Articulations V2

During opposition, where does movement occur?

At the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of thumb

Where is the distal radioulnar joint and what articulates with what

At the distal joint, the head of the ulna articulates with the ulnar notch on the radius.

proximal radioulnar joint

At the proximal joint, the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch on the ulna.

Where is the squamous suture located?

Between parietal and temporal bones

What are the classification of saddle joints?

Biaxial. Shape and surface of articular surfaces at the saddle joint for the thumb allows for much greater freedom of movement compared to other biaxial joints however.

1. acromioclavicular joint

Scapula and clavicle

Dorsiflexion

movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle, elevating the soles of feet

Perform medial and lateral rotation of the arm. At what joint do these actions occur?

shoulder (glenohumeral)

examples of ball and socket joints

shoulder and hip

What is amphiarthrosis?

slightly movable joint

Name 4 major cranial sutures in baby skulls and locations

anterior (frontal) fontanelle posterior (occipital) fontanelle anteriolateral (sphenoidal) fontanelles posterolateral (mastoid) fontanelles

Define cartilaginous joints

articulating bones are held together by a plate of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage disc, no joint cavity, movement limited

Where is anterior (frontal) fontanelle located?

at junction of coronal and sagittal sutures

Where is anteriolateral (sphenoidal) fontanelles located?

at junction of coronal and squamous sutures

Flexion

decreases the angle of the joint and reduces the distance between the two bones

Wrist ellipsoid

At a wrist joint, a condyle formed by the scaphoid and lunate bones articulates with an elliptical cavity which is formed by the distal end of the radius. Notice that the ulna does not contribute an articulating surface to the wrist joint.

Pivot joints

At pivot joints, a rounded surface of one bone fits into a shallow depression of another bone. Actions of pivot joints are restricted to rotational movements around a central axis.

Saddle joints

At saddle joints, each articulating surface has a convex and a concave region. The shape of each surface resembles a saddle

Plantar flexion

Bending action that elevates the heels, such as when you stand on your toes

Ellipsoid joints are classified as _____________

Biaxial joints; the movements pass through two different planes

Define syndesmosis(es)

Bones are held together by strong fibrous connective tissue. articulating surfaces of the bones may be either small and held together by cord-like ligaments, or broad and held together by fibrous sheets called interosseous membranes. Movement can vary but is usually limited.

How are the articulations of the shoulder and hip joints similar?

Both joints are ball and socket joints and are designed that way- rounded ball fitting into a hollow socket. Both are polyaxial and allow the fullest range of motions.

Give an example of a saddle joint and identify it on a skeleton. The joint is formed by the articulation of what two bones?

Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. Joint is formed by articulation between the trapezium and the metacarpal bone of the thumb.

Nucleus pulposus

Central core of the disc, a gelatinous mass

annulus fibrosus

Composed of fibrocartilage, it is the outer portion of the intervertebral disc

In what plane of the body does hip and wrist ab/adduction occur?

Coronal (frontal)

Synovial joints

Defined by presence of fluid-filled joint cavity. Articulating surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage. Capable of a variety of movements in several planes.

What joints are diarthrosis?

Diarthrosis = freely movable; synovial joints

Describe the relationship between the radius and ulna when the forearm is pronated:

During pronation, the head of the radius rotates within the annular ligament, while its distal end pivots around the head of the ulna, as a result, the bones are crossed

Epiphyseal plates are temporary joints. Explain why.

During the development of a human, the plates are eventually replaced by bone once endochondral ossification is complete and the bone has fused.

In a developing long bone, growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate, which is an example of a synchondrosis. Why are epiphyseal plates classified as joints?

Epiphyseal plate joins the bone together, the bone of the developing diaphysis with the bone of the developing epiphysis

Identify extension of the arm and identify the joint at which it occurs.

Extension of the arm occurs along a sagittal plane and straightens arm, occurs at the shoulder joint.

Interphalengeal joints

Finger and toe joints, specified using PIP, DIP and IP

Define bursae

Flattened sacs lined with a synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid

What are principal movements at hinge joints?

Flexion and extension

Describe flexion of the leg and identify the joint at which it occurs.

Flexion of the leg involves moving the leg posteriorly, lifting it off the ground. This action occurs at the knee joint.

In circumduction of the shoulder, what types of angular movements occur? List them. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EENVG0jhNEc

Flexion, abduction, extension, adduction

5. Vertebrocostal joints

Found in vertebrae and ribs

Are all of the above joints uniaxial? Explain.

IP joints are uniaxial. The knee is not, since slight rotation is allowed. The ankle joint between the talus and tibia and fibula is uniaxial.

Describe the relationship between the radius and ulna when the forearm is supinated:

In supination, the reverse action occurs and the bones are parallel to each other, as in anatomical position

Example 1 syndesmosis: In a living person, the bones of the forearm and leg are connected by ______________.

Interosseous membranes

Name 4 locations of hinge joints

Interphalangeal (IP) joints, knee joints, ankle joints, elbow joint

Describe inversion of the foot and identify the joint at which it occurs.

Inversion of the foot moves the sole towards the median plane and occurs at the intertarsal joints.

Identify the annular ligament. What is fx of ligament.

It holds the head of the radius in proper position during pronation and supination of the forearm.

Identify the glenoid labrum in a skeleton, what it is made of, and what the function of this structure is.

It is a fibrocartilaginous ring circling the glenoid cavity, its fx is to deepen the articular cavity for a better fit with the head of the radius

hinge joint

Joint between bones that permits motion in only one plane

Identify two other joints where flexion and extension occur

Knee joint, interphalangeal joints, ankle joint

Bursae at knee joint

Know the prepatellar bursa, the subcutaneous infra patellar bursa, the bursa behind femur (not labelled in image), and the deep infrapatellar bursa

Bursae at shoulder joint

Know the subcoracoid bursa, subscapularis bursa, subacromial bursa

On the lateral side, the base of the lateral (radial) collateral ligament blends and becomes continuous with the annular ligament. The apex is attached to what bone marking on the humerus.

Lateral epicondyle

What is the purpose of accessory structures

Ligaments, bursae, menisci, and fat pads all strengthen and suport the synovial joints

Identify the medial (ulnar) collateral ligament. Describe the attachments of it.

Medial epicondyle of humerus to the olecranon and coronoid process of the ulna

Medial (internal) rotation and lateral (external) rotation

Medial rotation: occurs when anterior surface is brought toward median plane Lateral rotation: anterior surface is brought away from median plane

Ligaments

Most are localized thickenings of the fibrous capsule; others are independent structures, ie the cruciate ligaments in knee

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Name 2 places where you find pivot joints

Pivot joints allow rotation around an axis. The neck and forearms have pivot joints. In the neck the occipital bone spins over the top of the axis. In the forearms the radius and ulna twist around each other.

The actions of pivot joints are restricted to rotational movements around a central axis. They are classified as uniaxial joints. Explain why.

Pivot joints allow rotation only around a single axis.

Synovial joints

Presence of a fluid-filled joint cavity, articulating bony surfaces are coverd by smooth layer of hyaline cartilage called articular carilage. Joint capsule is attached to each bone in the joint and encloses the joint cavity. Lining the inside of the joint capsule is the synovial membrane. Accessory structures include ligaments, bursae, menisci, and fat pads

pronation/supination of forearm

Pronation and supination specifically apply to the rotation of the radius around the ulna at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints. Identify these joints on a skeleton.

At what joint does abduction and adduction of the arm occur?

Shoulder

Which joint has greatest ROM in the body?

Shoulder joint

Intercarpal joints

Sliding movements occur here. Movement at the joints are fairly restrictive.

The bones that form gliding joints have

Small, flat articulating surfaces

Where are bursae located

Strategic locations where tendons, ligaments, muscles, or skin rub against bone or neighboring sofft tissue structures

define synchondrosis and give 2 examples

Synchondroses are cartilaginous unions between bone composed entirely of hyaline cartilage ex. epiphyseal growth plate, manubrium 1st rib

Most articulations in the body are of this type

Synovial

6. Intertarsal joints

Tarsals

Left and right rotation

Turning of a body part to the right or left around the midline of the body. Rotation of the head to signify no is an example

Another name for hinge joints

Uniaxial joint (since movements occur along a single plane or axis)

4. Joints between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

Vertebrae

metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP)

between metacarpals and proximal phalanges, This is an example of an ellipsoid

Where is the lambdoid suture located?

between occipital and parietal bones

Where is the sagittal suture located?

between the two parietal bones

Herniated disc

caused by deterioration of the posterior and lateral aspects of the anulus fibrosus; it compresses the spinal nerve exiting at that level

Define circumduction

circular motion at the far end of a limb, combination of angular movements

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end, a combination of angular movement

Name 5 types of angular movement

circumduction, abduction, adduction, flexion, extension

Name another example of a syndesmosis

coracoclavicular joint is the syndesmosis between clavicle and coracoid process of scapula; coracoclavicular ligaments connect the bones

Name 4 major cranial sutures in adult skulls

coronal squamous lambdoid sagittal

The wrist joint is formed by the articulation of the

distal end of the radius with the scaphoid, lunate and triquetrium the ulna and the pisiform don't contribute articulating surfaces at the wrist

Name a 3rd example of a syndesmosis

distal tibiofibular joint is the articulation between distal ends of tibia and fibula

depression/elevation

downward and upward movements of the scapula or mandible

palmar radiocarpal ligament

extends from the distal end of the radius to the anterior surfaces of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum

dorsal radiocarpal ligament

extends from the distal end of the radius to the posterior surfaces of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum

Define intervertebral disc and what category of cartilaginous joint is it?

fibrocartilage pads that separate and cushion the vertebrae; it is a symphysis

What types of joints are synarthrosis and amphiarthrosis

fibrous + cartilaginous joints

interphalangeal joints

fingers, toes hinge joints

Hyperflexion

flexion of a limb or part beyond the normal limits

Primary movements that occur at saddle joints are..

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction. these occur at the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. Important to note that they occur in a plane that is perpendicular to the plane in which abduction and adduction occur.

At the elbow joint, the shapes of the articulating surfaces and the strong collateral ligaments allow ________ and _____________ but prevent other movements.

flexion; extension

fibrous joint

has no joint cavity and occurs where bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue in which collagen fibers dominate

Identify another joint where these movements occur.

hip

extension

increases the angle of a joint, straightening the body part

At what joints do eversion and inversion occur?

intertarsal joints

Name all categories of special movements.

inversion/eversion, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, lateral flexion, protraction/retraction, opposition, depression/elevation

location and function and type of joint annular ligament

it attaches to the anterior and posterior margins of the radial notch and warps around the head of the radius It keeps the radial head in its correct position joint is a pivot joint, the head of the radius rotating/pivoting within the annular ligament

location of distal radioulnar joint, its function, type of joint and identify the articular surfaces of the joint

it is a pivot joint pronation and supination of forearm occur there articulating surfaces are head of ulna and ulnar notch of radius

What articulates between the 2 pubic bones and what type of cartilage is found at this joint?

pubic symphysis and hyaline cartilage and fibros cartilage

head of the radius articulates with the ________ on the ulna to form the _____________________

radial notch; proximal radioulnar joint

Name 3 types of fibrous joints in the human body

sutures syndesmoses gomphoses

Two categories of cartilaginous joints

symphysis and synchondrosis

Hyperextension

the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

3. sacroiliac joint

the joint between the sacrum and the ilium

What is the joint capsule

tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and encloses and supports and holds the bones together. It is composed of strong fibrous connective tissue and encloses the joint cavity.

define symphysis and give a couple of examples

two bones joined by fibrocartilage e.g. intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

special movements

uniquely named movements for jaw, hand, and foot, they occur at specific joints

Proximal and distal radioulnar joints

Articulations in forearm between radius and ulna

Gomphosis

Peg-in-socket fibrous joint; no movement occurs here

Where is the coronal suture located?

between frontal and parietal bones

Atlantoocipital Joint

-Ellipsoidal/freely movable -Junction of atlas and occipital condyles

Tendon Sheaths

-modified bursae, form tubular sheaths around long tendons and subjected to constant friction, found along the long tendons that cross the wrist and ankle to enter the hand and foot

Name 3 important fx of articulations

1. Bind various parts of skeleton together 2. Provide body movements, along with skeletal muscle 3. Allow bone growth and development

name 2 parts of an intervertebral disc

1. Nucleus pulposus 2. Annulus fibrosus

Identify 4 examples of joints where gliding movements occur.

1. Sternoclavicular joint 2. intercarpal and intertarsal joints 3. acromioclavicular 4. between articular processes of the vertebrae

Name 3 examples of ellipsoid joints

1. wrist joint 2. atlantoocipital joint 3. Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joint

How many types of synovial joints are there? (BEGS PH)

6. Each type categorized by shape of articulating surfaces and ROM at the joint.

Ball and socket joints

A rounded head articulates with a cuplike concavity

Purpose of articular cartilage?

Absorbs shock and reduces friction

Eversion

Action that moves sole of foot away from median plane

inversion of foot

Action that moves the sole of the foot towards the median plane

Very limited movement occurs at one intervertebral disc between two vertebrae. However, if you bend forward, backward, or laterally at the waist, a great deal of movement occurs along the vertebral column. How do you account for this movement?

All of the movement observed cannot be attributed to movement at only one intervertebral disc, but when you combine many of these joints together, significant movement of the spine is possible.

At ellipsoid joints, an ________________ articulates with a _______________.

An oval-shaped convex surfaces articulates with a shallow elliptical cavity.

protraction/retraction

Anterior / posterior movement along transverse plane Ex. Mandible (stick chin out / pull chin back) and scapula

Answer:

Articular cartilage; Glenoid fossa and head of the humerus

2. sternoclavicular joint

Articulation between the clavicle and the sternum

Metacarpophalngeal joint

Articulations between metacarpal bones and proximal phalnges in the hand (also called the knuckle joints)

What is the only examples of gomphoses?

Articulations between upper teeth and maxilla, and lower teeth and mandible

Identify the coracoacromial ligament in the picture. It connects what two bone markings in the scapula.

No. 1. The coracoid process and the acromion process

Identify the glenohumeral ligament. What is its fx. What structure does this ligament connect (specifically the bony markings)?

No. 15. It supports the anterior aspect of the shoulder. The glenohumeral joint connects the glenoid cavity of the scapula and head of humerus

Identify the coracohumeral ligament. What is it's fx. To what structures does this ligament connect?

No. 17. It supports the superior aspect of the shoulder. This ligament connects the coracoid process of the scapula and the greater tubercle of the humerus.

Identify the coracoclavicular ligament in the picture. What is it's fx? What type of fibrous joint do these ligaments form?

No. 2. It helps stabilize the clavicle. It forms a syndesmoses.

Identify the acromioclavicular ligament in the picture. Which joint is it a part of. How would you classify the AC joint? What is it's fx?

No. 4. It is a part of the AC joint. The AC joint is a gliding joint. The fx of the ligament is that is supports the superior aspect of the shoulder.

Another name for gliding joints

Nonaxial joints This is because movements do not occur along a specific body plane or around an axis

Gliding movements

Occurs when articulating surfaces of two bones move back and forth or side to side https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-UPeh-D-38

Opposition and reposition of thumb are critical for performing fine-motor skills with your hand. Explain why.

Opposition allows us to grasp objects, such as pens, tools, eating utensils, and to do things such as button shirts, zip coats, pick up things etc

Opposition

Opposition occurs when the thumb is brought over to touch another digit. During reposition, the thumb is brought back to anatomical position.

Flexion and extension of the fingers can occur at the metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints and the Interphalangeal joints. Abduction and adduction of the fingers occurs at the MCP joints only. Based on the structure of these two types of joints, provide an explanation for the difference in function.

The IP joints are hinge joints, thus are uniaxial. However the metacarpophalangeal joints are ellipsoid, thus allow for biaxial movement.

How does the ROM at the hip compare with that of the shoulder?

The hip is designed for strength, as it supports and transmits body weight. Because it is tightly bound together, movement is restricted far more than that of the shoulder.

Synovial membrane

The lining of the inside of the joint capsule that produces synovial fluid that is secreted into the joint cavity to provide lubrication and shock absorption during movement.

Identify the atlantoaxial joint on a skeleton. Explain why it is an example of a pivot joint.

The only movement allowed at the atlantoaxial joint is rotation, or pivoting, around the axis formed by the dens.

The elbow joint shares a common joint cavity with what other joint?

The proximal radioulnar joint

How are the articulations of the shoulder and hip joints different?

The shoulder joint is shallow, with the head of the radius positioned by the very shallow glenoid fossa. The joint is reinforced primarily by surrounding muscles and allows great freedom of movement at the expense of stability. The head of the femur is more distinct and offset by the neck of the femur, and it fits tightly into the deep acetabulum and is tethered in place by a ligament that attaches it to the acetabulum. The hip joint is surrounded by very strong ligaments.

Review the connections of the coracoclavicular ligaments at the coracoclavicular joint. What role do you think these ligaments have in stabilizing the pectoral girdle?

These ligaments anchor the coracoid process of the scapula to the clavicle, above the head of the humerus, helping prevent the bones for the pectoral girdle from separating at the shoulder.

Where do rotational movements occur?

They occur along the long axis of a bone

Things to know about articulation between first rib and manubrium of the sternum

This joint is unique because its the only permanent synchondrosis in the human body. All other ribs that articulate with the sternum form synovial joints.

Define sutures

Tight articulations between adjacent bones. Only found in the skull, in the adult, the connective tissue fibers that connect the bones become completely ossified. Thus, the bones are fused together and no movement occurs between them.

What classification are ball and socket joints?

Triaxial, since they allow movements in 3 planes; flexion and extension in the first plane, abduction and adduction in the second, and medial and lateral rotation in the third. Circumduction can also be performed at these joints.

Fibrocartilage discs

act as shock absorbers; provide a better fit for articulating bones e.g. glenoid labrum (shoulder), menisci (knee)

What is a synarthrosis joint?

an immovable joint

At what joint do the actions of dorsiflextion and plantar flexion occur?

ankle

Where is posterior (occipital) fontanelle located?

at junction of lambdoid and sagittal sutures

Where is posterolateral (mastoid) fontanelles located?

at junction of squamous and lambdoid sutures

Thumb adduction

move thumb back toward hand