Artists

Rogier van der Weyden

began his career under the tutelage of Robert Campin around 1427. City painter of Brussels.

Constantin Brancusi

A Romantic sculptor, known for " The Kiss", "The Newborn" and "BIrd in Space"

Barbara Hepworth

A sculptor from England who was known fro modern abstract sculptures that used negative spaces.

Williem de Kooning

Abstract Expressionist. His pictures typify the vigorous gestural style of the movement and he perhaps did more than any of his contemporaries to develop a radically abstract style of painting that fused Cubism, Surrealism and Expressionism. Most famous for his pictures of women.

Faith Ringgold

African American artist. Best known for her painted story quilts. During the 1960's she painted flat figural composition that focused on the racial conflicts depicting everything from riots to cocktail parties which resulted in her "American People" series showing the female view of the Civil Rights Movement. The 1970's mark her move into the sculptural figures that depicted fictional slave stories as well as contemporary ones. She began quilted artworks in 1980; her first quilt being "Echos of Harlem". She quilted her stories in order to be heard since at the time no one would publish her autobiography "Who's afraid of Aunt Jemima?" is a quilt showing the story of Aunt Jemima as a matriarch restaurateur.

Elizabeth Catlett

African American graphic artist and sculpture best known for her depictions of the African American experience in the 20th century which often had the female experience as their focus. Her work is a mixture of abstract and figurative in the modernist tradition, with influence from African and Mexican art traditions. According to the artist, the main purpose of her work is to convey social messages rather than pure aesthetics

John Singer Sergeant

American Artist. Considered the "leading portrait painter of his generation" for his evocations of Edwardian era luxury

Joan Snyder

"Stroke paintings" from the late 1960's and early 1970's were "abstract compositions, many of them quite large, that are loosely based on a grid format and that together constitute a dissection of the language of painting". The 1980's and 1990's saw a refinement of her earlier vocabulary as brighter feminine colors and the grid returned written phrases, natural materials and fabrics such as burlap and silks also appeared" Her paintings have been described by the Boston Globe as "abstract", intuitive and spontaneous and pointedly political. She also paints with colorful style, using floral effects which are branded with paint sprinkled with a range of materials such as jewels-like metal objects.

Matthew Paris

(1200-1259) Benedictine monk at St. Albans in 1217. He was interested in history. Good writer. In the margins of his books, illustrated the text w/drawings and paintings.

Filippo Brunelleschi

(1377-1446) Italian designer and a key figure in architecture. Recognized to be first modern engineer planner and sole construction supervisor. One of the founding father of Renaissance. Well-known for developing a technique for linear perspective in art and for building the dome of the Florence Cathedral. Departure from tradition. Domes, curvilinear arches. Science of measure and proportion.

Fra(brother) Angelico

(1395-1455) Divides canvas into thirds; figures are light, Angel and Mary. Early Italian Renaissance painter known for his painting in fresco. Received training as illuminator. Painted religious work for church.

Winslow Homer

(1836-1910) Early American artist. Preferred to concentrate on the local colors of component objects within his scenes. Landscape painter and printmaker, best known for his marine subjects.

Clyfford Still

(1904-1980) First to break through to a new radically abstract style devoid of obvious subject matter. His mature pictures employ great fields of color to evoke dramatic conflicts between man and nature taking place on a monumental scale. Leading figures in the first generation of Abstract Expressionist.

Thomas K. Wesselmann

(1931-2004)American pop artist. Worked with the pop art movement in painting, collage and sculpture.

Edward Hopper

(July 22, 1882 - May 15, 1967) was a prominent American realist painter and printmaker. While he was most popularly known for his oil paintings, he was equally proficient as a watercolorist and printmaker in etching. Both in his urban and rural scenes, his spare and finely calculated renderings reflected his personal vision of modern American life

George Caleb Bingham

(March 20, 1811 - July 7, 1879) was an American artist whose paintings of American life in the frontier lands along the Missouri River exemplify the Luminist style.[1] Left to languish in obscurity, his work was rediscovered in the 1930s. By the time of his bicentennial in 2011, he was considered one of the greatest American painters of the 19th century. That year his Catalogue Raisonné Supplement Of Paintings & Drawings—directed and edited by him scholar Fred R. Kline—announced the authentication of ten recently discovered paintings by this artist. As of June 2015, a total of twenty-three (23) newly discovered paintings by this artist have been authenticated and are listed with the GCBCRS.[2]

Dorothea Lange

(May 26, 1895 - October 11, 1965) was an American documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her Depression-era work for the Farm Security Administration (FSA). Her photographs humanized the consequences of the Great Depression and influenced the development of documentary photography.

Jacob Lawrence

(September 7, 1917 - June 9, 2000) was an African-American painter known for his portrayal of African-American life. But not only was he a painter, storyteller, and interpreter; he also was an educator. He referred to his style as "dynamic cubism," though by his own account the primary influence was not so much French art as the shapes and colors of Harlem.[1] He brought the African-American experience to life using blacks and browns juxtaposed with vivid colors. He also taught and spent 15 years as a professor at the University of Washington.[2] He is among the best-known 20th-century African-American painters. He was 25 years old when he gained national recognition with his 60-panel Migration Series,[3] painted on cardboard. The series depicted the Great Migration of African-Americans from the rural South to the urban North. A part of this series was featured in a 1941 issue of Fortune Magazine. The collection is now held by two museums: the odd-numbered paintings are on exhibit in the Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C., and the even-numbered are on display at MOMA in New York. His works are in the permanent collections of numerous museums, including the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Museum of Modern Art, the Whitney Museum, the Phillips Collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Brooklyn Museum, and Reynolda House Museum of American Art. He is widely known for his modernist illustrations of everyday life as well as epic narratives of African American history and historical figures.

Jan Van Eyck

(before c. 1390 - 9 July 1441) was an Early Netherlandish painter active in Bruges. He is often considered one of the founders of Early Netherlandish painting and one of the most significant representatives of Northern Renaissance art. Apart from the Ghent Altarpiece and the illuminated miniatures of the Turin-Milan Hours, about 20 surviving paintings are confidently attributed to him, all dated between 1432 and 1439. Ten, including the Ghent altarpiece,[A] are dated and signed with a variation of his motto, ALS IK KAN (As I (Eyck) can) always written in Greek characters, always a pun on his name. This artist painted both secular and religious subject matter, including altarpieces, single panel religious figures and commissioned portraits. His work includes single panels, diptychs,[1] triptychs, and polyptych panels. He was well paid by Philip, who sought that the painter was secure financially and had artistic freedom and could paint "whenever he pleased".[2] His work comes from the International Gothic style, but he soon eclipsed it, in part through a greater emphasis on naturalism and realism. Through his developments in the use of oil paint he achieved a new level of virtuosity.[3] He was highly influential and his techniques and style were adopted and refined by the Early Netherlandish painters.

Duccio Di Boninsegna

(born 13th century, Siena, Republic of Siena—died c. 1319, Siena?), one of the greatest Italian painters of the Middle Ages and the founder of the Sienese school. In his art the formality of the Italo-Byzantine tradition, strengthened by a clearer understanding of its evolution from classical roots, is fused with the new spirituality of the Gothic style. Greatest of all his works is the Maestà (1311), the altarpiece of the Siena cathedral.

Andrea Mantegna

(born 1431, Isola di Cartura [near Vicenza], Republic of Venice [Italy]—died September 13, 1506, Mantua), painter and engraver, the first fully Renaissance artist of northern Italy. His best known surviving work is the Camera degli Sposi ("Room of the Bride and Groom"), or Camera Picta ("Painted Room") (1474), in the Palazzo Ducale of Mantua, for which he developed a self-consistent illusion of a total environment. Mantegna's other principal works include the Ovetari Chapel frescoes (1448-55) in the Eremitani Church in Padua and the Triumph of Caesar (begun c. 1486), the pinnacle of his late style.

Leonardo de Vinci

(born April 15, 1452, Anchiano, near Vinci, Republic of Florence [Italy]—died May 2, 1519, Cloux [now Clos-Lucé], France), Italian painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect, and engineer whose genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. His Last Supper (1495-98) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503-19) are among the most widely popular and influential paintings of the Renaissance. His notebooks reveal a spirit of scientific inquiry and a mechanical inventiveness that were centuries ahead of their time. The unique fame that he enjoyed in his lifetime and that, filtered by historical criticism, has remained undimmed to the present day rests largely on his unlimited desire for knowledge, which guided all his thinking and behaviour. An artist by disposition and endowment, he considered his eyes to be his main avenue to knowledge; to him, sight was man's highest sense because it alone conveyed the facts of experience immediately, correctly, and with certainty. Hence, every phenomenon perceived became an object of knowledge, and saper vedere ("knowing how to see") became the great theme of his studies. He applied his creativity to every realm in which graphic representation is used: he was a painter, sculptor, architect, and engineer. But he went even beyond that. He used his superb intellect, unusual powers of observation, and mastery of the art of drawing to study nature itself, a line of inquiry that allowed his dual pursuits of art and science to flourish.

Raphael

(born April 6, 1483, Urbino, Duchy of Urbino [Italy]—died April 6, 1520, Rome, Papal States [Italy]), master painter and architect of the Italian High Renaissance. He is best known for his Madonnas and for his large figure compositions in the Vatican. His work is admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

(born December 7, 1598, Naples, Kingdom of Naples [Italy]—died November 28, 1680, Rome, Papal States), Italian artist who was perhaps the greatest sculptor of the 17th century and an outstanding architect as well. He created the Baroque style of sculpture and developed it to such an extent that other artists are of only minor importance in a discussion of that style.

Thomas Girtin

(born Feb. 18, 1775, London, Eng.—died Nov. 9, 1802, London), British artist who at the turn of the 19th century firmly established the aesthetic autonomy of watercolour (formerly used mainly to colour engravings) by employing its transparent washes to evoke a new sense of atmospheric space.

Grant Wood

(born February 13, 1891, near Anamosa, Iowa, U.S.—died February 12, 1942, Iowa City, Iowa), American painter who was one of the major exponents of Midwestern Regionalism, a movement that flourished in the United States during the 1930s. He was trained as a craftsman and designer as well as a painter. After spending a year (1923) at the Académie Julian in Paris, he returned to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, where in 1927 he was commissioned to do a stained-glass window. Knowing little about stained glass, he went to Germany to seek craftsmen to assist him. While there he was deeply influenced by the sharply detailed paintings of various German and Flemish masters of the 16th century. He subsequently abandoned his Impressionist style and began to paint in the sharply detailed, realistic manner by which he is now known. A portrait of his mother in this style, Woman with Plants (1929), did not attract attention, but in 1930 his American Gothic caused a sensation when it was exhibited at the Art Institute of Chicago. The hard, cold realism of this painting and the honest, direct, earthy quality of its subject were unusual in American art. The work ostensibly portrays a farmer and his daughter—modelled for him by his dentist, B.H. McKeeby, and his sister, Nan—in front of their farmhouse. As a telling portrait of the sober and hardworking rural dwellers of the Midwest, the painting has become one of the best-known icons of American art.

Cindy Sherman

(born January 19, 1954, Glen Ridge, New Jersey, U.S.), American photographer known for her images—particularly her elaborately "disguised" self-portraits—that comment on social role-playing and sexual stereotypes. She grew up on Long Island, New York. In 1972 she enrolled at the State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo and majored in painting, later switching her major to photography. She graduated from SUNY in 1976 and in 1977 began work on Untitled Film Stills (1977-80), one of her best-known series. The series of 8 × 10-inch black-and-white photographs featuring Sherman in a variety of roles is reminiscent of film noir and presents viewers with an ambiguous portrayal of women as sex objects. She stated that the series was "about the fakeness of role-playing as well as contempt for the domineering 'male' audience who would mistakenly read the images as sexy." She continued to be the model in her photographs, donning wigs and costumes that evoke images from the realms of advertising, television, film, and fashion and that, in turn, challenge the cultural stereotypes supported by these media. During the 1980s She began to use colour film, to exhibit very large prints, and to concentrate more on lighting and facial expression. Using prosthetic appendages and liberal amounts of makeup, She moved into the realm of the grotesque and the sinister with photographs that featured mutilated bodies and reflected such concerns as eating disorders, insanity, and death. Her work became less ambiguous, focusing perhaps more on the results of society's acceptance of stereotyped roles for women than upon the roles themselves. She returned to ironic commentary upon clichéd female identities in the 1990s, introducing mannequins into some of her photographs, and in 1997 she directed the dark comedic film Office Killer. Two years later she exhibited disturbing images of savaged dolls and doll parts that explored her interest in juxtaposing violence and artificiality. She continued these juxtapositions in a 2000 series of photographs in which she posed as Hollywood women with overblown makeup and silicone breast implants, again achieving a result of enigmatic pathos. That same year a major retrospective of her work was exhibited at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago and at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles. A 2012 retrospective at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City was accompanied by a film series comprising movies that She saw as having influenced her work. In 2016 She was awarded the Praemium Imperiale prize in painting, a category that also encompasses photography

Thomas Eakins

(born July 25, 1844, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.—died June 25, 1916, Philadelphia), painter who carried the tradition of 19th-century American Realism to perhaps its highest achievement. He painted mainly portraits of his friends and scenes of outdoor sports, such as swimming and boating (e.g., Max Schmitt in a Single Scull, 1871). The work generally acknowledged as his masterpiece—The Gross Clinic (1875), which depicts a surgical operation—was received with distaste by his contemporaries because of its frank and unsentimental nature

Frank Lloyd Wright

(born June 8, 1867 - April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures, 532 of which were completed. He believed in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. This philosophy was best exemplified by Fallingwater (1935), which has been called "the best all-time work of American architecture".[1] His creative period spanned more than 70 years. He was the pioneer of what came to be called the Prairie School movement of architecture and he also developed the concept of the Usonian home in Broadacre City, his unique vision for urban planning in the United States. In addition to his houses, he designed original and innovative offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, museums and other structures. He often designed interior elements for these buildings as well, including furniture and stained glass. He wrote 20 books and many articles and was a popular lecturer in the United States and in Europe. He was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as "the greatest American architect of all time".

Edward Weston

(born March 24, 1886, Highland Park, Illinois, U.S.—died January 1, 1958, Carmel, California), major American photographer of the early to mid-20th century, best known for his carefully composed, sharply focused images of natural forms, landscapes, and nudes. His work influenced a generation of American photographer

Richard Estes

(born May 14, 1932 in Kewanee, Illinois) is an American artist, best known for his photorealist paintings. The paintings generally consist of reflective, clean, and inanimate city and geometric landscapes. He is regarded as one of the founders of the international photo-realist movement of the late 1960s, with such painters as John Baeder, Ralph Goings, Chuck Close, Audrey Flack, and Duane Hanson. Author Graham Thompson writes "One demonstration of the way photography became assimilated into the art world is the success of photorealist painting in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is also called super-realism or hyper-realism and painters like him, Denis Peterson, Audrey Flack, and Chuck Close often worked from photographic stills to create paintings that appeared to be photographs." [1]

Albrecht Durer

(born May 21, 1471, Imperial Free City of Nürnberg [Germany]—died April 6, 1528, Nürnberg), painter and printmaker generally regarded as the greatest German Renaissance artist. His vast body of work includes altarpieces and religious works, numerous portraits and self-portraits, and copper engravings. His woodcuts, such as the Apocalypse series (1498), retain a more Gothic flavour than the rest of his work

William Blake

(born Nov. 28, 1757, London, Eng.—died Aug. 12, 1827, London), English engraver, artist, poet, and visionary, author of exquisite lyrics in Songs of Innocence (1789) and Songs of Experience (1794) and profound and difficult "prophecies," such as Visions of the Daughters of Albion (1793), The First Book of Urizen (1794), Milton (1804[-?11]), and Jerusalem (1804[-?20]). The dating of his texts is explained in the Researcher's Note: His publication dates. These works he etched, printed, coloured, stitched, and sold, with the assistance of his devoted wife, Catherine. Among his best known lyrics today are The Lamb, The Tyger, London, and the Jerusalem lyric from Milton, which has become a kind of second national anthem in Britain. In the early 21st century, He was regarded as the earliest and most original of the Romantic poets, but in his lifetime he was generally neglected or (unjustly) dismissed as mad. He grew up in modest circumstances. What teaching he received as a child was at his mother's knee, as most children did. This he saw as a positive matter, later writing, "Thank God I never was sent to school/ To be Flogd into following the Style of a Fool

Robert Rauschenberg

(born October 22, 1925, Port Arthur, Texas, U.S.—died May 12, 2008, Captiva Island, Florida), American painter and graphic artist whose early works anticipated the Pop art movement. His first paintings in the early 1950s comprised a series of all-white and all-black surfaces underlaid with wrinkled newspaper. In subsequent works he began to explore the possibilities of making art from such objects as Coca-Cola bottles, traffic barricades, and stuffed birds, calling them "combine" paintings. In 1955 he became associated with the Merce Cunningham Dance Company, first as a designer of costumes and sets and later as a technical director. He also produced theatrical pieces in collaboration with composer John Cage. From the late 1950s he experimented with the use of newspaper and magazine photographs in his paintings, devising a process using solvent to transfer images directly onto the canvas. About 1962 he borrowed from Andy Warhol the silk-screen stencil technique for applying photographic images to large expanses of canvas, reinforcing the images and unifying them compositionally with broad strokes of paint reminiscent of Abstract Expressionist brushwork. These works draw on themes from modern American history and popular culture and are notable for their sophisticated compositions and the spatial relations of the objects depicted in them. During this period his painting became more purely graphic (e.g., Bicycle [1963]) than the earlier combines. By the 1970s, however, he had turned to prints on silk, cotton, and cheesecloth, as well as to three-dimensional constructions of cloth, paper, and bamboo in an Oriental manner. Among his preoccupations from the 1970s to the 1990s were lithography and other printmaking techniques. He continued to incorporate imagery from the commercial print media but began to rely more heavily on his own photography. Some of his works were influenced by visits with artists in such countries as China, Japan, and Mexico. In 1998 he received the Japan Art Association's Praemium Imperiale prize for painting

Mark Rothko

(born Sept. 25, 1903, Dvinsk, Russia—died Feb. 25, 1970, New York City, N.Y., U.S.), American painter whose works introduced contemplative introspection into the melodramatic post-World War II Abstract Expressionist school; his use of colour as the sole means of expression led to the development of Colour Field Painting. In 1913 his family emigrated from Russia to the U.S., where they settled in Portland, Ore. During his youth he was preoccupied with politics and social issues. He entered Yale University in 1921, intending to become a labour leader, but dropped out after two years and wandered about the U.S. In 1925 he settled in New York City and took up painting. Although he studied briefly under the painter Max Weber, he was essentially self-taught. He first worked in a realistic style that culminated in his Subway series of the late 1930s, showing the loneliness of persons in drab urban environments. This gave way in the early 1940s to the semi-abstract biomorphic forms of the ritualistic Baptismal Scene (1945). By 1948, however, he had arrived at a highly personal form of Abstract Expressionism. Unlike many of his fellow Abstract Expressionists, he never relied on such dramatic techniques as violent brushstrokes or the dripping and splattering of paint. Instead, his virtually gestureless paintings achieved their effects by juxtaposing large areas of melting colours that seemingly float parallel to the picture plane in an indeterminate, atmospheric space. He spent the rest of his life refining this basic style through continuous simplification. He restricted his designs to two or three "soft-edged" rectangles that nearly filled the wall-sized vertical formats like monumental abstract icons. Despite their large size, however, his paintings derived a remarkable sense of intimacy from the play of nuances within local colour

Arthur B. Davies

(born Sept. 26, 1862, Utica, N.Y., U.S.—died Oct. 24, 1928, Florence, Italy), American painter, printmaker, and tapestry designer known for his idylls of classical fantasy painted in a Romantic style but best remembered for his leadership in introducing modern European painting styles into early 20th-century America. He first painted atmospheric landscapes in the Romantic manner—e.g., "Along the Erie Canal" (1890; Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.). It was after 1900 that his most characteristic works were created—idyllic scenes of elegant nude figures and mythological creatures gracefully grouped in frieze compositions before stark Romantic landscapes—e.g., "Crescendo" (1910; Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City). In 1908 he organized an exhibit of artists who came to be known as The Eight (q.v.), or ultimately as the Ashcan School. As president of the Society of Independent Artists, He was a major figure in the organization of the sensational Armory Show (q.v.) of 1913, which brought the works of European and American modernists to the attention of the U.S. public. He himself adopted a modified Cubist style for several years and painted rhythmic patterns of geometricized fragments of natural forms and figures—e.g., "Dancers" (after 1913; Detroit Institute of Arts). During the last decade of his career he returned to a representational style and devoted much of his time to etching and colour lithography.

Lorenzo Ghiberti

(born c. 1378, Pelago, Italy—died December 1, 1455, Florence), early Italian Renaissance sculptor, whose doors (Gates of Paradise; 1425-52) for the Baptistery of the cathedral of Florence are considered one of the greatest masterpieces of Italian art in the Quattrocento. Other works include three bronze statues for Orsanmichele (1416-25) and the reliefs for the cathedral in Siena (1417-27). He also wrote I Commentarii, three treatises on art history and theory from antiquity to his time.

Piero della Francesca

(born c. 1416/17, Sansepolcro, Republic of Florence [Italy]—died October 12, 1492, Sansepolcro), painter whose serene, disciplined exploration of perspective had little influence on his contemporaries but came to be recognized in the 20th century as a major contribution to the Italian Renaissance. The fresco cycle The Legend of the True Cross (1452-66) and the diptych portrait of Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, and his consort (1465) are among his best-known works.

Sandro Botticelli

(born c. 1416/17, Sansepolcro, Republic of Florence [Italy]—died October 12, 1492, Sansepolcro), painter whose serene, disciplined exploration of perspective had little influence on his contemporaries but came to be recognized in the 20th century as a major contribution to the Italian Renaissance. The fresco cycle The Legend of the True Cross (1452-66) and the diptych portrait of Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, and his consort (1465) are among his best-known works.

John White

(c. 1540 - c. 1593) was an English artist and early pioneer of English efforts to settle North America. During his time at Roanoke Island he made a number of watercolor sketches of the surrounding landscape and the native Algonkin peoples. These works are significant as they are the most informative illustrations of a Native American society of the Eastern seaboard; the surviving original watercolors are now preserved in the print room of the British Museum.

Donatello

1386?-1466). One of the towering figures of the Italian Renaissance, he was the greatest sculptor of the 15th century. He influenced both the realms of sculpture and painting throughout that century and beyond. He was born in Florence about 1386. He probably learned stone carving from one of the sculptors working on the Florence cathedral in about 1400. Between 1404 and 1407 he worked in...

Julian Schnebel

American artist and filmmaker. In the 1980's received international media attention for his "plate paintings" large scale paintings set on broken ceramic plates.

Carrie Mae Weems

American artist who works with text, fabric, audio, digital images, and installation video but is best known for her works in the field of photography. Her work focuses on serious issues that face African Americans today, such as racism, gender relations, politics and personal identity.

Keith Haring

American artist whose pop art and graffiti-like work grew out of New York City street culture of the 1980's.

John Singleton Copley

American artist. Famous for his portrait paintings of important figures in colonial New England, depicting in particular middle-class subjects. His paintings were innovative in their tendency to depict artifacts relating to these individuals lives

Thomas Cole

American artist. Founder of Hudson River School. Known for realist and detailed portrayal of American landscape and wilderness.

Barnett Newman

American artist. He is seen as one of the major figures in abstract expression and one of the foremost of the color field painters. His paintings are existential in tone and content, explicitly composed with the intention of communicating a sense of locality, presence and contingency

Gilbert Stuart

American artist. One of America's fore most portraitists. Best known for his unfinished portrait of George Washington. Produced portraits of over 1000 people including the first six presidents.

George Caleb Bingham

American artist. Paintings of American life in the frontier lands along theMissouri River examplify the Luminist style

Audrey Flack

American artist. Work pioneered the art genera of photorealism and her art is expressed through painting and sculpture and photography. Abstract expressionism, new realism.

Jasper Johns

American painter, sculptor and printmaker associated with Abstract expressionism, Neo-Dada, and Pop art. He is well known for his depictions of the American flag and other US-related topics. His works regularly receive millions of dollars at sale and auction, including a reported $110 million sale in 2010. At multiple times works by this artist have held the title of most paid for a work by a living artist. He has received many honors throughout his career, including receipt of the National Medal of Arts in 1990, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2011.

Margaret Bourke White

American photographer and documentary photographer. She is best known as the first foreign photographer permitted to take pictures of Soviet industry. The first American female war photo journalist and the first female photographer for Henry Luce's life magazine, where her photographs appeared on the first cover.

Sandy Skoglund

American photographer and installation artist. Surrealist images by building elaborate sets furnishing them with carefully selected colored furniture and other objects.

Finnie Leibovitz

American portrait photographer. Photographed John Lennon on the day he was assassinated.

Louise Nevelson

American sculptor known for her monumental, monochromatic assemblage wall pieces made with found objects. Lots of sculptures in NY.

Alison Saar

An American artist whose work explores themes of Africa cultural diaspora and spirituality

Massaccio

Foreshortening or perspective. Made fresco for Brancacci Chapel of Church of Santa Maria in Florence. "Tribute Money" vanishing point. Sculptors found ideal in individuality. Principals for depicting perspective.

Susan Rothenberg

Her early works-large acrylic figurative paintings-came to prominence in the 1970's New York art world, a time and place almost completely dominated and defined by Minimalist aesthetics and theories. The first body of work for which she became known centered on life-size images of horses Glyph-like and iconic, these images are not so much abstracted as pared down to their most essential elements. The horses along with fragmented body parts(heads, eyes, and hands) are almost totemic, like primitive symbols, and serve as formal elements through which she investigated the meaning, mechanics and essence of painting. Her paintings since the 1990's reflect her move from New York to New Mexico, her adoption of oil painting and her new-found interest in using the memory of observed and experienced events ( a riding accident, a near fatal bee sting, walking the dog, a game of poker or dominoes) as an armature for creating a painting. These scenes excerpted from daily life, whether highlighting an up toward event or a moment of remembrance, come to life through her thickly layered and nervous brushwork. A distinctive characteristic of these paintings is a tilted perspective in which the vantage point is located high above the ground. A common experience in the New Mexico landscape, this unexpected perspective invests the work with an eerily objective psychological edge.

Leon Battista Alberti

Italian Renaissance(Palazzo Rucellai-building) Italian humanist author, artist, archetect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, cryptographer. Dome of cathedral architect, scientific approach used classical details on a non-classical buildings.

MIchelangelo

Italian Sculptor, painter, architect and poet. Fascinated by science and natural objects. of the High Renaissance born in the Republic of Florence, who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.[1] Considered the greatest living artist during his lifetime, he has since been described as one of the greatest artists of all time.[1] Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his artistic versatility was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with his rival and fellow Florentine Medici client, Leonardo da Vinci.

Diane Arbus

March 14, 1923 - July 26, 1971) was an American photographer noted for photographs of marginalized people—dwarfs, giants, transgender people, nudists, circus performers—and others whose normality was perceived by the general populace as ugly or surreal. Her work has been described as consisting of formal manipulation characterized by blatant sensationalism. In 1972, a year after she committed suicide (there exists a popular cliche of her being the Sylvia Plath of photographers), she became the first American photographer to have photographs displayed at the Venice Biennale. Millions viewed traveling exhibitions of her work in 1972-1979. The book accompanying the exhibition, become the best selling photography monograph ever. Between 2003 and 2006, her work were the subjects of another major traveling exhibition, her Revelations.[12] In 2006, the motion picture Fur, starring Nicole Kidman as this artists, presented a fictional version of her life story.[13]

Christo and Jean Claude

Married couple who created environmental works of art. Their works include the wrapping of the Reichstag in berlin and the Pont-Neuf bridge in Paris. The 24 mile long artwork called Running fence in Sonoma and Marincounties in Ca and The Gates in NY city's central park. Although their work is visually impressive and often contriversial as a result of it's scale, the artists have repeatedly denied that their project contain any deeper meaning then their immediate aesthetic impact. Their purpose of their art they contend is simply to create works of art or joy and beauty and to create new ways of seeing familiar landscapes.

Jean-Francois Glabik

Modern Sculpture artist and painter from France. He's working with colored paper and metal to create sculptures of active people

Francisco Goya

One of he greatest Romantic painters in history. Became a Spanish Royal court painter. Legacy extensive documentation of the attrocities committed by Napoleon's French occupation in the early 19th century. Printmaker. Most important Spanish romantic painter. Influenced by neoclassicism.

Roy Lichenstein

One of the first American Pop artist to achieve widespread renown and he became a lighting rod for criticism of the movement. His early work ranged widely in style and subject matter and displayed considerable understanding of modernist painting. He would often maintain that he was as interested in the abstract qualities of his images as he was in their subject matter. However the mature Pop style he arrived at in 1961, which was inspired by comic strips, was greeted by accusations of banality, lack of originality and later even copying. His high impact, iconic images have since become synonymous with pop art and his method of creating images, which blended aspects of mechanical reproduction and drawing by hand has become central to critics.

Lois Mailou Jones

Painted and influenced others during the Harlem Renaissance and beyond, during her long teaching and artistic career. She was the only African American female painter of the 1930's and 1940's to achieve fame abroad and the earliest whose subjects extend beyond the realm of portraiture.

Andrew Wyeth

Realist painter(1917-2009) U.S. artist. Visual artist primarily a realist painter working predominantly in a regionalist style. Best known artist middle 20th century. His favorite subjects were the land and people around him, both in his hometown of Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, and at his summer home in Cushing, Maine. He often noted: "I paint my life." One of the best-known images in 20th-century American art is his painting Christina's World, currently in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. This tempera was painted in 1948, when He was 31 years old

Joan Snyder

She is an American painter whose narrative abstractions reflect her interest in personal experiences and the ritualistic process of painting. Similarly to her contemporary Mary Heilmann, She often cites poetry, nature, and daily life as the primary inspirations for her work. "I remember wanting more from Color Field painting and not being moved by Minimal art, which was mostly sculpture at the time," she reflected. "These were the works that I was challenging—to have more in a painting, not less; to show the anatomy of a painting, the different layers as it was being made, the process." She began producing works that specifically addressed femininity, embedding materials such as thread and glitter into paintings that resemble female genitalia. In the early 1970s, the artist had begun her most famous series of works, gestural abstractions, which she called Stroke Paintings. She has also participated in the Feminist Movement, founding the Mary H. Dana Women Artist Series in 1971, an organization which continues to champion the work of emerging and established female artists. She currently splits her time between Woodstock and Brooklyn, NY. Today, her works are held in the collections of the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, the Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C., and the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, among others.

Walter Gropius

United States architect(born in Germany) and founder of the Bauhaus school (1883-1969)

Benjamin West

West American Artist. Painter of historical scenes around and after the time of the American War of Independence.

W. De Brailes

Worked in both manuscripts and illumination and stained glass. Embellished religious themes and strong secular tone (gothic)

Jerome(Hieronymus) Bosch

was a Dutch/Netherlandish draughtsman and painter from Brabant. He is widely considered one of the most notable representatives of Early Netherlandish painting school. His work is known for its fantastic imagery, detailed landscapes, and illustrations of religious concepts and narratives.[5] Within his lifetime his work was collected in the Netherlands, Austria, and Spain, and widely copied, especially his macabre and nightmarish depictions of hell. Little is known of his life, though there are some records. His pessimistic and fantastical style cast a wide influence on northern art of the 16th century, with Pieter Bruegel the Elder being his best-known follower. His paintings have been difficult to translate from a modern point of view; attempts to associate instances of modern sexual imagery with fringe sects or the occult have largely failed. Today he is seen as a hugely individualistic painter with deep insight into humanity's desires and deepest fears. Attribution has been especially difficult; today only about 25 paintings are confidently given to his hand[6] along with 8 drawings. Approximately another half dozen paintings are confidently attributed to his workshop. His most acclaimed works consist of a few triptych altarpieces, the most outstanding of which is The Garden of Earthly Delights.