatever meaning or message the artist is seeking.

What is a site specific sculpture?

A site specific sculpture is a sculpture that has an integral relationship with the particular site where the exist.

What is "slip"? What was it primarily used for by the Greeks?

A slip is the clay that has been watered down to the consistency of paint. This paint was used to decorate the ceramics.

What is a sunken relief? Where have many great examples of sunken reliefs been found?

A sunken relief is a type of relief in which the image is carved into a flat surface, so that the background is the raise portion and the sunken portions are the objects and subjects. Many great examples of sunken reliefs been found in Egyptian tombs.

Define these two types of construction: truss and suspension. What are the benefits of using each type of construction? What do these two types of construction have in common?

A truss is a structure made up of one or more triangular units that are connected at the joints by long beams. The triangles of a truss structure keep the structure from sheering and collapsing. A suspension is a type of bridge where the main load-bearing elements are hung from suspension cables. The load is distributed to the cables, which continue beyond the structure. Both types of construction are most commonly used in bridge building.

Look at the map of Africa below. Name the three ancient discoveries labeled on the map, and the present-day country their history is a part of.

A: Art and architecture from the Jenne people; present-day Mali. B: The Igbo Ukwu site; present-day Nigeria. C: Textiles, regalia, and sculptures of the Kongo Kingdom; present-day M'banza

Name the four main islands of Japan.

A: Hokkaido B: Honshu C: Shikoku D: Kyushu

Label the three Pyramids of Giza. Which is the largest?

A: Menkaure B: Khafre C: Khufu Khufu is the largest of the three pyramids.

Describe the beginnings of the Hellenistic period and the changes that occurred in art as a result.

Alexander the Great died unexpectedly in 323 BCE. As a result, the whole empire began to fall, and leaders fought over power and the empire. Artists of this period had a noticeably different vision of art. Art before this time period was characterized as religious and peaceful. Hellenistic art became more realistic. Hellenistic art is known for the expression of pain, anger, and other dark emotions.

What must an artist consider before creating a sculpture in the round? Why do you rarely see figures, in sculptures in the round, unposed (standing straight up)?

An artist must consider how the sculpture will look from all angles, in other words whether the sculpture will be interesting and pleasing from all angles. Figures are rarely unposed because the artist wants the viewer to have different and interesting details to take in, no matter what angle the sculpture is looked at from.

Define the term, environment sculpture. Is it a universally accepted form of sculpture?

An environment sculpture is a sculpture that has a relationship with its surrounding environment. It is not universally accepted by all artists and critics because it is a new concept and needs more time to develop.

On February 16, 1923, the Times of London cabled the New York Times with dramatic news of a discovery, saying, "This has been, perhaps, the most extraordinary day in the whole history of Egyptian excavation..." What discovery is being discussed? Why was this discovery so important?

An excavation found the funerary mask of Tutankhamun, inlaid with stones and gold. The mask was found in the emperor's tomb. From this discovery, researchers, historians, and archeologist learned much about the Egyptian people and their culture.

What is an installation sculpture? Provide an example of an installation sculpture.

An installation sculpture is a form of site specific sculpture work, which is designed to affect the way a space or environment is experienced. It can create space as well as interacting with the space. An example of an installation sculpture would be, Bethel white granite benches, by Jenny Holzer.

Describe the Great Sphinx. How is it different from other sphinxes and what is located between its paws?

Archaeologists are working to uncover the mysteries of the Great Sphinx. They know that the Great Sphinx was once painted. The face shows signs of red pigment. Other places indicate use of yellow and blue pigments. Between the Great Sphinx's paws is a granite panel. It is inscribed with a legend, a "dream stela," placed there circa 1400 BCE, roughly 1,000 years after the Great Sphinx was built. The engraving tells the story of Tuthmosis IV (the then prince and the next pharaoh) who dreamed that the Great Sphinx called for help to be unburied from the sand. When he became pharaoh, Tuthmosis IV started the first known restoration of the monumental statue. Restoration of the Great Sphinx continues to this day.

Define the terms, architecture and architect. What is required of an architect to produce great pieces of architecture?

Architecture is the art of building or constructing. An architect is a person who designs pieces of architecture. An architect must understand the technical skills of design and construction, as well as what is required to make a piece of architecture functional and/or aesthetically pleasing.

What was the main goals and characteristics of the arts and crafts movement in architecture?

Architecture sought a spiritual connection with the surrounding environment, both natural and man-made. Architecture was unique, but did have common attributes. These attributes included warms colored woods, many windows so that light would come pouring in, rustic furnishings, and unfinished qualities.

Describe the development of cuneiform by the Sumerians. What word is symbolized in the image below?

Around 3100 BCE, Sumerians pressed Cuneiform symbols into clay tablets with a stylus to keep business records. It was the first form of writing. The earliest writing was more of a pictograph or a crude picture of the item. Later writing evolved into more symbols and lines. The word symbolized is "bull."

What are the Dogon known for artistically? What motif is recurring and what does it represent?

Artistically, the Dogon are known for their unique cliffside architecture, carved masks, and figural sculpture. Some of these are made from clay and metal, and some are painted. But most are carved from unpainted wood. One recurring motif is the equestrian figure.

How is Byzantine Art different from others? Where does Byzantine art remain popular today?

Aside from subject matter, the most notable difference between Roman and Byzantine art was the way human figures were represented. Romans, like the Greeks, strove for naturalism and realism in art. The Byzantines, however, depicted stylized, linear figures on flat backgrounds. Even in portraits, most people had very similar facial features and were often indistinguishable from one another. The typical Byzantine face had huge eyes, a piercing stare, and a flat nose and mouth. Color and line replaced shape and form as chief concerns. Where did this strikingly different style come from? Byzantine art was influenced by the simplistic, flat forms and bright colors found in the art of Egypt, Ethiopia, and Persia. But its own influence was much greater. As the Byzantine Empire grew, its rich gold tones and simple contours were picked up by artists from Italy to India. Today, Byzantine art remains most popular in the countries Russia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Romania, and Albania.

In sculpting, what is assemblage? What feature is unique to assemblage sculpture? In what type of art is assemblage most common?

Assemblage is an additive process where artists construct work by putting together objects and attaches them in some way. Assemblage sculpture can include a variety of materials in the same sculpture, where as other types of sculpture may only be made out of one or perhaps two materials. Assemblage allows the artist a great degree of freedom. Assemblage sculpture is most common in modern art.

All of the following are examples of royal regalia, except:

B

If you examine the images below, you will notice they are examples of sculpture. Which would not be considered an example of an environment sculpture?

B

Describe the three main features of Roman architecture. How were these features used?

Before concrete was invented, Romans used a marble, travertine, and a type of volcanic stone called tufa. People continued to use these materials after concrete was invented. However, concrete allowed for new innovations in architecture that were not possible with bricks of any material. These included new variations on the three main features of Roman architecture: the arch, the dome, and the vault.

What was Christian art like before the Edict of Milan?

Before the Edict, Christian art was still made, but rarely seen. The most rare type of Christian art was sculpture since it was the hardest to hide. Most sculptures before the Edict were made of marble and depicted the Good Shepard (Christ). Christian artist would attempt to place images in works of art that would be symbolic to the Christian people, but would go unnoticed by pagans.

Describe the cultural shift that occurred in the Fertile Crescent between 4000 and 3000 BCE.

Between 4000 and 3000 BCE, the agricultural villages of the Fertile Crescent turned into prosperous cities with developed specialized skills. Grain mills and ovens were added along with brick and pottery kilns, textile and metal workshops. With the addition of these extra goods came increased trade and contact with other cultures.

Define and detail the following: - black figure painting - red figure painting

Black figure painting: The original technique, used by the Greeks for creating forms/silhouettes using black paint on terracotta clay. Before firing, they would paint on a black slip (profiles only), and then fire it several times. Red figure painting: This method replaced black figure painting. It was considered superior because more detail could be added. Red figure painting is the reverse of the black figure technique. The paintings were applied to the shaped but unfired vessels after they had dried to a leathery, near-brittle texture.

Explain the principle of bone method and its significance in China?

Bone method is a way of using a brush, particularly relating to calligraphy. It was significant in China because calligraphy was a highly regarded and honorable skill.

Compare and contrast bronze and iron.

Bronze includes a wide range of copper alloy metals, usually with tin as the main additive. Bronze is a durable metal and is widely used for casting, or pouring melted metal into a mold. Iron is a lustrous, silver, soft metal, taken mostly from iron ore hematite. Like bronze, iron can exist in many alloys. Iron alloys however are usually carbon based rather than copper based.

What mathematician's foundations can be found in Computer Aided Design software and what are these elements? How is designing easier for architects today?

But the first true CAD software wasn't created until the early 1960s. Ivan Sutherland, a PhD student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, created Sketchpad as a component of his dissertation. This software allowed an architect or engineer to use a light pen to draw on the computer's monitor, which enabled them to interact with the computer's interface. The groundbreaking Sketchpad seems rather outdated to some when compared to today's CAD software. Operations that can be performed in the blink of an eye today took hours on the computers that Sketchpad ran on. But to show exactly how innovative Dr. Sutherland's work truly was, even today no application has been created that allows the designer to interact with a user interface so directly. Many architects today find it hard to comprehend a time when rulers, squares, and compasses took the place of computers and mistakes had to be erased and redrawn. CAD programs give architects the advantages of being able to work in a three-dimensional space, expose internal space, and fully view spatial relationships.

Why did Jenne architecture change by the ninth century?

By the ninth century, Islam became an economic and religious force in West and North Africa. The architecture took on an Islamic style as a result.

Describe the artistic style of Mesopotamian artists by the third century BCE. What kind of art has been found from this time period?

By the third century BCE, a distinct artistic style had already been established to define the Middle East and its people. Like most ancient art, it was religious in nature. Mesopotamian artists attempted to depict the relationship between the earthly and the heavenly. Most early Sumerian art was in the form of sculpture and found in the temple sphere. Votive statues have been found in ancient Sumerian temples that are believed to represent worshippers. These statues show people who are highly individual, with distinct hairstyles and clothing and of different shapes and sizes. However, all of them have widely open eyes, as if they are constantly alert. Akkadian sculpture took a different approach. A few portraits of Akkad's rulers still exist, most notably the bronze head of Sargon himself. The detail found in this sculpture, created using the lost-wax method of metal casting, suggest great advances in technology from the earliest works of Sumer—probably reflecting the influence of nearby cultures such as Egypt. Sculptures such as this were probably richly adorned with precious stones and metals, but have lost much of their original quality due to centuries of pillaging and neglect. In Mesopotamia, the third century BCE was an important chapter in humanity's history. It had a great impact on politics, economics, and urban culture that has endured to this day. The artwork of the era reflects this influence.

Which of the following was not designed using computerized software?

C.

What is CAD an abbreviation for? How is CAD used by architects?

CAD is the abbreviation for Computer-Aided Design. It is a computer program that gives the architect opportunity to electronically plan and place elements of a building. The program adds exact details and dimensions, so the architect can see how the design will look from any angle.

Describe ancient Chinese calligraphers.

Calligraphers were disciplined individuals, who would use specific brush strokes and sat in a specific posture. The Chinese believed calligraphy was a spiritual experience.

In sculpture, what does carving refer to? What influences the materials an artist chooses when creating a carving? Provide one example of a carving from the lecture, including the name and material it was sculpted out of.

Carving is the use of tools to chip away at a base in order to produce the sculpture. The materials an artist chooses depends on cost, and availability of both tools and materials. An example of a carving is, Fu Lions, which was sculpted out of ivory.

How is casting done in sculpture? What is the lost wax method?

Casting is a substitution process in which the artist models an image in a soft medium such as wax, and then replaces it with something more durable such as bronze. First a wax model is created. This model is a replica of what the finished product with look like. This model is then heated until the wax is lost - hence the term "lost wax" casting. Then the mold is filled with the desired material, such as bronze.

Describe Christian art after the Edict of Milan. List two examples of Christian art created after the Edict or during the Byzantine period.

Christian art most commonly depicted the Good Shepherd (Christ). Christian symbols, such as the cross were included in most works of art. Mosaics freely covered church walls, ceilings. Artists used bright colors and shading. Examples: Sarcophagus of the church of Santa Maria Antiqua Good Shepherd Rabbula Gospel Virgin of Vladimir The Old Testament Trinity

What did computer design replace? What were the two disadvantages to the past method(s) used by architects and draftsmen?

Computer design replace handmade models. Models were both expensive and time consuming to create.

Which of the following is an example of the Japanese style, women's hand?

D.

What are dogu? How were they significant to the Japanese during the Jomon period?

Dogu were small human effigy figures. It is believed that dogu represented the owner and held magic powers that would transfer misfortune to the figure. If the figures were broken, then it would release the misfortune.

How did David Smith begin to use metal as his medium? What were his sources of inspiration?

During his early years before he became an artist he also worked in an automobile factory where he learning soldering and spot-welding techniques. He then started to mix his technical knowledge and art to create art. He was inspired by the art of Pablo Picasso and Julio Gonzalez.

Create a brief timeline for the history of ceramics. Include dates, civilizations, and types in your answer.

Earliest known ceramics: Ancient Greeks made pots for functional use. The Greeks would paint them with elaborate decorations during the 6th and 5th century BCE.Circa 2500 BCE: Bronze Age bowls and other ceramics 1000 BCE (3000 years ago): Chinese ceramics 700-800 CE: Mayan vases and other ceramics

Describe the art of the Early Byzantine period.

Early Byzantine art presented Christian stories and the Gospels through multi-leveled symbolism. Many church murals and mosaics were created. Most works of art were painted on sheets of vellum, which is a thick papyrus material. Artist most often use bright colors, although many have faded through the years.

What are the Danzante figures and why were they an important find? What are they thought to represent?

Early in their history, the Zapotec people carved and mounted a group of reliefs on stone slabs that featured human figures and written glyphs. The faces and bodies of these figures resemble the artwork of the Olmec people, who predated the Zapotec. Known as Danzantes (or dancers), these figures get their names from their playful and awkward postures. But these figures are probably not dancing; it is more likely that they are meant to represent Monte Albán's captives and victims. The figures' open mouths and closed eyes suggest that they are meant to represent dead people. Many are naked, and some appear to be mutilated.

Name and describe the different types of ceramics.

Earthenware: This type of ceramic is very porous and brittle, so it has to be fired and glazed. Because it is porous however, it is also able to soak up bright colors and produce bold ceramic pieces. Stoneware: This type of ceramic is waterproof, smooth, and has a higher firing temperature than earthenware when out in a kiln. Porcelain: This type of ceramic is one of the most durable types, and is commonly used for purposes such as dinnerware, bathroom toilets and sinks, and dentistry (fillings for cavities). It also has a high firing temperature, is translucent, and no-conductive after firing.

Define the following terms: - effigy - secular - polytheistic

Effigy: A representation of a person, especially in the sculpture form. Secular: The state of being separate from religion. Polytheistic: A belief in, or worship of, many gods.

Explain the difference between weaving and embroidery.

Embroidery and weaving are two different ways of putting a design onto a piece of fabric. With embroidery, a pattern gets stitched onto a base material, whereas with weaving, the design is a part of the material itself.

Why were weaving and embroidery not accepted forms of art until recently?

Embroidery and weaving were both regarded as women's work, rather than a form of art. Only after factories were established during the Industrial Revolution and textiles were mass produced, did embroidery and weaving become globally accepted as forms of art.

Define the term, fiber. Name the four techniques of art that use fiber.

Fiber is a flexible material that are continuous filaments or elongated pieces, similar to threads. The four techniques that use fiber are weaving, sewing, basketry, and handmade paper.

What are three examples of fibers?

Fibers can come from plants, such as reeds or cotton, from animals, such as wool from sheep, or can be made, which create what's called synthetic fibers, such as nylon.

Provide an example of a famous architect who participated in the Arts and Crafts Movement and his goals.

Frank Lloyd Wright is one of the most famous architectures of the Arts and Crafts Movement. He wanted to create buildings (mainly houses) that were unique in every way, and that also fit with the local character and environment.

What is glass art?

Glass art is a form of art which uses glass in a creative way. It is also a form of art that relies heavily on light to enhance its appeal and beauty.

Define the following terms: - glazed - amphora - terracotta

Glazed: A thin, shiny glass-like coating used to color pottery. Amphora: A two-handled storage jar with a long neck, narrower than its body. Terracotta: A hard red brown earthenware used for pottery and building construction.

Describe the physical qualities and importance of gold.

Gold is a highly sought after dense, malleable, shiny, and soft precious metal that has been used as a form of currency for many centuries. It is the most valuable precious metal. It is aesthetically and intrinsically pleasing and has religious or symbolic meaning in many cultures.

Look at this picture. Imagine you are an archeologist who has been searching for ancient artifacts through the caves in France, and you come upon this picture. What do you think it shows? Write a paragraph to explain what the picture shows, the artist who painted it, and why it was painted.

I think it shows boars or pigs of some kind because of the head shape and because of the shape of the body. However, it could be many different animals and parts of the picture could have faded away through time so there is no way for sure of knowing what the artist drew. I think the artist was a caveman of some sorts and they could have either just done it for fun, or maybe that was a way of warning others back in the day of some animals or something else that could have hurt them.

Examine the two example of reliefs above. What type of relief sculpture is each? Justify your answers.

Image one is a low relief. Its images are projected off the background, but not so much that they extend at least one half, or that they curve back into the background creating shadows. Image 2 is a sunken relief. Its figures and images are carved into the flat background.

Why did Christian art become publicly accepted during the third century?

In 313, Constantine issued the Edict of Milan granting all people in the Roman Empire freedom to worship whatever god they wished. Because Christians could worship freely, Christian art could now also be shown publicly.

Esoteric Buddhism art was influenced by polytheistic religions. What was the main characteristic of Esoteric Buddhism art?

In Esoteric Buddhism art, Buddha was still honored, but the Japanese also included many gods as a part of a universal Buddha.

What type of monumental art have scientists discovered from the Neolithic period, and where were they found? Why was this art considered so monumental?

In the 19th century, one of Europe's most remarkable Neolithic sites was uncovered by archaeologists near the border of Finland and Russia. The site included the remains of over 70 ancient settlements, but possibly the most intriguing discovery was a group of small rock carvings on the shores of Lake Onega. These simple drawings, or petroglyphs, depicted birds such as ducks, swans, and geese, as well as people engaging in warfare, performing religious rituals, and even skiing.

The image on the left is an example of cave art from the Upper Paleolithic period. The image on the right is an example from the Neolithic period. Compare and contrast these two examples of cave art.

In the Paleolithic example (left), there images are simply painted, with a bit of color. In the Neolithic example (right), the style is abstract with sharp, clean lines and no color besides black showing. It shows humans and animals interacting together.

How were women affected by the Arts and Craft movement?

Inclusivity for women was a cornerstone of the movement. Women had opportunities not afforded them elsewhere. At a time when other doors were closed, women could take leadership to design, produce, market, and sell their own artful merchandise. From stained glass to pottery, and fabrics to end tables, the home was elevated. Interior decoration was encouraged and celebrated. Women were both makers and consumers.

Is this an example of a relief? Why? What type of relief sculpture is it? Explain.

It is an example of a relief because projecting from the background are square panels, placed sideways and forward. It would be an example of a high relief because the squares are entirely projecting from the red background.

What did the pottery look like during the Archaic period?

It is during the Greek Archaic Period that the fundamental characteristics of Ancient Greek culture and society take the forms most people recognize. For example, it is in this period that the Greek city-state, or polis, emerged as the dominant form of political organization in the region. It is also early in this period that the Greeks developed the traditional Olympic Games and when they developed their own alphabet by adapting the Phoenician alphabet. Pottery is an essential tool for understanding the Archaic Period. Utilitarian and decorative, pottery speaks about the people who created and used it. Let's look at some examples below.

____________ involves light in a way that differs from nearly all other works of art. a. Fiber crafts b. Glass blowing c. Weaving d. Glass crafts

d. Glass crafts

Describe the discovery and importance of this piece of ancient African art.

It was found in the Blombos cave in South Africa and dates back more than 70,000 years. This discovery suggests that abstract thought in humans occurred much earlier than once thought, as seen with the complex geometric array of carved lines.

What do environmental sculptors need to consider when planning and building a piece?

It's planned for a particular site, and the qualities of that site influence the making of the artwork. The space can be anywhere - a room, a grove of trees, a pond, an alleyway, a public plaza, a complex of buildings. Often existing on a grand scale, an environmental sculpture surrounds its viewers, who experience the artwork as they enter and move through the space. The elements of time and movement, then, are also involved as important parts of the viewer's experience.

How has computerized design improved landscaping?

Landscapers use computerized design software to look at specific vegetation designs in different seasons and at different times of the day. It allows architects to see how the placement of objects and vegetation, along with the types of objects and vegetation used, affects the space and overall impression.

What nation of the Three Kingdom period were Maebyeong bottles from? Describe how Maebyeong bottles were made by Korean potters and the artistic elements of the bottles.

Maebyeong bottles were created in Goguryeo. Korean potters used a celadon-high fired glaze of pale, bluish green hue. They would typically apply the glaze over gray stoneware, which had been invented in China. Korean potters experimented with glazes through the years, and their creations rivaled the best Chinese court ceramics.

Describe the characteristics of Men's hand.

Men's hand was characterized by strong ink play and lively brush work. It usually satirized different levels of society and represented the humor of the Japanese.

Compare and contrast the three Pyramids of Giza.

Menkaure is the smallest of the three. Khafre has a top of limestone and still hold some of its veneer. Khufu is the oldest and largest. It is believed that the slope of the sides was intended to mimic the sun rays. It is a true pyramid with a square base and four, triangular, sloping sides. It was made using cut stone blocks, which each weigh around 2.5 tons.

Outline the physical and cultural characteristics on ancient Mesoamerica.

Mesoamerica includes the land between the continents of North America and South America. Its landforms range from rainforests to semiarid mountains. The different civilizations were linked by cultural similarities and trade. There was a sharp division between the elite and commoner classes.

How has metal been used by civilizations to gain power?

Metal has always been the primary material used by civilizations to make weapons. The amount of metal possessed by a nation can greatly influence how a nation is viewed, feared, and respected by surrounding nations.

Define metal. Identify the four primary types of metal.

Metal is an element with super and electric and thermal conductivity, high luster, and sensitivity. The four main types of metal are gold, bronze, silver, and iron.

Define metalworking. Provide a brief history of metalworking.

Metalworking is the craft of using metal to create different parts, or assemble them together, or larger structures. Metalworking began in the Stone Age. The ancient people knew of seven metals, which were used to fashion tools for hunting, protection, and survival. Metalworking reached new heights during the Bronze Age, which began around 2700 BCE. Later came the Iron Age in the 12th century BCE.

Explain the difference between milling and welding.

Milling is a form of cutting where by a metal is made into to a specified geometry by removing excess material using various kinds of tooling leaving a finished part matching a set of specifications. Welding is a fabrication process which joins two pieces of material. This can be done by either melting the pieces together, or by using pressure in conjunction with heat, or by itself.

In sculpture, what is modeling? Name two benefits to this technique of sculpture.

Modeling is the process of forming a pliable medium with hands or tools. Modeling is one of the least expensive and easiest of sculpting techniques.

Describe the types of regalia made in Kongo after being influenced by Portugal.

Much of the regalia of the Kongo Kingdom displayed Christian symbols such as, crosses, crucifixes, and other Christian emblems. Regalia also included figures of saints and ornamental pieces for royalty.

Has computerized design erased the need for architects? Explain your answer.

No. Computerized design hasn't replaced architects. Architectural artistic talent and an eye for design cannot be replaced with software, but instead these attributes are needed to use the software properly.

Define the term, utilitarian. How can something be both utilitarian and fine art?

The term utilitarian corresponds to something that is useful to something or someone. Therefore, for an art to be utilitarian, it must have non-artistic purposes, but for everyday use, such as decorative art.

Why are coins one of the most important sources of historical information for archeologists? What can coins tell us about a culture?

Numismatists learn about ancient cultures by studying the imagery and words stamped on coins. From the numismatist view, a coin has three main elements: The obverse is the front of the coin. It is often called the "heads" side because it frequently features a portrait of an important person from the culture. During the Roman Empire, coins featured portraits of the current emperor or his family members. In other cultures, such as ancient Greece, the obverse frequently featured gods and goddesses. The reverse is the back of the coin, sometimes called the "tails" side. The reverse usually features national symbols, animals, or text. Sometimes, the reverse simply gives the amount that the coin is worth. The inscription on the coin is called the legend. The legend usually runs around the edge of the reverse side, but not always. This part of the coin is often most important for numismatics. It may give the date, the city where the coin was made, or other information. Legends were uncommon on the earliest coins.

Describe the art and culture of the High Classical period in Greece.

Pericles dominated Athenian Politics. He led Athens to a period of great wealth known as the "Golden Age" and used Athenian wealth for the adornment of the city. Encouraged artists to promote a public image of peace, prosperity, and power. There were many examples of great structures and vases created during this time period.

Examine these two pieces of Geometric art. For each, explain what it is and describe anything you notice that is characteristic of Greek Geometric art.

Picture 1: It is a sculpture of a centaur. It has linear motifs such as spirals on the front of the torso, diamonds on its legs and across its back, and cross-hatching along the back. It torso and limbs are cylinder shaped. Picture 2: This is a funerary vase. Funerary art reflected the belief that the dead could continue to enjoy their favorite activities even in death. On the vase, you can see abstract forms of both humans and animals.

Examine the three pictures below. Determine what each is an example of, and any other information you can recall from the lesson or from your own knowledge of art and ceramics.

Picture 1: It is an example of red figure painting. This technique was mainly used by the Greeks. Picture 2: It is an example of a porcelain vassal. It was created by the Chinese, who developed porcelain over 10,000 years ago. Picture 3: It is an example of a pottery wheel. A pottery wheel is used to spin the clay while the ceramicist shapes it into a form.

Describe what historians know about the two sculptures pictured above.

Picture 1: This is a life-sized head of a goddess. It is the first known mask created in the region. It is made entirely out of marble. Historians believe that the mask originally held paint, had a golden wig atop its head, and was inlaid with jewels in its eyes and across its eye brows. Picture 2: This is the first known hallow cast bronze sculpture. The beard and hair indicate royalty and importance. This was the ideal male appearance of this time period, for this region.

Look at the two pictures below. Name each piece of art and the style of Japanese art each represents.

Picture 1: This piece is called, Choiu Giga, and is an example of men's hand. Picture 2: This piece is called, Scene from The Tale of Genji, and is an example of women's hand.

Examine the two environment sculptures photographed above. For each, name its title or its description, and the type of environment sculpture it is. How does each relate to its individual environment.

Picture 1: This sculpture is an example of a natural sculpture. It is entitled Sand Sculpture. This sculpture was made entirely out of sand, and is located in a sandy or coastal area. It would look abnormal in the middle of a metropolitan city, for example. Picture 2: This sculpture is an example of a sculpture series sculpture described as a 20 piece sandstone sculpture is located in New Mexico. This sculpture series is in a part area, which provides a sense of peace and serenity, which is also convey by figures and images in the sculptures. The message may be missed if the sculptures were not placed carefully in this environment, but instead haphazardly in a museum.

Describe the main attributes of pottery, such as the example above, from the Jomon period?

Pottery in this period is characteristic for thick walls, flamboyant decorations and patterns (flame like) and molds with ropes, human faces, snakes and other animal motifs.

Explore the following web resources about relief printing. Then respond to the questions below in 1-2 paragraphs: What is relief printing? Why do you think relief printing has become popular across so many cultures? How are relief printing techniques used in our everyday modern lives?

Relief printing is when raised parts of a linoleum plate or wood block are inked and printed. Making the print block is sort of like cutting a raw potato in half and, on the flat side, carving away any areas you do not want to print. The relief printing idea has become popular across so many cultures as it presented opportunity to multiply information and communicate within its own and others society. It is commonly applied to diaries, business folders, business cards, book covers, brochures, diplomas and various other promotional printed materials for decorative purposes, but it is most importantly and widely used for Braille, a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired. It is traditionally written with embossed paper.

Explain how the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age were categorized.

The Paleolithic period is divided into three main phases: Lower, Middle, and Upper. The division is based on the sophistication of the tools created and used. The Neolithic period came after, and showed a greater degree of sophistication, as well as actual examples of art.

Explain why the earliest period of human history is called the Stone Age? What are the two main periods of the Stone Age?

Scholars refer to the earliest period in human history as the Stone Age because during this time period humans first began creating tools, weapons, and figures out of stone. The Stone Age is divided into two main time periods: the Paleolithic period and the Neolithic period.

Name and define the main component of many commonly used types of glass.

Silica is the main component usually found in glass. Silica is a chemical compound most commonly found in sand or quartz.

Describe the physical attributes and historical importance of silver.

Silver is a soft, white, lustrous metal with the highest conductivity of any element. Silver is very ductile and malleable, slightly harder than gold. It can be flattened through hammering or another type of pressure. It can be used to make ornaments, jewelry, and utensils. It has the highest electrical conductivity of all metals.

Explain the principle of spirited resonance. What was Xie He's opinion of this principle?

Spirited resonance is the overall energy of a work of art. Xie He believed that without this principle, there was no need to look further.

How were Sumerian cylinder seals made? What was the purpose for the seals?

Sumerians developed seals for identifying documents and establishing property ownership. When a cylinder stamp was rolled across soft clay and applied to the closure that was to be sealed, an impression was left. This impression insured that no unauthorized person could open whatever was being sealed.

List the steps taken by women to create the first textiles.

Textile Production • Gather fibers • Clean fibers • Comb and sort fibers • Spin fibers into threads • Weave the fibers using crude looms to make textiles

Explain the circumstances that led to the Arts and Crafts Movement.

The Arts and Crafts Movement was largely fueled by the industrial revolution, in which everything was mass produced. More and more artists wanted to return to hand-made objects that were unique.

What is the CATIA model? What does CATIA stand for?

The CATIA model is a computer aided 3-D Interaction Applications allows interactive visualization and collaboration over the web. CATIA stands for, Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Application.

Explain the importance and attributes of three Greek Orders.

The Doric Order was the oldest and most stable because of its wider style that was not fluted or adorned. Its capital consisted of an abacus and a curved, trapezoidal echinus. The Ionic Order was much more slim and elegant than the Doric Order and had a more decorative capital with spiraled volutes atop the echinus. Finally, the Corinthian Order was the most slender with the most decorative capital, featuring smaller volutes and acanthus leaves.

Outline the main characteristics of the Geometric period in art.

The Geometric period was the first specifically Greek style of vase painting. It was characterized by linear motifs such as spirals, diamonds, and cross-hatching. Abstract forms were used to represent human figures. This included triangles for the torsos, dots for the eyes, long, thin rectangles for the arms, tiny waists, and long legs with bulging spherical muscles. Funerary art reflected the belief that the dead could continue to enjoy their favorite activities even in death.

What was found at the site of Igbo Ukwu? Why was it an important archeological find?

The Igbo Ukwu site contained an elite burial and shrine complex. It held the earliest known examples of copper alloy or bronze casting in Sub Saharan Africa. The site also increased historians' understanding of both art and culture of West African civilizations.

Describe the painting style of the Mayans. Which class were painters a part of?

The Mayans employed the codex-style of painting. Using this method, a vessel was covered in white slip, painted in light brown washes, then outlined in dark brown or black. Painters were often members of the ruling elite.

Describe the physical and cultural aspects of the North American Southwest.

The North American Southwest included the areas of present-day New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah. It was mainly made up of farming cultures, which were slower to arise in the American Southwest. They built large-scale irrigation systems and elaborate, multi-storied structures.

Based on the information presented in the lesson, which medium(s) and materials were commonly used by the following cultures? - Olmecs - Mayans - North American Southwest Natives

The Olmecs created mainly sculptures out of basalt. The Mayans made sculptures out of stucco and created pottery out of clay. They also used the codex-style of painting in their pottery. American Southwest Natives created what was called Rock art, which was mainly painting on rocks or cave walls.

What type of sculptures were created by the Olmecs? How did they get the materials needed to make the sculptures?

The Olmecs produced an abundance of basalt sculpture. Basalt blocks were quarried, then transported from distant sites.

Name and describe the important achievements of the Persians.

The Persians are best known for their jewelry, coinage, and ornamental weaponry. The delicate designs and intricate details of their jewelry demonstrate high levels of technical and artistic sophistication. Coins were made with miniature low-relief portraits of rulers, so that coins, in addition to their function as economic standards, served as an advertisement for the ruler. Their ornamental weapons showed a high level of sophistication as well as the political need to emphasize power and strength.

What is the Stele of Hammurabi (above)? How did it come to exist? What is its significance?

The Stele of Hammurabi was carved in Diorite, a very hard rock, and stands approximately seven feet tall. On the rock is engraved the image of Hammurabi who stands next to the seated sun god, Shamash. Legend says that the sun god told Hammurabi of the laws that should be shared. The laws are engraved at the bottom in cuneiform, and flow horizontally. It is significant because it is the first known written code of law.

What art was each of the three kingdoms known for?

The Three Kingdoms Period was dominated by the kingdoms of Paekche, Koguryo, and Silla. For seven centuries, these three kingdoms were constantly at war, each either in alliance or rivalry with each other and with their closest neighbors, China and Japan. By the end of the seventh century CE, the Silla Kingdom had joined in alliance with China's Tang Dynasty. Together they subdued the other two states, taking control of the entire peninsula in the subsequent Unified Silla Period. The Paekche and Silla Kingdoms dominated the southern part of the peninsula. The Koguryo Kingdom controlled a larger territory that included Manchuria and the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Each kingdom had a distinct Korean culture and drew from different outside influences. Their differences were reflected in their art. As Buddhism spread and replaced the native shamanistic practices, each kingdom's art was impacted by their views of this new religion.

How was relief sculpture first introduced to the United States?

The US Capitol Building is the prime example of Neoclassical art and architecture in America. Construction of the US Capitol started in 1793. In fact, it was through the decoration of the buildings in the new city of Washington, DC that relief sculpture was first introduced to the United States.

Provide the following information for Upper phase of the Paleolithic period: - timeline - a description of the type of art and tools used

The Upper phase took place between 40,000 and 4,000 BCE. This phase is marked by the fascination of people with creating images. It is the first time in history that people and animals begin to be represented in art form, in a realistic fashion. The people used ochers to paint images in caves.

Describe the development of metalworking in Europe.

The age of metals made its appearance in Europe and in the Aegean region around 2300 BCE, copper, gold, and tin had been mined, worked and traded even earlier. The metals mined thus far could be worked, however they were too soft to be functional. The introduction of Bronze, an alloy, or mixture of tin and copper, changed the peoples of Europe. Strong weapons could be fashioned and exquisite objects made of bronze were fashioned.

Describe the example displayed above of a site specific sculpture and the environment it is located in. How would the meaning of this sculpture change if it was removed from its natural environment?

The artist has arranged stones in an assemblage. The stones are ordered from light out to dark. The sculpture was created in the same environment where the stones were found

Describe the sculpture above, including the technique used to create it? How does it interact with its natural environment?

The artist has arranged stones in an assemblage. The stones are ordered from light out to dark. The sculpture was created in the same environment where the stones were found.

Where did the arts and crafts movement take place? In what areas of art was the arts and crafts movement found? What principle did the movement emphasize?

The arts and crafts movement took place mainly in the United States and England. It could be seen in architecture and in the decorative arts. The movement emphasized the creation of the product as well as the end result. In other words, art and meaning were in the creation as much as in the piece itself.

Name this cave art, the time period it was made during, and where it was found. Why is there hand-print included in the image? How was it made?

The cave art describes the parietal art, which could be seen on the wall or ceilings of caves in different regions. It represents the tradition, culture, and values of different religion. The given cave art is known as "Dappled Horses of Perch-Merle." It shows a panel of horses similar to tigers or leopards. It is historical and older than 29,000 years. Thus, art on caves was carved during 25,000 B.C.E. The cave arts were most popular in France in the hillside of Cabrerets in the Lot department. The handprint was included in it as it represents a signature or method to go into the world spiritually. It is regarded as a polychrome painting that uses multiple colors for painting.

Why is Africa considered the "cradle of art and civilization"?

The earlier discovery of Paleolithic art revolutionized ideas of what primitive human cultures might have been capable of. The creation of art is considered to indicate an advance in both the linguistic and cultural development of a population. The discovery of the cave paintings in the 1940s in France led to an hypothesis that while humans most likely originated in Africa, and learned to make tools there, it was not until the time of the French cave paintings, 35,000 ago at most, that forms of modern behavior including advanced language and symbolic expression, such as art began to appear.

How were Jenne sculptures made? What material was most commonly used?

The figures were polished, covered with a red clay slip, and fired at low temperatures. Many of their sculptures were made of terracotta.

What are the two main functions of computer design.

The first main function of computer design is to create images of future construction, with more complex designs. The second is to simulate what past building endeavors may have looked like, in order to rebuild a disintegrating structure or learn from past successes or mistakes in architecture and construction.

In glass art, what are the four main properties it can have? Explain each.

The four main properties/abilities of glass are: transparent, reflective, transmit, and absorb. Transparent: A property of glass which permits light to pass through. Reflective: A property of glass which casts light back. Transmit: Allowing some light filters through. Absorb: Taking in light.

What is the image above an example of? What might have been its purpose(s)? How has this type of metalworking changed in both style and meaning, and how does it still serve the same purpose(s)?

The image above is an example of an ancient piece of jewelry. Jewelry was not only for aesthetic purposes in ancient times, but also for spiritual reasons. In ancient times, many people believed that wearing jewelry allowed a person to be spiritually connected to the gods. Today jewelry can still be a form of spiritual connection (Ex: Christian cross, Star of David, etc.), but most people see them as a reminder rather than a way of connecting or a from of protection. Jewelry for the most part is now ornamental.

The picture above shown vessels from the Neolithic period. What mystery is unanswered by historians regarding ceramic vessels such as these? What is a most common explanation for the mystery?

The interesting point about pottery vessels like these, is why people in Europe did not produce these much earlier. Even though they understood the process of firing the clay as early as 32,000 BCE, it was not until 7000 BCE that they began making vessels using the same technique. Some historians believed that ceramic vessels were not used because of the time, effort, and expense of using them. Ceramic vessels were also much heavier and more fragile than vessels made out of other materials such as wood or fibers.

How does Jan Myers piece Depth of Field create movement?

The lines and planes in this quilt seem to move, but when looking closely, it is clear that each square is one value lighter or darker than the next. A beige grid that appears lighter or darker, depending on the colors behind it, lays on top of these rounded columns and guides the eye in frantic directions.

Describe the characteristics of Women's Hand?

Women's hand was characterized by delicate lines, strong muted colors, and asymmetrical compositions. It was created with the intention of having a refined, subtle emotional impact.

Define and explain the term, load-bearing, in construction. Describe a typical load-bearing construction. What potential problem exist with load-bearing?

The load-bearing element of an construction is the location where the weight and force rests. A typical load-bearing construction would have thick walls and a wide base, made of materials such as stones or bricks, which are stacked. The potential problem with load-bearing is that the stacked materials have a limit on the amount of weight they can hold, and therefore that puts limitations on the height a structure can be.

The colossal head monuments have managed to survive thousands of years, however have been faced with various circumstances that have caused damage. Name one form of damage incurred to the monuments.

The monuments have faced vandalism, flooding, and the wear-and-tear of time.

What events sparked the emergence of the 'Classical Period'? How did art and design grow and change during this time?

The origins of the classical Greek world are rooted in war. At the start of the fifth century BCE, the greatest power in the world was the Persian Empire. It had territory that extended from Afghanistan to the Mediterranean Sea. On the edge of this massive empire, along the coast of what is now Turkey, were a number of Greek city-states. In the year 499 BCE, some of these Greek city-states revolted against Persian rule. When Athens heard of this revolt, it rushed to aid these rebellious Greeks. With the help of Athens, the Greek rebels did great damage to the Persian army in that region. News of this event soon reached the ears of the Persian emperor Darius I, who was furious that a distant people had dared to attack his great empire. He decided to launch a massive attack on Athens to teach it a lesson. Amazingly, however, the Athenian soldiers scored a miraculous victory over the invading Persians on the plains of Marathon in the year 490 BCE. Ten years later, another Persian emperor sent an even larger army. This army managed to burn Athens, but was still ultimately defeated by a united Greek force. In the wake of these victories against the mighty Persia, Greece entered a golden age period in which art, architecture, and philosophy blossomed under the umbrella of Athenian democracy.

What does the photograph above show? How is it an example of an environment sculpture?

The photograph shows the Vietnam War Memorial. It is located in Washington, D.C., which has a variety of other monuments within the city's geographic boundaries.

What does the picture above show? What purpose(s) do they have? How does wood grain relate to these pieces of cultural art?

The picture above shows Native totem poles. Totem poles are intricate wood pieces with carvings of animals and shapes important within a culture. The wood grain in totem poles helps to mimic the texture of fur of the animals that are carved.

What is the above picture an example of? Define this form of glass art and its purpose(s).

The picture is an example of a stained glass window. Stained glass is glass that has been colored using metallic salts. Stained glass has been used throughout history for both aesthetic and functional purposes, including bringing in light and displaying biblical stories and images in churches.

Both of the above pieces are examples of art. Compare and contrast these works of art.

The piece on the left is a tapestry. It was created using fibers of some type, and displays both artistic skill and creativity. The piece on the right is an example of glass art. It also shows skill and creativity. Both are therefore examples of art. They could also both serve as functional pieces. The tapestry (left) could be used as a blanket or covering for a wall or floor, and the glass vase (right) could hold water or a flowers perhaps.

What factors can influence the properties of glass, which include its ability to transmit, reflect, or absorb light, or to be transparent?

The properties can be influenced by many factors. The most common are the shape of the object, the lighting where the object is located, the environment (colors, shapes, density of other objects, etc.), and the viewing angle of the observer.

Explain the difference between the shell and the skeleton in architecture.

The shell is the exterior of the structure. The skeleton is the main interior support and is made of a sturdier material than the exterior.

Name this statue. What type(s) of metal and metalworking were used to create this statue?

The statue is the Statue of Liberty. This statue is made of a sheeting of pure copper with the exception of the flame of the torch, which is coated in gold leaf.

Describe the terracotta soldiers and the emperors tomb.

The terracotta soldiers are made of terracotta. They carried daggers, swords, spears, and axes. The weapons were constructed out of early bronze. The tomb holds horse drawn chariots, although any wooden parts have disintegrated.

Why were the terracotta soldiers created?

The terracotta soldiers we placed there to guard the tomb of Emperor Shihuangdi, a ruthless ruler who united the states of China.

Describe the textiles made by the Kongo people.

The textiles made by the Kongo people were used as forms of currency and in funerary rituals, They used a special technique that resembles velour to the touch.

Name the three main types of relief sculptures. Which do you think would be the most difficult to create? Why?

The three main types of relief sculptures are high relief, low relief (bas relief), and sunken relief. I think the bas relief would be the most difficult because you would have to make sure it is not too protruding.

Name and differentiate between the components types of weaving.

The two components of weaving are warp and weft. The warp is the lengthwise yarns through which the weft is woven. The weft is the yarn which is drawn under and over parallel warp yarns to form fabric.

Name the two rivers that run through the Fertile Crescent. How were the rivers both positive and negative to societies of the Fertile Crescent?

The two rivers that run through the Fertile Crescent are the Euphrates and the Tigris. The rivers are the reason that the region is referred to as "fertile". A fertile region is an area that produces healthy, sustaining vegetation. The negative aspect of the rivers was that flooding was common. Flooding could wipe out an entire years crop.

How does an artist decide what type of sculpture to create? Imagine you are a sculptor who has been asked to create a sculpture. What influences and circumstance would you consider before deciding the type of sculpture to make?

The type of sculpture depends on the design and final product the artist wishes to produce. The decision of what type of sculpture may be influenced by the environment it will be shown in, the tool and materials the arts has to work with, the time an artist has to create a piece, and/or the purpose of the sculpture.

The method used by the ancient Egyptians to build the Pyramids of Giza is still a mystery to both archeologists and historians. Describe at least two theories of how the Egyptians moved the 2.5 ton stones into place.

Theory 1: They moved and stacked the stones using only their strength. Theory 2: They made have rolled the stone on logs to the locations. Theory 3: They may have shoved the stones along slippery, wet sand to the desired locations. Theory 4: They may have built a ramp of sand which stones were stacked along, and then another ramp would be built on top, and the same process repeated.

Are there limits to the architectural designs a computer can create? Are there any limits in construction?

There are no limits to the designs a computer can create, however there may be limits to what can be constructed, depending on such circumstances as available materials, knowledge, location, etc.

Examine and describe the image above. What type of relief sculpture is it? Justify your answers.

There are there figures, two of which look like females who are looking at the center figure, placing his hat/crown on his head. There are many carved symbols surrounding the figures that are most likely some type of language. This is a sunken relief. Its figures and images are carved into the flat background.

What type of figures are pictured above? What is known about these figures by historians?

These figures are votives, which traditionally hold religious significance and were most likely dedicated to the gods. They are limestone statues. They are an examples of the traditional way Sumerians represented forms, with simplified faces and bodies, and with clothing that emphasized the cylindrical shape and the styles of the time. The bulging eyes indicate the openness they had when approaching a god.

Provide the following information for the Lower and Middle phases of the Paleolithic period: - timeline - a description of the type of art and tools

These phases took place before 40,000 BCE. During the Lower Paleolithic period, humans made tools by flaking and chipping flint pebbles into blades and scrapers with sharp edges. The crude tools found during the Lower and Middle phases were not considered art and were intended for practical purposes like hunting.

Describe the architecture of the image above show? (Be sure to clearly define the type of construction used) Why was this type of architecture common amongst Medieval castles?

This castle is built in a square form, with the sides cornered off. At the top, there is a platform for soldiers and guardsmen to stand on. Surrounding the platform is a type of wall construction known as crenellation. Crenellation is rectangular spaces cut out of the top of a wall. This provided spaces through which weapons could be fired during medieval times, when attacks from opposing kingdoms were common.

Name this example of Rock art. Explain the history of this piece and what it shows.

This piece is entitled, Hunter's Mural, and was found in Utah. It is believed to have been created by the Freemont people sometime between 800 and 1300 CE. It shows a hunting scene.

What computer software program was used to create the design for the structure above? What is the main advantage to this program?

This design was created using CATIA. CATIA allows the architect to create a three dimensional image that can be traveled through via the computer, which allows the architect to see problems or areas that would not have been noticed without the software until after the construction was complete.

Name the following example of African art and the civilization is it from. How was this figure made?

This figure is entitled, Horseman. It is an example of Jenne art. It was formed by rolls of clay, then engraved with details.

Name this famous sculpture and the time period it is from. Under what historical circumstances was it created? What does the sculpture show?

This is Apollo with Battling Lapiths and Centaurs and it is from the Early Classical period.Before 480 BCE, the Greeks experienced many conflicts with the Persians who threatened their independence, but by 480 BCE, the strong armies and navies of the Greeks had triumphed over their enemies. Because of their great victories, the Greeks became very confident and their art emerged with a new style. In this sculpture, Apollo stands calming the conflict with his outstretched arm as a display of power.

What is this image of Japanese art? What are the main themes of this piece?

This is a Japanese calligraphic poem. The themes humor, love, and sadness.

Name and describe this type of sculpture. Which group created this type of sculpture?

This is a colossal head found at La Venta. The Olmecs created these sculptures, which ranged from 5 to 12 feet tall. It is believed that they were suppose to represent important people.

Name and date this piece of ancient religious art. Describe its religious connection, color, and content.

This is a mosaic, entitled, The Transfiguration of Christ with Sant'Apollinare from 549 BCE. Its is a Christian composition. In the center is a cross, surrounded by sheep (God's people) and a shepherd (Christ). It tells the story of Christ transfiguration from man into messiah, as told by the gospels. The colors are vibrant and glorifying

Above is a picture of one of the most famous discoveries ever to be found in China. Answer the following questions: - What does the picture show? - When and where was it discover? - Who discovered it and what was he doing when he/she discovered it?

This is a picture of the terracotta soldier. It was found in 1974 in China. A peasant discovered it while digging.The pictures shows the tomb of qin shi huang. In 1974, peasants digging a well near the city of Xian, in Shaanxi province, China, stumbled upon a cache of lifesize, terracotta figures of soldiers at what was later determined to be the burial complex of the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang (259 B.C.210 B.C.)

Describe the physical attributes of this sculpture. What was its purpose? What did it symbolize?

This is a statue or sculpture of a human-headed winged lion. It is 10 feet 3.5 inches tall. Its purpose was to let all who passed by know who was in charge. It symbolized the strength of the ruler it defended. The intention was to inspire civic pride and fear.

What is the picture above an example of? Provide its name, a description of its attributes, and the location where it was found.

This is an example of a tomb decoration. This is called Pectoral of Senusret II. The decoration includes a scarab, a crown, and an ankh, which were all prominent symbols of strength and protection in Egyptian culture and art. It was made out of gold and semi-precious stones. It was found in the tomb of a king's daughter.

What type of construction is this an example of? Why might this type of construction be chosen?

This is an example of a vault, specifically a barrel vault. This type of construction is very stable because of its weight bearing capacity. Therefore the structure is likely to be long-lasting.

Name this cave art, the time period it was made during, and where it was found. Why is there hand-print included in the image? How was it made?

This is called, Spotted Horses and Human Hands. It was made between 25,000 and 24,000 BCE, and was found in Pech-Merle Cave, which is located in Dordogne, France. There is a hand-print as a type of signature created by the artist. The artist created this by chewing-up charcoal in his/her mouth. Then he/she would place a hand on the wall, and blow the chewed-up charcoal over the hand. This would create a negative hand-print on the stone.

Name the painting displayed above. Describe its artistic characteristics and the subject matter.

This is entitled, The Old Testament Trinity. It shows the three angels who visited Abraham in the Old Testament. This painting shows the ideal geometry invented by artists during this time period for human forms. The geometric figures are simple and similar in features. The subjects' are elongated, meaning their necks and arms are long, and in general they are tall and slender. The composition of the figures is also geometric, for they are placed in a triangular form.

What is displayed in the picture above? Describe the subject matter and design included in this piece.

This is the Sarcophagus of the church of Santa Maria Antiqua. A sarcophagus is similar to a coffin. It is made of stone and is adorned with relief sculptures. The man in the middle of the relief is the teacher, and is suppose to symbolize Christ. He is baptizing a young boy, although because the pagans did not know this was happening, since they didn't understand what baptism was.

Which Jewish example of art is pictured above? Describe its artist elements and subject matter.

This is the Wall of Torah Niche. It depicts a story form the Jewish Torah (sacred scripture). The wall depicts common stories to the Jewish people. The artist has used strong outlines and flat colors.

What is the picture above an example of? How was this piece, and others similar, made?

This picture shows a glass craft. It was made by heating sand silica until it melts into a liquid state. The melted glass can then either be shaped by blowing the liquid (glass blowing) or by pouring the melted glass into a mold. The shape and size of the finished piece depends on the tools and method used by the artist.

Name this piece of art and its location. How was it created by the artist?

This piece is entitled, Anthropomorphs, and was found in Utah. To create this piece, the painted used his/her fingers and yucca fiber brushes to apply reddish pigment made from iron oxide to the rock.

Name this piece of art from the Middle Byzantine period. Describe the characteristics of art during this period.

This piece is entitled, Virgin of Vladimir. Art was visually powerful during the Middle Byzantine period. Much of the art reflected the strongly spiritual focus of the wealthy leadership. Artists painted icons of religious figures were thought to have miraculous powers. Also, the face of Christ has adult-like features, which was prevalent during this time period.

From which independent nation of the Three Kingdoms period is this piece of art from? Describe the piece's characteristics.

This piece is from the Stilla nation. It was found in the Old Crown tomb. It is a head dress intended only for burial. It was assembled from thin pieces of gold sheet. The ornaments suggest wings or feathers, although the actual purpose is not known.

What type of craft was use to create the piece shown above? Examine the piece shown and describe what you see and feel. What was the artist's intention when he made this piece?

This piece was created by a glass-craftsman and is an example of glass art. The piece is skillfully done, and eye catching because you can't help but look at it and wonder how the artist managed to create the final product. The piece is packed with emotional meaning largely because you can see and imagine the detail, skill, and passion the artist would have had to possess to create the piece. The artist intended to emphasize the process to the viewer more than the final piece.

Name this famous relief sculpture and the time period it is from. Describe what is happening in the sculpture. Is this sculpture characteristic of the time period in which it was created in?

This relief sculpture is entitled Athena Attacking the Giants. It was created during the Hellenistic period. This sculpture shows an unhappy Athena, who is holding the men at either side, almost in a hostage manner. This sculpture is characteristic of the Hellenistic time period because it exhibits emotion, anger, and violence, which were all common in Hellenistic art due to the circumstances at the time Greece.

What is the sculpture above? Describe the sculpture and its historical significance.

This sculpture is called The Narmer Palette. The Narmer Palette announced the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. On the left, it shows the white crown of Upper Egypt, and the red crown of Lower Egypt on the right. It shows visual conventions of the time, such as size which signifies importance, the use of mathematical formulas to determine proportions, and the way in which space is divided horizontally.

Name this sculpture, the time period it was created during, and its purpose.

This sculpture is entitled Nike of Samothrace. It was created during the Hellenistic period. It is thought to have commemorated an important naval victory, or some other type of war victory.

Name the sculpture shown above and its artist. Where is this sculpture located? What can we notice about this sculpture?

This sculpture is entitled Pieta, and was sculpted by Michelangelo. It is located inside St. Peter's Basilica, inside the Vatican. The main thing we can notice is that the light hits the different figures and parts of the sculpture so that each casts shadows onto one another.

Name and describe this Mayan sculpture. Explain the cultural practice that can be observed in this sculpture.

This sculpture is entitled, Lord Pakal. It is made of stucco and was found in the tomb of Lord Pakal. You can see the figures head is cone shaped, which was considered ideal to the Mayans. They preformed a practice on babies in which they bound their heads in order to produce a cone shape.

Name the Egyptian sculpture above. Describe the symbolism of its different parts.

This sculpture is of Khafre. Khafre's is held by Horus, the falcon god, which is a display of protection. The lions form the throne's legs, symbolizing strength and power. The intertwined plants below the throne symbolize Khafre's rule of both Upper and Lower Egypt.

Name the above environment sculpture. Examine the sculpture. Describe the relationship it has with its environment based on your observations.

This sculpture is the media lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This sculpture would look nothing like it does without the lighted that is used in this environment. The darkness and simplicity of the room it is in also add to its overall appearance. The semi-circle columns appear massive, largely because of its environment. It they were outdoors for instance, it is likely they would not have the same towering presence.

What technique was used to create this sculpture? What materials were used?

This sculpture was carved out of limestone. After it was carved, it was painted and gilded, meaning it had gold details.

Who is given credit for painting this vase? Name and describe the attributes of this vase.

This vase was created by the Achilles painter. It is called, Woman and Maid. The vase is Characterized by outlined or drawn imagery and enhanced with a full range of colors. The artist used tempera a water-based paint made with glue or egg whites.

Who is given credit for painting this vase? Describe the attributes of this vase, and how it is similar to many others painted during the High Classical period.

This vase was done by a man who is called the Priam Painter. This vase, and others like it, gave insight into Greek city life. It shows fountains which were a public amenity. The artist has also included geometric shapes and red and black contrast make it a striking piece of art.

What is Jomon Pottery? How did it change during the different phases of the Jomon Period?

Thousands of pieces of Jomon pottery have survived to today, and these are the oldest examples of pottery in the world. The Jomon potters did not use potter's wheels to make their vessels. Instead, they used a hand-building technique where coils of clay were stacked upon each other and smoothed using stone tools. Fibers and crushed shells were mixed with the clay to give it texture and strength. An outdoor bonfire was used to bake the clay and turn it to stone. The Jomon Period has four main phases. In each phase, pottery and its uses varied. The Incipient Period (before 5000 BCE): Pots had rounded bottoms and were used for outdoor cooking. They had the simple cord markings that would go on to give the period its name. The Early Jomon Period (5000 BCE-3000 BCE): Pots had flat bottoms and were often designed for indoor use, such as storage and indoor cooking. The Middle Jomon Period (3000 BCE-1000 BCE): Vessels showed elaborate decoration. Flames, snakes, and other designs were common. Clay was also used to make small figurines, which may have been intended for ritual use. The Late Jomon Period (1000 BCE-300 BCE). Potters began to make the walls of their pottery thinner, showing a refinement of their master craftsmen skills. Pottery from different parts of Japan had begun to show greater similarities, which indicates that the settlements had begun communicating with each other closely.

Describe the process leading to a bronze sculpture being cast.

To prepare for the bronze pour, the wax replica pieces are fitted with wax rods—called sprues and gates—to allow for molten bronze to flow and air bubbles to escape. Any small or narrow areas on the wax replica require special attention. Next, each prepared wax piece is dipped into a heat-resistant liquid slurry and dipped into a heat-resistant sand. The coating then needs to dry. This coating and drying process is repeated multiple times until a firm ceramic shell covers the wax replica. The ceramic shell is the second negative. The ceramic shell is next placed in a kiln. As the name "lost-wax process" implies, the wax melts away. The kiln heat hardens and strengthens the ceramic before the bronze pour. This step to create the second negative, the casting mold, takes about two weeks to complete.

What was the Kongo Kingdom after King Nzinga converted the Kingdom to Christianity?

Trade relations increases and were solidified by the conversion of the Kingdom to Christianity. The nation began to create textiles and regalia for trade. This led to the Kingdom becoming wealthy.

The ceramic figures above were created during the Neolithic period.

True

When does the use of wood, for functional and artistic use, date back to? How can wood be used by artists?

Wood is another medium dating back to ancient times. It can be carved, cut out, or fashioned into objects such as furniture, crosses, or dishware.

Who was Xie He? What is he known best for?

Xie He was a Chinese writer, historian, and critic. He is best known for his six principles of Chinese painting. The six principles include, spirit resonance, bone method, correspondence to the object, suitability to type, division and planning,t and transmission by copying.

The ______(1)_______ were skillful artisans with ceramics. They developed their own form of ceramics known as ______(2)_______ over 10,000 years ago. a. (1) Chinese; (2) porcelain b. (1) Greeks; (2) earthenware c. (1) Chinese; (2) stoneware d. (1) Romans; (2) porcelain

a. (1) Chinese; (2) porcelain

Of the three Greek orders, ______(1)______ is the oldest and most stable, ______(2)______ featured elegant columns with capitals of spiraled volutes atop the echinus, and ______(3)______ is known for its decorative capitals and fluted sides. a. (1) Doric; (2) Ionic; (3) Corinthian b. (1) Ionic; (2) Corinthian; (3) Doric c. (1) Doric; (2) Corinthian; (3) Doric d. (1) Corinthian; (2) Doric; (3) Ionic

a. (1) Doric; (2) Ionic; (3) Corinthian

______(1)______ is a technique for ______(2)______ in which wax is carved then heated after a mold is made, then heated so that the wax melts, leaving an impression. a. (1) Lost wax; (2) casting b. (1) Modeling; (2) staging c. (1) Lost wax; (2) carving d. (1) Modeling; (2) sculpture

a. (1) Lost wax; (2) casting

Look at the two sculptures above. The sculpture on the left _______(1)_______, and the sculpture on the right _______(2)_______. a. (1) was a mask; (2) likely represented the ideal male appearance b. (1) was made out of marble; (2) is a dedication to the gods c. (1) originally held inlaid jewels in its mouth and eyes; (2) is a dedication to the sun god d. (1) a life-sized goddess; (2) is the oldest known cast marble statue.

a. (1) was a mask; (2) likely represented the ideal male appearance

Which of the following is not true of art during the Hellenistic period? a. Abstract forms were often used to represent human figures. b. The sculptures were enormous during the Hellenistic period. c. Much of the art is characterized by outlined or drawn imagery. d. Artists of this period had a noticeably violent vision for art.

a. Abstract forms were often used to represent human figures.

Which of the following is not true of Early Byzantine art? a. Artists relied on mathematical conventions to create ideal figures. b. The art was inspired by Christian stories and beliefs. c. Most examples were done on vellum and were very colorful. d. Art was presented the Christian story through multi-leveled symbolism.

a. Artists relied on mathematical conventions to create ideal figures.

______________ is a durable material and is widely used for casting, which is a process by which the melted material is poured into a mold. a. Bronze b. Silver c. Copper d. Gold

a. Bronze

This structure, created using _____________, was designed by Frank Gehry. This design software allowed Gehry to have a virtual three-dimensional view of the structure. a. CATIA b. landscaping software c. Computer-aided design d. CAD

a. CATIA

___________ allows interactive visualization and collaboration over the web. a. CATIA b. Architecture c. CAD d. Landscape software

a. CATIA

This mosaic is an example of ___________ art . a. Early Byzantine b. Middle Byzantine c. Late Byzantine d. Jewish

a. Early Byzantine

This ancient Egyptian symbols is the ____________. a. Eye of Horus b. Red Crown of Lower Egypt c. Scepter d. Eye of the Ankh

a. Eye of Horus

This structure was designed by ___________________, using computerized software. a. Frank Lloyd Wright b. Louis Sullivan c. Gustave Eiffel d. Frank Gehry

a. Frank Lloyd Wright

If a piece of glass permits light to pass through, then it is considered ___________. a. transparent b. reflective c. transmitting d. absorbent

a. transparent

What is royal regalia? a. Jewels, scepters, and other artifacts of the reigning royal family. b. Processed thin, smooth and durable animal hide used in the pre-printing age for written works. c. Any type of royal clothing which has been individually created to display deity. d. A thin lay based liquid which is used in the production of ceramics as either a glue to hold pieces together, or as a paint.

a. Jewels, scepters, and other artifacts of the reigning royal family.

The crude tools found during the _________ phase of the Paleolithic period were not considered art and were intended for practical purposes like hunting. a. Lower b. Old c. New d. Middle

a. Lower

The title of this piece of Esoteric Buddhist art is ____________________. a. Mandalas of the Womb World b. Choiu Giga c. Scene from the Tale of Genji d. The Universal Buddha

a. Mandalas of the Womb World

______________ is the process of forming a pliable medium with hands or tools. a. Modeling b. Carving c. Casting d. Assemblage

a. Modeling

Which is not true about the Upper Paleolithic period? a. People made tools by chipping flint pebbles into blades and scrapers that had sharp edges. b. Humans and animal forms begin to be seen in art. c. The period took place between 40,000 and 4,000 BCE. d. In cave art, Artists used the cave's irregularities to create images.

a. People made tools by chipping flint pebbles into blades and scrapers that had sharp edges.

Examine the examples of sculpture above. What technique was used to make each? a. Picture 1: carving; Picture 2: assemblage b. Picture 1: casting; Picture 2: modeling c. Picture 1: modeling; Picture 2: casting d. Picture 1: assemblage; Picture 2: carving

a. Picture 1: carving; Picture 2: assemblage

Which of the following is not true? a. Sculpture is the oldest known art form, and continues to be popular among modern artists. b. Sculpture in the round is a form of representational art. c. Sculptures can communicate many aspects, including movement and dynamic forms. d. The materials an artists chooses to use is dependent on availability and cost.

a. Sculpture is the oldest known art form, and continues to be popular among modern artists.

_____________ is clay that has been watered down to the consistency of paint. It was used primarily by the Greeks to decorate and "glue" pieces together. a. Slip b. Amphora c. Porcelain d. Terracotta

a. Slip

Which of the following is not true of Mesoamerican civilizations? a. The Mesoamericans are attributed with creating a technique that used the painters fingers and yucca fiber brushes to apply reddish pigment made from iron oxide. b. The different civilizations were linked by cultural similarities and trade. c. Mesoamerica includes the land between the continents of North America and South America. Its landforms range from rainforests to semiarid mountains. d. There was a sharp division in Mesoamerican civilizations among the elite and commoner classes.

a. The Mesoamericans are attributed with creating a technique that used the painters fingers and yucca fiber brushes to apply reddish pigment made from iron oxide.

Which of the following is not true of sculpture in the round? a. There are three main techniques of sculpture in the round which include, casting, carving, and assemblage. b. It is a three-dimensional form of art that is meant to be seen from all sides. c. Sculptures in the round are usually posed in order to create an interesting composition from all viewing angles. d. When observing a sculpture in the round, the division of positive and negative space is depending on the angle it is viewed from.

a. There are three main techniques of sculpture in the round which include, casting, carving, and assemblage.

The method used by the ancient Egyptians to build the Pyramids of Giza is still a mystery to both archeologists and historians. Among historians and scholars, which of the following is not considered a possible theory? a. They broke up the blocks into small pieces, which were then assembled wherever they were intended to be placed. b. They may have built a ramp of sand which stones were stacked along, and then another ramp would be built on top, and the same process repeated. c. They may have shoved the stones along slippery, wet sand to the desired locations. d. They made have rolled the stone on logs to the locations.

a. They broke up the blocks into small pieces, which were then assembled wherever they were intended to be placed.

This golden mask was found in the tomb of __________________, and it provided new information to historians about Egyptian culture. a. Tutankhamun b. Pepy c. Khafre d. Amenemhat I

a. Tutankhamun

Polytheistic is ________________________ a. a belief in, or worship of, many gods. b. the central religious text of Buddhism. c. a state of being separate from religion. d. a representation of a person, especially in the sculpture form.

a. a belief in, or worship of, many gods.

Many believe this sculpture represented to the Greeks _________________ a. a great naval victory or some other type of successful defeat. b. the guidance and angelic presence of the Greek gods. c. the successful reign of Pericles. d. the emotion and anger that existed during the Hellenistic period.

a. a great naval victory or some other type of successful defeat.

In this close-up of a vase, what is the circled image suppose to represent in abstract form? a. a person b. power c. a bird d. a Greek god

a. a person

A site specific sculpture is __________________ a. a sculpture that has an integral relationship with the particular site where it exists. b. a form of site specific work, which is designed to affect the way a space is experienced. c. a group of interrelated objects that exist together in a space. d. a sculpture that has a relationship with its surrounding.

a. a sculpture that has an integral relationship with the particular site where it exists.

An installations sculpture is ____________________ a. a sculpture that has an integral relationship with the particular site where the exist. b. a sculpture that has a relationship with its surrounding. c. a group of interrelated objects that exist together in a space. d. a form of site-specific work, which is designed to affect the way a space is experienced.

a. a sculpture that has an integral relationship with the particular site where the exist.

This is a picture of a synagogue floor, which commonly displayed Jewish symbols of faith. What Jewish symbol is encircled on this floor? a. Menorah b. Ram's Horn c. Cornucopia d. Citron

b. Ram's Horn

A truss is ________________ a. a structure made up of one or more triangular units, connected at the joints by long beams. b. the location where the weight and force rests in a construction. c. a type of bridge where the main load-bearing elements are hung from suspension cables. d. a rounded structure capable of supporting a significant amount of weight.

a. a structure made up of one or more triangular units, connected at the joints by long beams.

Slip is an artistic technique in which _____________________ a. a thin lay based liquid which is used in the production of ceramics as either a glue to hold pieces together, or as a paint. b. at least two elements are mixed to make a single metal sheet that can then be modeled through a process of hammering or melting. c. a style of painting in which a white layer, which is then covered in light brown washes is applied. Finally, the images are outlined in dark brown or black. d. a simplified strategy that is not concrete.

a. a thin lay based liquid which is used in the production of ceramics as either a glue to hold pieces together, or as a paint.

In 313, Constantine issued the Edict of Milan granting ________________________ a. all people in the Roman Empire freedom to worship whatever god they wished. b. artists the freedom to sell and display their works through the entire Roman Empire. c. the Jewish people the right to live freely across the entire Roman Empire. d. all citizens of the Roman Empire the right to worship at multiple churches.

a. all people in the Roman Empire freedom to worship whatever god they wished.

Which sculpture technique is more commonly used by modern artists than by artists in the past? a. assemblage b. carving c. casting d. modeling

a. assemblage

This is an example of which technique using fiber? a. basketry b. sewing c. weaving d. paper making

a. basketry

Which of Xie He's principles of painting is closely connected to calligraphy? a. bone method b. spirited resonance c. suitability of type d. creative flow

a. bone method

The Paleolithic period is ____________________ a. divided into three phases. b. also referred to as the New Stone Age. c. best known for its ceramics and human-like figures. d. took place between 40,000 and 4,000 BCE.

a. divided into three phases.

A craft ___________________ a. emphasizes the physical effort and skill in the creative process. b. is a creative expression of an idea in some form. c. is made using hand skills and generally serves a utilitarian rather than fine art function. d. refers to any type of art that has a purpose or use.

a. emphasizes the physical effort and skill in the creative process.

What was found at Igbo Ukwu? a. evidence for copper alloy or bronze casting in Sub Saharan Africa. b. thousands of figures which were polished, covered with a red clay slip, and fired at low temperatures. c. Examples of textiles which employed a special technique that resembles velour to the touch. d. crosses, crucifixes, and other Christian emblems had been created as early as the late fifteenth century.

a. evidence for copper alloy or bronze casting in Sub Saharan Africa.

All of the following are types of artistic techniques that use fibers, except which? a. glass blowing b. sewing c. basketry d. weaving

a. glass blowing

This relief sculpture is an example of a ________________. a. high relief b. low relief c. freestanding relief d. sunken relief

a. high relief

The Mesoamerican colossal head monuments are believed to depict ______________. a. important figures b. ancient Mayan gods c. Olmec kings d. ideal beauty

a. important figures

Metal armor has __________________ a. largely influenced the power possessed by nations. b. provided a form of currency for warring nations. c. been created in the past using only two metalworking processes: cutting and welding. d. served as a form of defense and a spiritual connection to the gods.

a. largely influenced the power possessed by nations.

What type of environment sculpture is the above sculpture an example of? a. natural sculpture b. site specific sculpture c. sculpture series d. installation sculpture

a. natural sculpture

This is an example of a ________________ because it not only shows skills and beauty, but was also created to hold or transport something. a. piece of functional art b. practical vase c. piece of fine art

a. piece of functional art

This image is an example which technique in ceramics? a. red figure painting b. meander pattern c. glazing d. black figure painting

a. red figure painting

The Arts and Crafts Movement occurred mainly in _______________. a. the United States and England b. England and France c. the United States and South America d. France and Japan

a. the United States and England

The most impressive aspect of ancient Egyptian symbols is __________________ a. the consistency of the symbols. b. the amount of symbols used. c. the creativity of the symbols. d. the similarities they share with the English alphabet.

a. the consistency of the symbols.

Look closely at the relief sculpture above. It depicts lions attacking the Persian generals. The ornamental weapons held by the generals show the Persians' high level of sophistication as well as _______________________ a. the need to emphasize political strength and Persian heroism. b. the power and numbers of the Persian army. c. the political strength and superiority of the Persian gods. d. an advertisement of their army and the Persian ruler.

a. the need to emphasize political strength and Persian heroism.

A load-bearing architectural shell often has _________________ a. thick walls and wide base to support the weight of the structure. b. pieces arranged so that the weight of the structure is applied down the sides. c. arches, post-and-lintel, and Greek orders. d. unevenly distributed weight.

a. thick walls and wide base to support the weight of the structure.

Stained glass can be useful for _____________________ a. transmitting light and displaying colorful images. b. churches to draw in new patrons who want to view its beauty from inside. c. reflecting and absorbing light, as well as displaying colorful images. d. creating mirrored images of light and colors on the surrounding walls of a religious structure.

a. transmitting light and displaying colorful images.

Cuneiform was first developed by the Sumerians so they could have _________________ a. written records for trade and business. b. a code of laws. c. a written recording of all court procedures and decisions. d. a transferable method of communication between Sumerian rulers.

a. written records for trade and business.

This piece is entitled _______(1)_______. It is attributed to the _______(2)_______. a. (1) Anthropomorphs; (2) Mayan people b. (1) Hunter's Mural; (2) Freemont people c. (1) Anthropomorphs; (2) Olmec people d. (1) Hunter's Mural; (2) Mayan people

b. (1) Hunter's Mural; (2) Freemont people

The Arts and Crafts Movement was largely fueled by the _____(1)_____, in which everything was mass produced. More and more artists wanted to return to _____(2)_____ objects that were unique. a. (1) 20th century; (2) rustic b. (1) Industrial Revolution; (2) hand-crafted c. (1) Artistic Revolution; (2) machine made d. (1) Revolutionary War; (2) hand-made

b. (1) Industrial Revolution; (2) hand-crafted

A ______(1)______ is used to spin the clay while the ceramicist shapes it into a form, where as a ______(2)______ is used to fire, or heat the clay. a. (1) clay spinner; (2) roaster b. (1) potters wheel; (2) kiln c. (1) kiln; (2) glaze d. (1) meander; (2) slip oven

b. (1) potters wheel; (2) kiln

An arch construction provides ______(1)______, because, the pieces that make up the arch apply force ________(2)________. a. (1) aesthetic appeal; (2) upwards towards the center b. (1) stability; (2) down the sides c. (1) suspension; (2) to the connected cables d. (1) height; (2) to the shell

b. (1) stability; (2) down the sides

To create this piece, the painter used his/her fingers and ________(1)________ fiber brushes to apply reddish pigment made from ________(2)________. a. (1) horse tail; (2) basalt b. (1) yucca; (2) iron-oxide c. (1) animal; (2) sulfur d. (1) cotton; (2) charcoal

b. (1) yucca; (2) iron-oxide

The advantages of computerized design include all of the following, except which? a. Architects can create a computerized image of any imaginable design. b. Because of computer design software, architects are no longer needed in architecture. c. Architects can create plans of older architecture to learn from past successes and errors. d. Computerized design has increased the complexity of possible designs.

b. Because of computer design software, architects are no longer needed in architecture.

Which of the following is not one of the three Greek orders? a. Doric b. Classical c. Ionic d. Corinthian

b. Classical

For architecture during the Arts and Crafts Movement, which of the following was not characteristic? a. The use of warm colored woods in architecture and furnishings. b. Creating architecture that was for personal use by the artist, and not to be sold for money. c. Designing and creating architecture that looked used and rustic. d. Ensuring architecture was connected to the environment it was in.

b. Creating architecture that was for personal use by the artist, and not to be sold for money.

__________________ were used in order to provide spaces through which weapons could be fired at invading enemies during Medieval times. a. Trusses b. Crenellations c. Columns d. Arches

b. Crenellations

Why is environment sculpture debated as a form of art by academic scholars? a. Art is not suppose to be dependent on its environment, for it to be fully experienced. b. Environment sculpture is a relatively new form of art, and therefore there are no concrete definitions or boundaries for it. c. All types of sculptures are designed to affect the way a space is experience, and therefore it is debatable whether there is anything unique about environment sculpture. d. The environment and nature is art in itself, and many scholars feel that it should not be destroyed in order to create artistic sculptures.

b. Environment sculpture is a relatively new form of art, and therefore there are no concrete definitions or boundaries for it.

Most examples of cave art from the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods have been found in _______________. a. England b. France c. Greece d. Russia

b. France

_______________ is a type of art reflected the belief that the dead could continue to enjoy their favorite activities. a. Hellenistic art b. Funerary art c. Geometric art d. Classical art

b. Funerary art

The _____________ were among the first to use ceramics, and paint them with elaborate decorations during the 6th and 5th century BCE. a. Chinese b. Greeks c. Romans d. Mayans

b. Greeks

Which of the following is true of iron? a. It has the highest electrical conductivity of any metal. b. It can exist in many alloys, usually with a carbon base. c. It is highly valuable, has symbolic meaning, and widely used. d. It is a durable metal and is commonly used for casting.

b. It can exist in many alloys, usually with a carbon base.

Why is the sculpture above an example of an environment sculpture? a. The stones are arranged so that they appear to have been placed there by natural forces. b. It was created using stones from the environment in which it is located in. c. The design of the stones is a geometric shape, common to environment sculptures. d. The stones are placed in a river bed, which is a geographical landform.

b. It was created using stones from the environment in which it is located in.

______________ is a type of sculpture that was inspired by forms and processes from nature. a. Sculpture series b. Natural sculpture c. Installation sculpture d. Site specific sculpture

b. Natural sculpture

This sculpture from the Hellenistic period is entitled, _____________________. a. The Wrath of the God Apollo b. Nike of Samothrace c. Athena Attacking the Giants d. Porch of the Maidens

b. Nike of Samothrace

This is an example of __________ art. a. Freemont b. Olmec c. Mayan d. Rock

b. Olmec

This example of early Christian art contains Christian symbolism that was unrecognizable by pagans. What is the title of this example of art? a. The Rabbula Gospels b. Sarcophagus of the church of Santa Maria Antiqua c. The Sarcophagus of the Good Shepherd d. The Baptism of the Disciples

b. Sarcophagus of the church of Santa Maria Antiqua

______________ is the overall energy of a work of art. a. Bone method b. Spirited Resonance c. Division of Spirit d. Calligraphy

b. Spirited Resonance

This sculpture is entitled, Apollo with Battling Lapiths and Centaurs. The sculpture displays the god Apollo in the center, with his hands held out in peace and confidence over the Greeks. What was happening in Greece at the time this was sculpted? a. Alexander the Great died unexpectedly in 323 BCE. As a result, the whole empire began to fall and wars broke out among the various Greek nations. b. The Greeks had faced many conflicts with the Persians who threatened their independence, however the strong armies and navies of the Greeks had triumphed over their enemies. c. Pericles dominated Athenian Politics and led Athens to a period of great wealth known as the "Golden Age". d. The Greeks had recently come under new rule, after years of war and suffering at the hands of the Romans and Persians. It was a time of peace and prosperity, which they attributed to the Greek gods.

b. The Greeks had faced many conflicts with the Persians who threatened their independence, however the strong armies and navies of the Greeks had triumphed over their enemies.

This is an example of ___________. a. a mandala b. a dogu c. a coil figure d. a women's hand figure

b. a dogu

A high relief is _________________ a. a type of sculpture which contains objects embedded in a ground surface. b. a form that extends at least halfway out of the background. c. a relief that has a lower projection from the background than high relief. d. a form or technique where the image is carved into a flat surface.

b. a form that extends at least halfway out of the background.

Mandalas were _____________ a. clay figurines popular during the Jomon period. b. a hanging scroll used for teaching about deities. c. a representation of a person, especially in the sculpture form. d. a garment, such as a sash of about twenty feet, and wrapped around the body.

b. a hanging scroll used for teaching about deities.

This example of Southwestern rock art shows an image of ________________. a. tribal warfare b. a hunting excursion c. a religious ceremony d. bird hunting

b. a hunting excursion

The primary difference between a high relief and a low relief is that _________________ a. a high relief must project at least halfway off the background. b. a low relief is carved into the background, where as a high relief is projected out. c. low reliefs are found only in Egyptian tombs and in Grecian art. d. a high relief must project no more than one-half of its images from the background.

b. a low relief is carved into the background, where as a high relief is projected out.

Assemblage is ________________ a. a technique for casting where wax is carved then heated after a mold is made, then heated so that the wax melts, leaving an impression. b. an additive process where artists construct work by putting together objects and attaches them in some way. c. a substitution process in which the artist models an image in a soft medium such as wax, and then replaces it with something more durable such as bronze. d. the use of tools to chip away at a base in order to produce the sculpture.

b. an additive process where artists construct work by putting together objects and attaches them in some way.

This sculpture was found in Seokguram, which is ____________ a. also known as the Old Crown tomb. b. an artificial cave temple modeled after Chinese cave temples. c. also the site where the 7000 terracotta soldiers were found. d. an ancient burial site close to present-day Seoul.

b. an artificial cave temple modeled after Chinese cave temples.

A(n) ____________ is a licensed person who leads a team in the planning and design of a building or house. a. draftsman b. architect c. computer designer d. designer

b. architect

In the production of textiles, women would gather and clean the fibers. Once these were complete, the next step would be to ___________________. a. weave the fibers into textiles using a loom. b. comb and sort the fibers. c. dye the fibers using ochers. d. spin the fibers into thread.

b. comb and sort the fibers.

Earthenware is a(n) ____________________ a. hard, white, translucent ceramic that is made by firing kaolin and other materials. It was first created by the Chinese over 10,000 years ago. b. common material used for pottery and decorative objects. It has to be fired and glazed because it is so brittle and porous in its natural form. c. advanced technique that allows for more detailed figures, and through glazing the artistic qualities are intensified. d. type of fine textured ceramic ware, which is non-conductive and requires a high firing temperature.

b. common material used for pottery and decorative objects. It has to be fired and glazed because it is so brittle and porous in its natural form.

In this example sculpture in the round, entitled, David, the figure (David) is positioned so that he is standing with most of its weight on one foot. In sculpture, this style is referred to as ____________. a. staging b. contrapposto c. silhouette d. modeling

b. contrapposto

This example of architecture displays a(n) _____________. a. arch b. dome c. truss d. vault

b. dome

A(n) _____________ is a representation of a person, especially in the sculpture form. a. Buddha b. effigy c. mandala d. dogu

b. effigy

A freestanding sculpture _________________ a. is the type of sculpture which most resembles painting. b. is surrounded by space on all sides, allowing it to be viewed from multiple perspectives. c. contains objects embedded in a ground surface. d. has less projection from the background plane than high relief.

b. is surrounded by space on all sides, allowing it to be viewed from multiple perspectives.

The main advantage to red figure painting over black figure painting is _________________ a. it requires only one firing before it can be glazed. b. it allowed artists to include greater detail in the anatomy of the painted figures. c. it can be fired at a low temperature because it is non-conductive and non-porous. d. it allowed artists to add pigment to their artistic designs.

b. it allowed artists to include greater detail in the anatomy of the painted figures.

The main advantage to red-figure painting over black-figure painting is _________________ a. it requires only one firing before it can be glazed. b. it allowed artists to include greater detail in the anatomy of the painted figures. c. it can be fired at a low temperature because it is non-conductive and non-porous. d. it allowed artists to add pigment to their artistic designs.

b. it allowed artists to include greater detail in the anatomy of the painted figures.

During the Three Kingdom's period, _________________ were built throughout Korea. a. terracotta soldiers b. large mounds c. exquisite palaces d. artificial tunnels

b. large mounds

Computer design replaced ______________ a. painted blueprints. b. models drawn or created by hand. c. architectural talent and an eye for design. d. construction companies.

b. models drawn or created by hand.

What type of environment sculpture is this sculpture an example of? a. installation sculpture b. natural sculpture c. sculpture series d. site-specific sculpture

b. natural sculpture

This relief sculpture was intended to show _________________ a. the strength the of Egyptian ruler Amenemhat I. b. ordinary people in everyday life. c. the unification and cooperation of the rulers of Lower and Upper Egypt. d. the celebration of the building of the Pyramids of Giza.

b. ordinary people in everyday life.

Milling is the ___________________ a. craft of using metal to create different parts, assemble parts together or create larger structures. b. process of cutting and shaping unwanted materials or parts to create a desired shape. c. fabrication method that joins together materials, usually metal. d. process of making a mold of something; primarily used with bronze metalworking.

b. process of cutting and shaping unwanted materials or parts to create a desired shape.

Old Kingdom sculptors _____________________ a. made pieces that showed the beauty and power of the Egyptian goddesses. b. produced figures of less prominent people. c. used expensive materials such as gold and precious jewels. d. worked only for the Egyptian rulers creating items for their palaces and tombs.

b. produced figures of less prominent people.

The Persians are highly regarded for their achievements in all of the following areas, except which? a. jewelry b. sculpture c. weapons d. coinage

b. sculpture

A group of interrelated objects that exist together in a space is called a(n) _____________. a. installation sculpture b. sculpture series c. natural sculpture d. site specific sculpture

b. sculpture series

Embroidery is an example of which type of fiber craft? a. weaving b. sewing c. basketry d. paper making

b. sewing

A form or technique of sculpture where by the image is carved into a flat surface is technically known by artists as a ______________. a. relief sculpture b. sunken relief c. high relief d. bas relief

b. sunken relief

What was discover in Shaanxi, China, in 1974? a. six principles of Xie He b. terracotta soldiers c. golden head dress d. ancient examples of Chinese calligraphy

b. terracotta soldiers

This sculpture is an example of a low relief because ___________________. a. it can be view from multiple perspectives. b. the images are extended less than halfway out of the background. c. the images are carved into some type of stone. d. the images are projected off the background so that they curve back into the background to creating shadowing.

b. the images are extended less than halfway out of the background.

Metalworking began _________________ a. during the Upper Paleolithic period. b. with the introduction of Bronze, an alloy, or mixture of tin and copper, changed the peoples of Europe. c. out of a need for stronger weaponry to use against the increasingly aggressive Vikings. d. with, and because of, all of the above circumstances.

b. with the introduction of Bronze, an alloy, or mixture of tin and copper, changed the peoples of Europe.

_____(1) _____ are made by heating sand silica until it melts into a liquid state. The melted glass can then either be shaped by _____(2) _____ the liquid glass or by pouring the melted glass into a mold. The shape and size of the finished piece depends on the tools and method used by the artist. a. (1) Glass pieces of art; (2) condensing b. (1) Fiber crafts; (2) hammering c. (1) Glass crafts; (2) blowing d. (1) Fiber pieces of art; (2) shaping

c. (1) Glass crafts; (2) blowing

What is an environment sculpture? a. A group of interrelated objects that exist together in a space. b. A sculpture that has an integral relationship with the particular site where it exists. c. A sculpture that has a relationship with its surroundings. d. A form of site-specific sculpture, which is designed to affect the way the space is experienced.

c. A sculpture that has a relationship with its surroundings.

______________ is the art of building. a. Architect b. Design c. Architecture d. Construction

c. Architecture

___________ is a creative expression of an idea in some form. a. Handicraft b. Craft c. Art d. Embroidery

c. Art

____________ provides the architect opportunity to electronically plan and place elements of a building. a. CATIA b. Drafting c. CAD d. Landscape software

c. CAD

The Achilles Painter is famous for created vases such as the one above. Which of the following is true of his vases? a. The vases were enormous and often depicted the violence and emotion of the time. b. His works gave insight into Greek city life. c. His art is characterized by outlined or drawn imagery. d. The Achilles Painter used an oil-based paint made from linseed oil.

c. His art is characterized by outlined or drawn imagery.

Which site is believed to have been the site of an ancient elite burial and shrine? a. Blombos cave b. Jenne Mosque c. Igbo Ukwu d. Chauvet

c. Igbo Ukwu

_____________ is a process, also known as inlay, in which spaces are cut into wood and filled with wood shapes of a different color. a. Amphora b. Wood grain c. Intarsia d. Meander pattern

c. Intarsia

Which of the following is not true of silver? a. It has the highest electrical conductivity of all metals. b. It is a precious metal used to make ornaments, jewelry, and utensils. c. It is a copper alloy, usually mixed with tin as the main additive. d. It is very ductile and malleable, slightly harder than gold.

c. It is a copper alloy, usually mixed with tin as the main additive.

_____________ is an ancient African location that archeologists believe was first settled in 200BC. At this location, archeologists have found examples of small figures and Islamic architecture. a. Igbo Ukwu b. Blombos cave c. Jenne d. Kongo

c. Jenne

Maebyeong Bottles are a part of which nation cultural past? a. China b. Taiwan c. Korea d. Japan

c. Korea

This painting entitled, The Old Testament Trinity, is an example of _______________ art. a. Early Byzantine b. Middle Byzantine c. Late Byzantine d. Pre-Edict Christian

c. Late Byzantine

Which of the following is not true of Japanese pottery during the Jomon period? a. The pots often displayed an artistically playful spirit. b. During the Jomon period, pots were made using coil technique. c. Pieces of Jomon pottery held magic powers of good fortune. d. The pots were used mainly for cooking.

c. Pieces of Jomon pottery held magic powers of good fortune.

In 1491, King Nzinga converted the Kongo Kingdom to Christianity. Which of the following was not true in the Kongo Kingdom after 1491? a. Trade between the Kongo and neighboring nations was solidified. b. The wealth of the Kongos increased dramatically. c. Royal and religious regalia figures were mostly made of terracotta. d. The increased trade led to an further production in textiles and regalia.

c. Royal and religious regalia figures were mostly made of terracotta.

Which of the following is not true of Christian art after the Edict of Milan? a. The art included Christian symbols, such as the cross and the Good Shepard. b. Mosaics freely covered church walls and ceilings. c. Sculptures rarer than paintings. d. Artists used bright colors and shading.

c. Sculptures rarer than paintings.

Which of the following is not true of the Fertile Crescent? a. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers run through the Fertile Crescent. b. The Fertile Crescent frequently experience flooding. c. Societies of the Fertile Crescent believed in equality and communal living. d. The first water management systems were created in this region, which led to the first cities.

c. Societies of the Fertile Crescent believed in equality and communal living.

This piece of Jewish art is entitled, __________________. a. Wall with Torah Niche b. Sarcophagus of the church of Santa Maria Antiqua c. The Finding of Baby Moses d. The Old Testament Trinity

c. The Finding of Baby Moses

How was Persian coinage sophisticated? a. It was made out of gold. b. It was the first examples of relief in metal. c. The amount of gold in each coin was measured exactly. d. Each coin had a different image on it, in order to remind the people of past great rulers.

c. The amount of gold in each coin was measured exactly.

Which of the following is not true of the terracotta soldiers? a. The terracotta soldiers were found in Shaanxi. b. The terracotta soldiers were originally painted, however most of the paint has worn away over time. c. The emperor guarded by the terracotta soldiers is considered China's strongest leader throughout all of history. d. The terracotta soldiers carried spears. swords, daggers, and axes.

c. The emperor guarded by the terracotta soldiers is considered China's strongest leader throughout all of history.

Which of the following would not influence the appearance and physical properties of a piece of glass art? a. The shape of the glass object. b. The angle the piece of glass is viewed from. c. The perspective and artistic appreciation possessed by its viewers. d. The lighting of the room in which the glass object is viewed in.

c. The perspective and artistic appreciation possessed by its viewers.

Which of the following is NOT true of the sculpture above? a. This sculpture was created by Michelangelo and is one of his most famous sculptures. b. The light hitting the sculpture creates shadowing amongst the different parts. c. The sculpture is an example of modeling. d. This sculpture is entitled, Pieta.

c. The sculpture is an example of modeling.

Which of the following is not true of the figures shown above? a. The two figures were created with bone ash that was mixed with clay, and formed and posed into simple cylinder shapes. b. These figures show emotion on their faces and through their body language. c. These two figures are the earliest known examples of ceramic art from this time period. d. These examples of ceramic figures are from the Neolithic period.

c. These two figures are the earliest known examples of ceramic art from this time period.

Which is not true of the sculpture above? a. This sculpture was made entirely of sandstone. b. This is an example of a sculpture series. c. This sculpture was originally designed to be built out of sand. d. This environment sculpture is located in a natural environment in New Mexico.

c. This sculpture was originally designed to be built out of sand.

This artistic representation of metalworking, which show the creativity and versatility that can be achieved with metal, is entitled, _____________. a. Torso of Gold b. Exhibit of Rings c. WingNut Design d. Ornamental Figure

c. WingNut Design

When the design for the Vietnam War Memorial (above) was chosen, what question was considered regarding the location and the environment of the memorial? a. Would the men who died during the Vietnam War feel honored by the memorial? b. Would the memorial be large enough to accommodate Washington, D.C.'s tourism? c. Would the memorial compliment and blend with the other surrounding monuments? d. Would the memorial be able to be relocated if necessary, and if so, where?

c. Would the memorial compliment and blend with the other surrounding monuments?

A precious metal is _________________ a. an element with super and electric and thermal conductivity, high luster, and sensitivity. b. a highly sought-after dense, shiny, soft precious metal that has been used as money for many centuries. c. a highly valuable element with super and electric and thermal conductivity, high luster, and sensitivity. d. a soft, sensitive, and lustrous element with the highest conductivity of any element.

c. a highly valuable element with super and electric and thermal conductivity, high luster, and sensitivity.

A relief sculpture is __________________ a. a three-dimensional form of art that is meant to be seen from all sides. b. a sculpture that has a relationship with its surrounding and religious significance. c. a type of sculpture that contains objects embedded in a ground surface. d. a form of site specific work, which is designed to affect the way a space is experienced.

c. a type of sculpture that contains objects embedded in a ground surface.

A two handled storage jar with a long neck that is narrower than its body is called a(n) ______________. a. slip b. intarsia c. amphora d. kiln

c. amphora

The Olmec produced an abundance of ______________. The blocks of material were quarried, then transported from distant sites. a. codex-style brushes b. miniature effigy sculptures c. basalt sculptures d. rock art paintings

c. basalt sculptures

Around the year 2700 BCE, which metal was commonly produced? a. gold b. silver c. bronze d. iron

c. bronze

Which technique of sculpture was used to create the piece of art above? a. casting b. assemblage c. carving d. modeling

c. carving

This is photograph of the Colosseum. Which of the following aspects of architecture are not a part of this construction? a. the three Greek orders (columns) b. arches c. crenellation d. post-and-lintel system

c. crenellation

The picture above shows a ______________, which was first used between 3300 and 3100 BCE in order to ensure that no unauthorized person could gain access to whatever was being sealed. a. stylus seal b. cuneiform seal c. cylinder seal d. Sumerian seal

c. cylinder seal

Which type of art was considered "women's work" rather than a craft until recent history? a. pottery b. painting c. embroidery d. sculpture

c. embroidery

A handicraft _____________ a. is a creative expression of an idea in some form. b. is a type of cloth made by interlacing threads on a loom. c. is made using hand skills and generally serves a utilitarian rather than fine art function. d. emphasizes the physical effort and skill in the creative process.

c. is made using hand skills and generally serves a utilitarian rather than fine art function.

This piece is an example of Japanese calligraphy. Besides humor and sadness, the main theme of this poem is __________. a. faith b. prosperity c. love d. turmoil

c. love

Fibers can come from various sources. Which of the following is not a common source of fiber among artists? a. plants b. animals c. minerals d. synthetics

c. minerals

Landscape architects design _______________. a. housing development b. state and national parks c. outdoor areas d. benches and fountains

c. outdoor areas

A _____________ is a system that uses vertical posts which are separated to support a horizontal beam. a. truss b. load-bearing c. post-and-lintel d. crenellation

c. post-and-lintel

Prisms made of glass will ________ light and create colored rainbows on a wall, as is shown in the image above. a. transmit b. transfer c. refract d. absorb

c. refract

Amongst the Mayan peoples, painters were a part of the ____________. a. working class b. slave class c. ruling class d. lower class

c. ruling class

By using CAD, Frank Lloyd Wright was able to ________________ a. create his most complex design. b. design a room that was both intense and calming. c. see how the room would look with various types of lighting. d. place the furniture in an agreeable design.

c. see how the room would look with various types of lighting.

This Mayan sculpture was found in Lord Pakal's tomb. It is made out of ____________. a. clay b. basalt c. stucco d. sandstone

c. stucco

This is an example of a ________________. a. bas relief b. high relief c. sunken relief d. Egyptian standing relief

c. sunken relief

A Jewish house of prayer is called a _________________. a. menorah b. torah c. synagogue d. sarcophagus

c. synagogue

Between 4000 and 3000 BCE, agricultural villages and cities began to emerge. All of the following new economic developments grew out of these prosperous cities, except which? a. grain mills b. ceramic shops c. textile mills d. metal workshops

c. textile mills

The discovery of the Blombos cave suggests _________________ a. copper alloy or bronze casting were first used in Sub Saharan Africa. b. Islam became an economic and religious force in West and North Africa. c. that abstract thought in humans occurred much earlier than once thought. d. the French colonies were taken over before the third or fourth centuries.

c. that abstract thought in humans occurred much earlier than once thought.

In Esoteric Buddhism, ___________________ a. mandalas were outlawed by Buddhist priests. b. the pottery was made using a coil technique. c. there were many deities who were all part of a universal Buddha. d. Buddhism was spread to China and Korea.

c. there were many deities who were all part of a universal Buddha.

Linear motifs, used during the Geometric Period of ancient Greek art, ___________________ a. used both logographic and alphabetic elements. b. reflected the belief that the dead could continue to enjoy their favorite activities. c. were a stylistic method that included the use of spirals, diamonds, and cross-hatching.

c. were a stylistic method that included the use of spirals, diamonds, and cross-hatching.

The _______(1)_______ is located on the south side of the Erectheon. This structure was built by the Greeks during the _______(2)_______ period. a. (1) Woman and Maid; (2) Late Classical b. (1) Fortress of Women; (2) Early Classical c. (1) Woman at the Fountain House; (2) Hellenistic d. (1) Porch of the Maidens; (2) High Classical

d. (1) Porch of the Maidens; (2) High Classical

In this work of art, which of the following can be observed? a. The artist painted the figures with elongated necks, legs, and arms. b. The figures are placed in a triangular shape, as geometric conventions were common in art during this time period. c. This piece is intended to represent the Christian trinity. d. All of the above can be observed.

d. All of the above can be observed.

______________ is not only the most valuable precious metal, but it is also both aesthetically and intrinsically pleasing, and retains religious or symbolic meaning in many cultures. a. Silver b. Bronze c. Iron d. Gold

d. Gold

Which of the following is not characteristic of Pericles' rule? a. He led Athens to a period of great wealth known as the "Golden Age". b. He encouraged artists to promote a public image of peace, prosperity, and power. c. He used Athenian wealth for the adornment of the city. d. He attempted to change Greek art, so that it would exemplify the violence and emotions surrounding the defeat of the Persians.

d. He attempted to change Greek art, so that it would exemplify the violence and emotions surrounding the defeat of the Persians.

The four main islands of Japan are __________________________. a. Hiroshima, Honshu, Jomon, and Kyushu b. Honshu, Nagasaki, Mandala and Shikoku c. Genji, Hiroshima, Jomon, and Honshu d. Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu

d. Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu

Which of the following is not true of the votive figures above? a. The votives were carved out of limestone. b. They had religious significance, and were most likely dedicated to the gods. c. Their bulging eyes show their openness and attentiveness to the gods. d. In their day, the votives' bulging eyes were most likely inlaid with small jewels.

d. In their day, the votives' bulging eyes were most likely inlaid with small jewels.

What is the significance of the Stele of Hammurabi? a. It is the earliest known written trade transaction. b. It is a written history of the development of the Persian empire. c. It is a carved relief which explains Sumerian laws and religious traditions. d. It is the earliest example of written law.

d. It is the earliest example of written law.

Which of the following is not true of women's hand? a. It had a refined, subtle emotional impact. b. It was used mainly by secular painters. c. It was characterized by delicate lines and asymmetrical compositions. d. It was a style only used by women.

d. It was a style only used by women.

Which of the following is not true of the Pyramids of Giza? a. Menkaure is the smallest of the three. b. Khufu is the oldest and the only one tombs have been discovered in. c. Khafre has a top of limestone and still hold some of its veneer. d. Khufu is the oldest and largest. It is believed that the slope of the sides was intended to mimic the sun rays.

d. Khufu is the oldest and largest. It is believed that the slope of the sides was intended to mimic the sun rays.

Which of the following is not true of Korean Maebyeong bottles? a. Korean potters used a celadon-high fired glaze of pale, bluish green hue to make Maebyong bottles. b. Korean pottery rivaled the best Chinese court ceramics. c. Maebyeong bottles were made of different materials and qualities so that everyone would be able to own one. d. Many examples were found in an artificial cave temple.

d. Many examples were found in an artificial cave temple.

The three Pyramids of Giza include all of the following, except which? a. Menkaure b. Khafre c. Khufu d. Narmer

d. Narmer

Organized systems of agriculture, the maintenance of herds of domesticated animals, and permanent, year-round settlements marked the_______________. a. Paleolithic Era b. Stone Age c. Bronze Age d. Neolithic Era

d. Neolithic Era

All of the following are characteristic of Jewish art, except which? a. The art showed depictions of religious stories from the Torah. b. Artists combined strong outlines with flat colors. c. The figures in Jewish art tended to be very posed. d. Sculptures were rare in Jewish art.

d. Sculptures were rare in Jewish art.

Which of the following is not true of the North American Southwest? a. It was mainly made up of farming cultures, which were slower to arise in the American Southwest. b. The North American Southwest included the areas of present-day New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah. c. They built large-scale irrigation systems and elaborate, multi-storied structures. d. The Natives of the North American Southwest produced an abundance of basalt sculpture.

d. The Natives of the North American Southwest produced an abundance of basalt sculpture.

Which of the following is not true of relief sculpture? a. There are three primary types of relief sculpture. b. A relief sculpture contains objects embedded in a ground surface. c. Many examples of sunken reliefs have been found in Egyptian tombs. d. The carved images in relief sculptures always extend at least halfway off the background.

d. The carved images in relief sculptures always extend at least halfway off the background.

In this sculpture, what is characteristic of the Hellenistic period? a. The man is portrayed as powerful and idealistic. b. The sculpture is of a religious martyr. c. As it was with all sculptures at this time, this sculpture shows the ruler of the time. d. The eyes are vacant and there is a sad expression on the figure's face.

d. The eyes are vacant and there is a sad expression on the figure's face.

Which of the following is not true of the sculpture above? a. The intertwined plants below the throne symbolize Khafre's rule of both Upper and Lower Egypt. b. The man's head is held by Horus, the falcon god, which is a display of protection. c. The lions form the throne's legs, symbolizing strength and power. d. The sculpture was never completed, but the reason is unknown.

d. The sculpture was never completed, but the reason is unknown.

This is a close up image from ___________________, which was created during the High Classical period. a. Women of Athens b. Goddesses of Water c. Goddesses and Maidens d. Women at Fountain House

d. Women at Fountain House

Computer-aided design software can _________________ a. see details that could not be visible with drafting or modeling. b. simulate designs from structures created in the past. c. provide landscapers with an idea if how an outdoor area will look during each season. d. accomplish all of the above.

d. accomplish all of the above.

In Jenne art, figures were _________________ a. polished. b. covered with a red clay slip. c. fired at low temperatures. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

This example of cave art from the Neolithic period shows ________________ a. an abstract styling with sharp lines. b. images created with no color. c. the interaction between animals and humans. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

With a suspension bridge, like the one in the photograph above, the weight is distributed __________________. a. up to arches, which use a post-and-lintel system. b. along the cables which connect the two supporting posts of the bridge. c. towards the outer posts along the bridge (lintel). d. along cables that are anchored at each end of the bridge.

d. along cables that are anchored at each end of the bridge.

Black figure painting is ____________________ a. a hard, white, translucent ceramic that is made by firing kaolin and other materials. b. an advanced technique allowing for more detailed figures. c. a process in which the outside rim is designed with geometric patterns consisting of horizontal and vertical lines. d. an ancient Greek technique in which the figures appear as black silhouettes on red background.

d. an ancient Greek technique in which the figures appear as black silhouettes on red background.

The top of the pot displayed _________________ a. the religious turmoil of the time. b. life continuous cycle through reincarnation. c. an effigy of its owner. d. an artistic playful spirit

d. an artistic playful spirit

The Narmer Palette ____________________ a. told the creation story of the ancient Egyptians. b. described the laws that would govern both Upper and Lower Egypt. c. provided an explanation of how the Pyramids of Giza were built. d. announced the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt.

d. announced the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt.

Computer design software requires __________________ to be used properly and successfully by architects. a. an understanding of details and construction b. an eye for design and a knowledge of computer programming c. a historical knowledge of architecture d. architectural talent and an eye for design

d. architectural talent and an eye for design

In 700 BCE, this symbol in represented ___________ in cuneiform. a. horse b. river c. goddess d. bull

d. bull

In ancient China, which occupation was honored and believed to be a spiritual experience? a. sculptor b. teacher c. potter d. calligrapher

d. calligrapher

To create the negative hand-print (circled) above the beast, the artist ______________ a. drew a hand out of charcoal and then colored around it. b. chewed up clay and smoothed the wet clay over and around his/her hand. c. used others to create the hand image. d. chewed up charcoal and blew it over his/her hand.

d. chewed up charcoal and blew it over his/her hand.

All of the following are examples of materials used for carving, except which? a. stone b. ivory c. wood d. clay

d. clay

Before the Edict of Milan, Christian art ________________ a. could only be seen in the Christian Orthodox cathedrals. b. presented Christian stories through multi-leveled symbolism. c. reflected the strongly spiritual focus of the wealthy leadership. d. contained images of symbolic Christian people who would go unnoticed by pagans

d. contained images of symbolic Christian people who would go unnoticed by pagans

The six principles of painting came from Xie He, who is famed to be all of the following, except which? a. writer b. critic c. historian d. general

d. general

The purpose of the terracotta soldiers was to ______________ a. protect the emperor's daughter. b. honor the Chinese gods. c. frighten the neighboring nations during the Three Kingdoms period. d. guard the tomb of emperor Shihuangdi.

d. guard the tomb of emperor Shihuangdi.

A bas relief is another term used for a _________________. a. high relief b. freestanding relief c. sunken relief d. low relief

d. low relief

Early in history, ____________ was created not only for ornamental purposes, but also as a way of connecting to gods and receiving their protection. a. metal armor b. gold masks c. bronze sculpture d. metal jewelry

d. metal jewelry

The image above shows Mount Rushmore, which is located in the U.S. state of South Dakota. Mount Rushmore is considered a relief sculpture because _____________ a. it was carved into a rock surface on one side. b. it can only be viewed from a front perspective, rather than from all around. c. parts of the sculpture were carved so that over half of the image extends from the background to create shadowing. d. of all of the above reasons.

d. of all of the above reasons.

This decorative sculpture was placed in the tomb of Egyptian governor, Senbi to provide _____________ a. company for the governor. b. entertainment for the dead for eternity. c. encourage favor from the falcon god, Horus. d. protection against evil spirits or beings.

d. protection against evil spirits or beings.

Men's hand _________________________ a. is characterized by delicate lines, strong muted colors, and asymmetrical compositions. b. depicted the lower class as equal to higher classes. c. were created on scrolls and used for teaching about the Buddhist deities. d. satirized different levels of society

d. satirized different levels of society

The exterior of an architectural structure is called the _____________. a. skeleton b. post-and-lintel c. facade d. shell

d. shell

A draftsman is ____________________ a. a computer program that gives the architect the opportunity to electronically plan and place elements of a building. b. an individual who translates the designer's ideas for plants, trees, flowers, and shrubs. c. a licensed person who leads a team in the planning and design of a building or house. d. someone who translates the designer's ideas into a finished image using drawing and drafting skills.

d. someone who translates the designer's ideas into a finished image using drawing and drafting skills.

Africa is often termed "___________________" because of the examples of advanced development found by archeologists. a. the beginning of human history b. the location of artistic development c. the heart of Islam d. the cradle of art and civilization

d. the cradle of art and civilization

The Classical period is divided into three phases. The Early Classical period is marked by ________________ a. the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE. b. the election of Pericles and the beginning of the Golden Age. c. the great wealth that flourished through the Athenian cities. d. the defeat of the Persians in 480 BCE.

d. the defeat of the Persians in 480 BCE.

The two main architectural systems of frame construction are ________________ a. the skeleton and the post-and-lintel. b. the materials and the truss. c. the design and the architect. d. the shell and the skeleton.

d. the shell and the skeleton.

The artist's purpose for this piece of glass art was __________________ a. to emphasize how color and light can produce emotional meaning. b. to show the art world that glass-work can be a form of art. c. to show the beauty of an unfinished product. d. to show the process and skill, along with the meaning of the artwork.

d. to show the process and skill, along with the meaning of the artwork.

In the Kongo Kingdom, textiles were ____________________ a. made mostly of animal fibers. b. sold only to European merchants. c. hung in homes and worship centers as a form of protection from evil. d. used in funerary rituals and as a form of currency.

d. used in funerary rituals and as a form of currency.

The process of making cloth through interlacing the threads on a loom is called ____________. a. sewing b. embroidery c. crocheting d. weaving

d. weaving

The fabrication method that joins together materials, usually metal, is known as __________. a. casting b. milling c. cutting d. welding

d. welding

List the three phases of the Classical Period in Greek art, including dates and important events.

• 480-450 BCE: Early Classical - Marked by the defeat of Persians in 480 BCE. • 450-400 BCE: High Classical - Marked by the Pericles and the Golden Age. • 400-323 BCE: Late Classical - Marked by the death of Alexander the Great.

List the primary materials used in sculpture.

• cast bronze (lost wax) • bronze(bonded or cold cast) • marble (bonded or cold cast) • sculptured marble • clay and terracotta • fiberglass • soapstone • aluminum • Durastone