art quiz 2

pilgrimage

Increased __________ traffic triggered architectural responses: Round Arch (Roman Arch) • Stone barrel vaulted ceilings • Longer, wider naves • Ambulatory • Radiating chapels • Transepts (see slide)

Gospel

Term meaning "good news". Usually refers to the 4 Gospels found in the New Testament.

Central Plan Church

The central-plan church has everything revolving towards a middle. So the viewer is invited to walk around. The circle meant perfection and signified eternity and the cosmos. Circular churches were more popular in the East

How are St Foy, San vitale, and St denis recreating heaven?

Vertically reinforce the goal of heaven. Sant Vitale - desire for mosaics to reference glory of god and his ability to make beauty. Visually tantalizing. St. Foy - power of god in an anchoring force.

Illuminated Manuscript

a handwritten book decorated with bright colors and precious metals

Tempera

a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigments mixed with a water-soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other size). Illuminated manuscripts used this and vellum

Flying Buttress

an arched stone support on the outside of buildings, which allows builders to construct higher walls

Relic

an object considered holy because it belonged to, or was touched by, a saint or other holy person

orant

arms up in prayer (figure in prayer).

medieval/ middle/ dark ages

begins with the fall of Rome, deliberate departure from Rome. Ends with Rebirth during the Renaissance. Early Medieval in Northern Europe: not a lot in tact because there was so much fluctuation of kingdoms. Lots of portable objects. Metal workers had high social status bc of their labor, specialized craftsmenship.

typology

metaphor for Jesus (example: Jesus = good shepherd)

Ribbing

found mostly in gothic architecture (ex, notre dame)... intersection of two or more barrel vaults. supports ceiling and adds style.

Animal Style Interlace

sutton hoo belt is the best ex of this....intertwined knots of animals. planned schematically

Stained Glass

tells stories from the Bible and the lives of the Saints

Side Aisles

the aisles (usually two, sometimes four or six) longitudinal aisles on either side of the nave.

Nave

the central area of a church

Tesserae

the small piece of stone, glass, or other object that is pieced together with many others to create a mosaic

Ambulatory

to be walked around to marvel at moving about; capable of walking

Façade

(n.) the front or face of a building; a surface appearance (as opposed to what may lie behind)

Edict of Milan and Council of Nicea

313 ce Edict of Milan - Constantine, freedom of religion. 324 ce Council of Nicea - makes Christianity the imperial religion, Christianity under the Roman empire - desire to distance polytheistic tradition from the new monotheistic tradition (church needs new modes of representation).

romanesque

: it was medieval art that was "roman-like." There was no one standard, there were differences across regions. Large scale sculptures made a comeback. Increased urbanization as estates became replaced with cities. 1000 ce apocalypse fear - triggered intense obsessive church building.

Iconoclasm

A belief that the practice of worshiping and honoring objects such as icons was sinful. (byzantine)

Reliquary

A container where religious relics are stored or displayed (especially relics of saints)

Mosaic

Art consisting of a design made of small pieces of colored stone or glass

Buttress

(v.) to support, prop up, strengthen; (n.) a supporting structure

Lauratron

- symbolized the presence of authority ( the emperor) ex. Colossus of Constantine

byzantine

-shift from naturalism to stylization. Pronounced increase in popularity of church mosaics. Shift from western Christianity to eastern Christianity. The eastern empire maintains power and the west falls. Themes: art and architecture dedicated to Christian leaders in the Byzantine empire. Begins with the founding of Constantinople (Constantine moved the capital here). Justinian = head of church and state (theocracy) -(The "Byzantine style" is typically associated with flat two-dimensional, symbolic figuration, emphasized by stylized coloration with golds and blues (after all, the Christians pioneered this style as a rejection of the three-dimensional, naturalistic pagan designs of the Greeks and Romans).

Pilgrimage

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.

Encaustic

A painting technique in which pigment is mixed with wax and applied to the surface while hot.

Martyr

A person who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs

Evangelist

A person who proclaims the Good News of Jesus Christ. "The four Evangelists" refers to the authors of the four Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.

Apse

A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a building, commonly found at the east end of a church.

Pointed Arch aka Gothic Arch

An arch with a pointed crown, characteristic of Gothic architecture.

pendentive

An inverted, concave, triangular piece of masonry serving as the transition from a square support system to the circular base of a dome. (HAGIA SOPHIA)

Vellum

Calfskin prepared as a surface for writing or painting. (illuminated manuscripts)

basilica

Greco roman temples had small interiors and were not intended to accommodate a large number of people, majority of worship takes place outdoors. Basilicas were political and administrative buildings. They had very large aisles, in the back end there was a statue of Constantine meant to be the main attraction.

CHI RHO

One of the most ancient, sacred monograms of Christ;

transition from rome to early Christian? How do I distinguish the two periods.

ROMAN: religion is bound to civic life; gods are a part of art, history. Civic rituals were sponsored by the state. Pantheon view - supports Roman state, citizenship, community, politics etc. Christians chose not to participate in these civic ceremonies. They isolated themselves from the community, consequently they were seen as anti-social, which lead to their persecution. They were seen as rebelling against Roman rulers. The cross did not appear until much later. Earliest Christian symbols - fish and chi ro, images of personal salvation (Jonah and the whale), symbols of Christ as the good shepherd, These were simple ways to stay low key, only the cult makers understand. Christian imagery is still being developed, still choosing which symbols to identify Christ as. These symbols were all innocuous ways to recruit people (desire to faster convo between members and converts (can't show cruxification immediately). Early Christianity: Overall theme: all images work together to say that the problems in your mortal life mean nothing in comparison to your eternal life in heaven. Christian worship: you cannot give your faith to an object, if they give you an image of Jesus being a good shepherd then you worship that idea and not the actual image/object.

Monastery

Religious community where monks live and work

tympanum

carving above door (ex: LAST JUDGEMENT AT ST. FOY)

Radiating Chapels

chapels for the display of relics

Tracery

ornamental stonework holding stained glass in place, characteristic of Gothic cathedrals

Transept

part of a church with an axis that crosses the nave at a right angle