Art Test 3
used by Renaissance artists to help them accurately portray depth, or perspective on two-dimensional surfaces
Camera Obscurra
emphasized natural light and created their shadows from color components. Derain and the Fauvists evoked light in their canvases solely with color contrasts. They tended to negate shadow altogether.
How Did Derain and the Fauvist evoke light into their paintings?
his fresco depicting the History of Mexico represents the conflict between indigenous Mexicans and the Spanish conquerors; its talking about the decline of culture and failed policy in a political structure--things are falling apart; a child-like representation of the sun shines down---the upside down positioning symbolizing the decline of the ancient cultures
How did Diego Rivera's mural work take on the subjects of politics and heritage?
Degas' paintings contained elements of Japanese prints, such as his piece The Rehearsal. I would say a good example would be how the diagonals of the floorboards carry our eye from the outside of the canvas to where the dancers are congregating.
How did Japanese woodcuts affect Degas work?
Artists of impressionism started adopting certain techniques of spatial organization found in Japanese prints, including the use of line to direct the viewer's eye to different sections of the work and to divide areas of the essentially flattened space. They found the patterning and flat forms of oriental woodcuts complemented similar concerns in their own painting.
How did Japanese woodcuts influence or effect Impressionism?
His loose brushwork was reminiscent of Impressionism, and his palette was inspired by the color theories of the Postimpressionists. In 1905, he consolidated these influences and painted several Fauvist canvases in which, like Derain, he used primary color as a structural element. In his post-Fauvist works, Matisse used color in a variety of other ways: structurally, decoratively, sensually, and expressively.
How did Matisse's use of color tie him in with art movements that came Fauvist, with Fauvist, and help push him into Post Fauvist?
Renaissance murals-frescos
How do you feel the work (History of Mexico) is linked to work we have seen before?
I would assume there would be a trend of more violent paintings since everyone is so pissed off at the time. Also, since everyone is so poor and can't even afford bread to feel themselves (unless you were a painter for the monarchy), you probably had to make do with what you had (small canvases, cheap paint so not great colors, etc).
How do you think the political back drop of the French Revolution is effecting the painting of the Modern Era?
The Third of May expresses an extreme of heightened emotion--soldiers are preparing to shoot at peasant citizens of Madrid after their city fell to the French. The focal point is a man with his arms thrown in the air in surrender as his fellow townspeople cower around him. While the palette may seem a bit muted for the Romanticism style (the only bright colors being that of the man surrendering and his comrades blood below him), the brushwork stays true to form, the application appearing grainy; the harshness adding to the harshness of the scene.
How does Goya's painting The Third of May, 1808 fit into Romanticism?
Monet's technique is abstract while still giving us enough detail to pull the piece together and see a scene (mostly in nature). He worked to record the feeling of a single moment in time and offer us an impression to a set of circumstances that will never be captured again, colors and brushstrokes (plus I heard he was blind so that might've been the best he could do).
How does Monet's technique lend itself to Impressionism?
Artists of the time liked to depict nature as unpredictable and uncontrollable and was a favorite theme of Romantic artists--Gericult latched upon it in his painting of the Raft of Medusa in his fascination with the destruction and power of nature at sea as well as the extreme emotion the figures portray.
How does the Raft of Medusa relate to Romanticism?
Postimpressionists were also united in their rebellion against that which came before them-in this case, Impressionism.
How does union of impressionists relate to post impressionism?
Gericault opposed the French Monarchy and used the tragedy of the Medusa (a shipwreck off the coast of West Africa that had lots of immigrants on it, crew basically went shipped off to die) to call attention to the mismanagement and ineffectual policies of the French government, as well as the practice of slavery. Gericault's painting became a national scandal and he conducted thorough research before painting it by interviewing survivors--he used it as a direct attack against the government; ocean represents uncontrollable emotion
How is the Raft of Medusa by Theodore Gericault, a political piece?
1 painting sold and 10 years before his death
How many of Vincent Van Gogh's paintings sold while he was alive? How many years did he start painting before his death?
British artist Richard Hamilton (1922-2011) had been influenced by Marcel Duchamp's idea that the mission of art should be to destroy the normal meanings and functions of art. Ex: Just what makes today's homes so different, so appealing---familiar objects in an odd setting, consumerism consumes us and we more or less buy, therefore we are
In what way did Richard Hamilton take influence from Marcel Duchamp in regards to what arts mission was?
Velazquez and Rembrandt
In your opinion what two artists we have previously discussed have similarities to Berthe Morisot?
Blue period: 1901 to 1904 Following years were called the Rose Period
Pablo Picasso- what years were his Blue Period in, what were the following years called?
Realist painters were no longer concerned with mythical subjects or making things appear as the most perfect version of it; I feel it implies they were more concerned with the realisticness of a piece and wanted it to reflect how it would look in everyday life.
Realism was in part concerned with depicting objects optically (objects as they would be seen in real life), rather than conceptually (as they knew those objects to be) - what does this imply?
The "age of anxiety" and his subject matter was concerned with women. Question is whether he was objectifying them or being empathetic
What "age" does your book suggest that DeKooning's work reflected, and what was his subject matter concerned with?
Ingres loved lines and his paintings were more calm, though exotic, Classicalism; Delacroix loved color and thought that's what compsitions should be constructed of, painted with dynamism of the Baroque
What are some of the differences between Ingres and Delacroix?
His central themes were typically pain and isolation (most likely how Munch felt himself).
What are the central themes to Edvard Munch's work?
Linear perspective is a formal system developed by artists to portray three-dimensional objects in two-dimensional space; based on the fact that objects appear smaller the further they are from the viewer. Planar perspective is when an illusion of depth is created through parallel planes that appear to recede from the picture plane.
What are the differences between planar perspective and linear perspective?
Romanticism sought extremes of emotion enhanced by brushwork and a brilliant palette. It helped reflect the revolutionary spirit of the times
What constitutes a Romanticism painting in terms of a movement, style, or time period in art?
He believed strongly in the role of the unconscious mind, of accident and spontaneity, in the creation of art.
What did Jackson Pollack believe strongly in when it came to his method of painting?
He said "bridge between Pollock and what was possible." I think it means something along the lines as she was similar to Pollock but different enough that she bridged a gap between his art and what could have happened if he broadened his horizons beyond his uncontrolled way of painting.
What did Kennith Noland say about Helen Frankenthaler's work- and what do you think that means?
Seurat's meticulous color application was derived from the color theories and studies of color contrasts by the scientists Hermann von Helmholtz and Michel-Eugene Chevreul. He used these theories to restore a more intellectual approach to painting that countered nearly two decades of work that focused wholly on optical effects.
What did Seurat's technique of Pointillism do and how?
It suggests a lack of realism in a time when realistic representation was the standard.
What does the word Impressionism suggest?
experiments in earlier nonobjective painting, the colorful distortions of Expressionism, the geometric abstraction of Cubism, the Automatist processes of Surrealism
What helped lead the way into abstract expressionism?
He is credited with leading the revolution of abstractionism in modern art from those first steps. Innovations included a structural use of color and brushwork that appeals to the intellect, and a solidity of composition enhanced by a fluid application of pigment that delights the senses. His most significant stride was a dramatic collapsing of space, and highly cropped compositions and painting focused on relationship between subjects such as in his piece Still Life with Basket of Apples.
What is Cezanne credited with leading? How did he accomplish this?
Cubism is an offspring of Cézanne's geometriza- tion of nature and his abandonment of scientific perspective, his rendering of multiple views, and his emphasis on the two-dimensional canvas surface.
What is Cubism?
Der Blaue Reiter art sought to free itself from the shackles of observable reality; helped art start to move into abstract painting
What is Der Blave Reiter ( The Blue Rider ) and how do you feel it help push the history of Art?
The movement bridged several disparate styles. The aim was to symbolize the artists' desire to connect "all the revolutionary and fermenting elements" that rejected academic and other "fashionable" (socially or culturally acceptable) artforms.
What is Die Brucke ( The Bridge )?
Expressionism is the distortion of nature—as opposed to the imitation of nature—to achieve a desired emotional effect or representation of inner feelings. Three other movements of the early twentieth century have been termed expressionistic: Die Brücke (The Bridge), Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), and Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity). Although very different from one another in the forms they took, these movements were reactions against Impressionism and Realism. They also sought to communicate the inner feelings of the artist.
What is Expressionism? How do you feel this relates to other movements if at all?
with a mexican mother and german father I think its a representation of her confliction between the two cultures she was born to; stormy sky reflects Frida's inner turmoil; pulling in ancient culture with contemporary and a separation between who she's expect to be and who she actually is; blood looks like Artemesia
What is Frida Kahlo's painting, Two Fridas about?
A style characterized by harsh sculptural lines, a subdued palette, and for the most part, planar instead of linear recession into space.The subject matter typically had to do with morality, and was designed to heighten moral standards.
What is Neoclassical Art?
Postimpressionists were drawn together by their rebellion against what they considered an excessive concern for fleeting impressions and a disregard for traditional compositional elements.
What is post impressionism?
theme is freedom that comes from youth and how that youth will fade away; the agitated back and forth of the brush lines shatter the horizon; gives powerful sense of movement and direction
What is the central psychological theme in Jacob Lawrence's The Life of Harriet Tubman, and how does the composition display that.
Sarcophagus with reclining couple--art is recycling upon itself
What piece of art work that we have covered is similar to Antonio Canova's Pauline Borghese?
Their use of harsh, nondescript color; bold linear patterning; and a distorted form of perspective set them apart from early movements; color as a subject
What set the Fauves apart from early movements?
Instead of beginning with a dark underpainting and building up to bright highlights (a method used since the Renaissance) Manet began with a white surface and worked to build up darker tones. This lent a greater luminosity to the work and duplicated sunlight as closely as possible. He also did not model his characters using chiaroscuro; instead, he applied pigments flatly and broadly trying to capture the impression of a fleeting moment.
What technique did Manet use that your book suggests helped change the course of painting history?
Impressionism, the suffering of the human condition, little bit of Romanticism, known for his political cartoons
What theme did Goya devote most of his life to within his art?
Kollwitz themes were of universal symbols for inhumanity, injustice, and humankind's destruction of itself. Francisco Goya was also concerned with such themes, as seen in his piece The Third of May.
What themes did Kollwitz use? Who are these similar to that we have discussed?
They both were inspired by Japenese oblique perspective and his work was similar to Degas as his paintings looked like a poorly cropped snapshot. I feel this element makes his painting more realistic because in real life, people are perfectly arranged in scenes-they are scattered everywhere and sometimes you do get the awkward placement like the entertainer in the right hand corner in Taulouse-Lautrec's At the Moulin Rouge
What trait in composition and inspiration does Henri De Taulouse-Lautrec share with Degas? How do you feel this affects his composition?
Assemblage sculpture-pre made objects assembled together to create a sculpture; ex: Tarot
What type of sculptures are Nancy Graves' - and briefly describe that term.
Daumier was most concerned with bringing to light the very real subject of the plight of the masses. I would say he would most identify with Poussin and Ingres just by looking at his piece The Third Class Carriage. It is made up of lots of lines and has a very muted palette--Daumier was first and foremost a caricaturist and we can see that in the bountiless lines in the piece. Bit of a mix too-lines like Ingres but brushstrokes like Delacroix
What was Honoré Daumier concerned with, and bonus part what camp (style) would he identify with in your opinion, Poussin or Rubens? Ingres or Delacroix?
Renoir was primarily interested in the effect of light as it played across the surface of objects
What was Renoir primarily interested in?
Impressionists were united in their rejection of many of the styles and subjects of the art that preceded them such as academic painting, the emotionalism of Romanticism, and even the depressing subject matter of some of Realist artists.
What were the impressionists united in?
Modeled after Marantino's The Judgement of Paris--he literally plopped down a portion of JoP into his own painting. Subject from the Le Concert Champetre by Titian.
Where did the composition for Manet's (Luncheon in the Grass) come from- hint - its a two parter answer.
Ingres
Who did Degas study under?
Modern painters of the time rejected academic art because of two reasons: The subject matter did not represent real life. The manner in which the subjects were rendered did not reflect reality as it was observed by the naked eye. Modern painters of the time preferred to paint in the realism style, choosing to depict subjects that were common in everyday life.
Why did the "modern" painters of the nineteenth century reject or object as it were, the Academic art?
In the first group there was a systematic approach to compositional brushwork, structure, and color (Georges Seurat and Paul Cezanne); in the second, lavishly brushed canvases with coordinated line and color with symbolism and emotion (Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin).
Your book describes post impressionism as being divided into two groups that are similar to what movements that came before? Be able to identify the division of artists.
creates the illusion of movement through the manipulation and duplication of for example drawings, computer generated images, or clay figures
animation
etching goes through a chemical process by being slipped in an acid bath after being covered by acid-resistant wax or resin and a design is carved into it
difference between drypoint and etching
time based methods
film and video are referred to as
engraving, drypoint, etching, mezzotint, and aquatint
five types of intaglio printing
he was one of the founding members
how did Ernst Ludwig Kirchner fit into Die Brucke?
woodcut
oldest form of printmaking
derived form the Greek roots meaning "to write with light"
photography
Matrix
the working surface of a print and varies according to the printmaking technique; some examples of it are wood blocks, metal plates, stone slabs, and silk screens
image that is produced using photography that comes out on a film
what is a print
movies
what is cinematography
process allows the artist to create photographic images on a screen covered by light sensitive gel
what is photo silkscreen as a process
silk screen printing
what is serigraphy referred to
the technical term for designing and composing letterforms; clearest form is pictogram which is widely used in signs
what is typography
when a design or image is made in or on a surface by pressing or hitting a tool and then transfer the design to paper or similar material; the transferred image is called
nineteenth century
when was photography invented
english critic Lawrence Alloway
who coined the term pop art
German playwright named Aloys Senefelder and it is when a flat stone slab is drawn on by a crayon to create a design and then a solution of nitric acid is put on it before being dampened by water (crayon rejects the water) after which the surface is covered with an oily ink and the stone can be pressed on a paper surface, creating a print
who invented lithography and what is it
allow a broad view of objects with-in a confined space
wide-angle lenses
