ARTS MANAGEMENT FINAL EXAM NOTES

Pick three public policy issues that directly relate to the arts and explain them using specific examples. o Public policy: decisions on funding, copyright, taxes, public education, labor, immigration/travel, health, etc... (basically, anything that touches the arts world), --influence how the arts are experienced and who will have access to them.

1. Tax Law -- arts orgs cannot be tax exempt if they do not fall under the IRS classification system 2. Deductibility of Domains 3. Copyright Education -> the role of the arts in learning is of increasing interest to parents, educators, legislators, civic leaders and business owners When it comes to public policy issues with the arts, some of the major issues can involve work money, and power. In terms of work, issues can come into play when dealing with the presenting and showcasing of controversial art work that many in society would view as taboo or tasteless. Mandates for federal funded programs are put in place to form a sort of bottleneck effect on what can be projects can be funded and what can be displayed. Other issues dealing with work can be the amount of labor that is used and/or available. Many organizations, whether they are for-profit or nonprofit, seek out more volunteer workers to help because many grants won't cover the amount of funding it would require to pay employees. This then extends into the issues of money when dealing with supporting the arts. Many grants have restrictions on what programs can be funded and require them to be considered educational, excellent showmanship, and show talent. Within each state there are federal funding caps limit the amount of grants available. Many grants also require for organizations to either match the amount or provide more financial support. Congress also requires many federal arts organizations to be aware of where they are disbursing their funds to assure, they are accountable and still adhering to grant restrictions. This is also a part of the issue of power. With the restrictions and requirements in place over grant funding, many views them as constricting. With the restrictions in place, organizations start to run into issues dealing with censorship and have to find ways to adhere to guidelines while still some way showcase the projects and works.

A production calendar for a theatre often starts how many weeks out from opening night?

16 weeks

What is the legal minimum requirement for the size of a nonprofit's Board of Directors?

3

Arts organizations are recognized as tax exempt on net earnings under what IRS code or classification?

501 (c)(3) ---Mission driven- must have a mission statement, volunteer governance- volunteer board of directors, accountability- partially financial, destination of revenue- further mission, tax exempt on most revenue and property, tax deduction- can solicit funds that are deductible for the contributor - donor cannot receive anything in return to be fully tax deductible -- Exempts charitable organizations and public and private foundations from paying taxes on net earnings --Religious, educational, charitable, scientific, or literary organizations; testing for public safety organizations; testing for public safety organizations. Also, organizations preventing cruelty to children or animals, or fostering national or international amateur sports competition. -- Missing the arts. Arts usually classify under education or charitable What do you need to provide to be a 501C3? · name · purpose · activities · membership · name of registrant and place · board · plan for assets distribution when dissolved

What should be included by an arts organization when seeking a royalty quote to legally perform a play/musical?

ALL OF THE ABOVE: seating capacity of the venue, ticket sales forecasts, proposed dates

An example of a trade union in the arts is:

Actors Equity Association

Which of the following groups represent good sources of information for arts organizations seeking to understand their environmental context?

All of the above: audiences, media, other arts groups

Artistic or Program Director: o establishes and carries out organization's programs o should be inspiring and also understand process of creating programs o should have working knowledge of fundraising, marketing, and financial management o most effective spokespersons

Artistic or Program Director: o establishes and carries out organization's programs o should be inspiring and also understand process of creating programs o should have working knowledge of fundraising, marketing, and financial management o most effective spokespersons

Which of the following represents the operating constitution of an organization?

Bylaws Your nonprofit's bylaws are both a legal document and a roadmap for your organization's actions. · governance, such as whether the org is controlled by a board or by its membership · when and how board meetings will be held and conducted · --how board directors and officers will be appointed or elected · --voting procedures, such as what constitutes a quorum so that your board can make a decision · --how committees are created and discontinued · --number of directors for your board, their required qualifications, and their terms of service · --language that affirms the requirements and prohibitions for nonprofit (501(c)(3) ---organizations as set out by the IRS · rules that govern conflicts of interest --how the bylaws can be changed or amended

A _________ is often attached to a contract for a performer/performance which formally details the hospitality, sound, lights and other technical requirements for a performer/performance.

Contract Rider

DEVELOPMENT DIRECTOR o responsible for planning and implementing annual fundraising campaigns o must be energetic and capable of sustaining momentum of fundraising campaigns o must help develop ambitious yet realistic fundraising plan for organization o have staff consisting of: grant writers, prospect researchers, special events planners, sponsorship specialists, and membership directors o prepare materials that present history of organization, programs, senior personnel, tour or exhibition schedule o focus should be on income goals o determines contributed income goals projected by above 4 categories o constructs campaign timetable

DEVELOPMENT DIRECTOR o responsible for planning and implementing annual fundraising campaigns o must be energetic and capable of sustaining momentum of fundraising campaigns o must help develop ambitious yet realistic fundraising plan for organization o have staff consisting of: grant writers, prospect researchers, special events planners, sponsorship specialists, and membership directors o prepare materials that present history of organization, programs, senior personnel, tour or exhibition schedule o focus should be on income goals o determines contributed income goals projected by above 4 categories o constructs campaign timetable

FINANCE DIRECTOR o manage organization's cash and see that bills are paid and receipts collected o prepare reports and budgets; submit tax forms; administer health, welfare, and pension plans for employees o must understand principles of accounting and be skilled in money management

FINANCE DIRECTOR o manage organization's cash and see that bills are paid and receipts collected o prepare reports and budgets; submit tax forms; administer health, welfare, and pension plans for employees o must understand principles of accounting and be skilled in money management

This country established a state theatre in 1767 which became the foundation for a national network of subsidized arts organizations:

Germany

MANAGING DIRECTOR o responsible for administration of organization in reaching artistic or cultural goals o support programs and maintain realistic fiscal and management policies

MANAGING DIRECTOR o responsible for administration of organization in reaching artistic or cultural goals o support programs and maintain realistic fiscal and management policies

MARKETING DIRECTOR o responsible for planning and implementing earned income campaigns to sell organization's products and services o oversees promotion and advertising, press relations, audience development, promotional events, etc. energetic and creative, creative problem solving

MARKETING DIRECTOR o responsible for planning and implementing earned income campaigns to sell organization's products and services o oversees promotion and advertising, press relations, audience development, promotional events, etc. energetic and creative, creative problem solving

Identify and explain two topics that will be found in a typical consignment agreement between an artist and a gallery.

RELATIONSHIP -- Agency Grant: a contractual provision that designates the gallery as a fiduciary agent of the artist, which bestows a legal obligation to the gallery to act in the best interests of the artist, and permits the agent to represent the artist in contract negotiations (i.e., sales of artwork) -- Exclusivity Is the agency grant exclusive or non-exclusive? Can an artist contract with another gallery for the same artwork? Does the gallery maintain a right of first refusal on future pieces of artwork created by the artist during a specified time period? PRICING -- While a gallery may owe an artist a fiduciary duty to sell artwork at a reasonable market rate, the overarching issue with the sale of artwork is that art is an incredibly subjective product. · Mutual determination - Are both the artist and gallery setting the prices together? · Sole determination - Does the artist or gallery have unfettered power to set or negotiate the pricing? o Galleries often demand to set the pricing so they have greater control over their business, as well as having more market expertise in selling artwork to buyers. PAYMENT -- Commission · How much is the gallery getting paid for each sale? o Often, galleries wish to split profits with the artist. As one can imagine, artists strive to receive a greater share. This often comes down to the bargaining power of each party, as a well-known gallery or artist with a proven track record of sales can typically negotiate a better compensation split. -- Accounting · Is the gallery holding sums in trust for the artist? · Does money from sales sit in an escrow account, or will the artist be paid once a sale is made?

TRUE/F: Scheduling holds have expiration dates put in place by the venue.

TRUE/F: Scheduling holds have expiration dates put in place by the venue.

A ____________ is defined as "something that is lacking that is desirable or useful" and is intrinsic to an individual's personality and experience.

Want

Venue rental agreements typically include which of the following:

all of the above: insurance requirements, rental fee rates, security requirements

According to lecture, what is the most frequented type of nonprofit arts organization?

art museums

At the top of any nonprofit arts organizational chart is the ______ that governs the organization.

board of directors

Under the IRS classification system, nonprofit arts organizations are often placed in what category?

educational

According to the material discussed in class, two demographic factors that appear to have a direct correlation with arts attendance are:

income and education

Based on the chart viewed in class, what level of government provides a higher level of overall direct funding to arts organizations?

local

A nonprofit organization's formal statement of purpose is a:

mission statement

Be able to identify and explain an organizational chart including the levels of management and lines of communication for a festival, theatre company, dance company and museum. Understand the differences and similarities of each in comparison to the others.

o 1) Shows division of work i. AT THE TOP OF ANY NONPROFIT ARTS ORGANIZATIONAL CHART IS THE ______ THAT GOVERNS THE ORGANIZATION · BOARDS OF DIRECTORS o 2) Type of work performed in each division o 3) Working relationships (who reports to who?) o 4) Departments/Work groups o 5) Levels of management 6) Lines of communication

Explain the factors that go into an organization's programmatic decision-making process.

o 1. Define your objectives o 2. Assess the current situation in relation to your objectives o 3. Formulate your options regarding future outcomes o 4. Identify and choose among the options o 5. Implement your decision and evaluate the outcome

Off Broadway theatres have how many seats?

o 100-499

The National Endowment for the Arts was created in:

o 1965

Generally speaking, a board member serves what term length before rotating off or facing reelection?

o 2-3 years

States directly receive what percentage of NEA program funds, as mandated by Congress?

o 40%

What percentage of overall annual giving have individuals accounted for on average since 1997?

o 74%

What specific factors are important to include when seeking a royalty quote? Why?

o A contract stating you have the right to perform ______ play on _______ days for _______ many people o What should be included by an arts organization when seeking A ROYALTY QUOTE to legally perform a play/musical? i. PROPOSED DATES ii. TICKET SALES FORECASTS iii. SEATING CAPACITY

Which of the following is an example of an in-kind contribution?

o A lawyer donating her legal services for a year

What is target marketing? How are targets identified? Why? How is this information collected and used? Be able to create a possible marketing campaign based on target population information.

o A target market is the market a company wants to sell its products and services to, and it includes a targeted set of customers for whom it directs its marketing efforts. o Developing a mix of the 4 P's aimed at a particular segment o Need: detailed info obtained from demographic and psychographic info i. dem: age, gender, race, income ii. psych: beliefs, values, attitudes, activities o Can get this info through Prizm or tracking & analyzing info from ticketing

An operating budget of an arts organization is:

o A yearly budget

Under which accounting system would items such as "grants receivable" or "accounts receivable" be recognized?

o Accrual method

Internet usage is on the rise for patrons of the arts. Of the demographic segments below, which prefers to buy their tickets online over other methods according to research viewed in class?

o Age 35 and under (60% purchase online) AND Age 55 and older (40% purchase online)

Volunteers are extremely important to nonprofit organizations. Why?

o All of the above: They provide excellent word-of-mouth marketing, They often become reliable and consistent donors, They are a secondary work staff

Review the types of museums.

o Artistic, Cultural, Scientific, Historic o Hybrid Museum ex: Military, hall of fame, presidential libraries o COLLECTING (STORES ITS OWN WORK): GIBBES o NONCOLLECTING (HAS TRAVELING EXHIBITS): HALSEY

Review staffing titles and duties/responsibilities for theatres, dance organizations, and museums.

o Board at top, next artistic and admin directors, then artistic/admin staff i. artistic director: oversees season selection, in charge of artistic face of org, sometimes participates in production ii. admin director: In charge of marketing, finance, and budgeting (would be the one hiring admin staff such as accountants) iii. performance manager: ensures that rental cost, backstage labor, box office, ushers, custodial/police security, and risers are accounted for o Theatre i. Directors: stage manager, dramaturge, choreographer, music directors, actors ii. Production Manager: In charge of Tech, Scene, Costume, Lighting, Sound iii. General director: sales, box office, marketing, publicity iv. Fundraising/Development Director v. Finance/Operations director vi. Education o Dance i. Artistic Director at top · choreographer · dancers, stage management, musicians ii. Production Manager · tech, scene, costume, lighting, sound iii. General Manager · finance · fundraising · marketing/PR · Box office · Ed o Museum i. IT IS COMMON IN MANY NONPROFIT ARTS ORGANIZATIONS TO SEE THE TOP STAFF LEADERSHIP SPLIT BETWEEN THE ARTISTIC SIDE AND THE ADMINISTRATIVE. HOWEVER, _________ ARE OFTEN A NOTABLE EXCEPTION. · MUSEUMS ii. Admin/org director: in charge of gift shop, security, finance, building & grounds iii. Chief/senior curator: in charge of curators and collections (deaccession, acquisition, providence)

Who has the primary responsibility for legal & financial oversight of a nonprofit organization?

o Board of Directors

What term is defined as a financial plan expressed in quantitative, monetary terms over a specific time period?

o Budget

A potential byproduct of advances in home entertainment technology is the possibility of individuals becoming more insulated and thus less dependent on outside forms of entertainment such as those put on by nonprofit organizations, a concept discussed in class as:

o Cocooning

When displaying exhibitions or individual works (whether as part of a museum's collection or a travelling exhibition as described by the Halsey), what are some conditions that must often be considered? For example, how might space be a factor? Or light? Or temperature?

o Collections Care: sometimes called "preventative conservation", involves any actions taken to prevent or delay the deterioration of museum objects/artifacts i. Organic Materials · materials that are of animal or vegetable origin o -carbon-based with a cellular structure o -includes: hides, leather, parchment, paper, ivory, textiles, and wood o -susceptible to deterioration by light; variations in temp can cause dryness or brittleness ii. Inorganic Materials · most are metals or manufactured materials (like plastic) o -inorganic materials tend to be more stable and more resilient to light, temp fluxes, or biological reactions o -Chief materials: gold, silver, lead, tin, copper (and alloys), iron, and steel o -gold is the only metal that remains intact under most conditions o -stone can vary in resiliency; porous surfaces tend to be much more vulnerable iii. Paper Quality · i) earliest papers were made of very high-quality materials and quite durable · ii) in the 19th cen., the demand for paper led to new, lower quality manufacturing using acidic materials (acids = unstable conditions) · iii) inks can also be unstable and cause damage to paper (ex: iron gall ink = used until the early 20th cen.; contained acid and now is eating holes in paper) · Best Practices for Paper Objects o >>i) ideally, paper is stored at 72 degrees, with 55% RH o >>ii) avoid swings in temp or RH o >>iii) highly susceptible to molds and bugs o >>iv) limit exposure to light to avoid fading (5 - 10-foot candles) · Foxing: o >>i) reddish-brown spots that appear in older papers in random spots o >>ii) generally, develop under humid conditions o >>iii) thought to be caused by trace materials in paper, OR by mole o >>iv) little can be done to reverse the visual effects of foxing o >>v) acid-free mats can be used to prevent the spread of foxing iv. Wood · >>i) considered an organic material · >>ii) most commonly used in types of furniture and combined with other organic materials (leather, textiles, bone) or inorganic materials (metals like brass, silver, steel, chrome, pewter) · >>iii) aim the conservation towards the weakest material and the · Common Hazards: o >>light is one of the most damaging, and attacks wood in several ways: o ---1) breaks down the wood finish o ---2) fades and destroys the structure of secondary materials (textiles, leather, etc) o ---3) causes wood to become more brittle o ---4) loss of moisture content of the wood o >>low RH can embrittle glues; high RH can cause molds to grow o >>pests: serious threat to wood, most common being the "wormwood", but also beetles, moths, termites · Best Practices: o 1) when protecting wood, you often have to make a compromise because it is attached to other materials o 2) light levels should be kept at 15 footcandles (5fc for textiles and colored furniture) o 3) wood furniture does well at 50-60%RH v. Textiles · >>cover a wide range of objects made of fiber—historic dress, flags, samplers (needlepoint made by hand), quilts, rugs, and tapestries (woven on a loom)—as well as costume accessories such as handkerchiefs, hats and gloves · >>due to their utilitarian nature, most textiles survive by chance. Some are cherished and carefully packed away, while others are displayed. Many, however, are used daily, washed frequently, and eventually discarded · Common Hazards o >>Most fragile of all artifacts o >>Light can cause textiles to fade and weaken fibers o >>They are also easily damaged by insects, mold, heat, etc. · Best Practices o 1) Ideal climate is generally 65-70 degrees and 50% RH with min. fluxes in both o 2) Light should be kept at 5 footcandles when on display o 3) Most textiles can be safely surface cleaned by vacuuming; do this before storing textiles and after removing them from display vi. Metals · >>May be more durable than textiles or to the museum items, but displaying and storing them nevertheless comes with complications · >>Even the hardest metals can be physically damaged by inappropriate treatment · >>Metal can corrode when exposed to unfavorable conditions. How the items under goes this deterioration depends on the type of metal or alloy or if any protective measures are in place · Hazards o >>Humidity and pollutant are 2 main threats to displaying metals o >>Galvanic corrosion: occurs when 2 different metals are in contact in the same environment. The inferior metal experiences accelerated corrosion, while the more noble metal remains more stable o ---(possible examples: coins, weaponry) · Best Practices o >>Keep relative humidity low to prevent the buildup of moisture, and this, corrosion in displays of metal items o >>RH should be kept 45-50% o >>Temp is not quite as important as RH vii. Photographs · Anatomy of a Historic Photo: o >>1) Final Image (ex: metallic silver, metal pigments, and dyes) o >>2) Binder layer: transparent layer that suspends the final image and makes it adhere to the support; commonly made of albumen (egg white), cellulose nitrate, and gelatin (from animal hides/bones) o >>3) Primary Support (ex: paper, metal, plastic, or glass · Examples of Photos: o 1) Daguerreotype: (1840-1860) a photo taken by early photographic process employing an iodine-sensitive silvered plate and mercury vapor o 2) Ambrotype: (1850-1870) positive photo on glass made by variant of the wet plate collodion process. Like a print on paper, it is viewed by reflected light o 3) Tintype: (1856-1900)—made by creating a direct positive on a thin sheet of metal coated (usually iron) with a dark lacquer or enamel and used the support for the photographic emulsion o 4) Color Photography: ---1. In 1953, American Eastman Kodak introduced the 1st modern "integral tri pack" color film and called it o 5) Kodachrome § ---2. Kodachrome has 3 layers of emulsion coated on a single base, each layer recording one of the three additive primaries: red, green and blue § ---3. The complicated part was the processing, which involved the controlled penetration of chemicals into the three layers of emulsion § ---4. Became popular in 1960s · Common Hazards: o >> Photos are naturally chemically unstable o >> RH above 60% accelerate photo damage o >> High temps can also degrade photos o >> Color photos can degrade rapidly because their dyes layers can fade easily o >> Visible light can cause fading · Best Practices" o >> Historic Black & White Photos: 72 degrees; RH: 30 - 40% o >> Color Photos: more fragile, cold storage in dark is possible o >> Store photographs in protective sleeves made from a stable plastic or acid-free paper o >> Avoid contact with rubber bands, paper clips, or adhesives such as rubber cement or tape viii. Ethnographic Objects · >> Artifacts which have been collected from indigenous communities around the world · >> Made from both organic materials (plants and animals) and inorganic (metal, glass, mineral pigments)—often found in combo · >> Frequently have little associated documentation about how they are made, used, or collected so it is especially important to ensure that any information contained within the object is preserved · >>Objects may also incorporate human remains such as teeth or hair, and this can raise ethical issues, as can the ritual or sacred associations of an object · Common Hazards: o >> Susceptible to damage and deterioration from environmental, physical, chemical, and biological sources o >> The combo of materials present in a single object can often accelerate chem deterioration o ---(Ex: deteriorating glass beads on leather, or corrosion products from metals on wood) ix. Paintings · Best Practices: · >> Aim to keep light levels for painting at or below the recommended light intensity of 20 footcandles (200 lux) · >> RH between 50-60% for both stores and displays · >> Mold typically grows at an RH of 65% or above · >> Low RH levels cause paintings to dry out and become brittle—susceptible to damages · >>Low RH can also damage to frames by causing the joints to dry out and open up o Basic Principle of Conservation: all organic materials, over time, will try to revert to their original state; goal of conservators is to SLOW down the process of deterioration; it is impossible to reverse it o Most Dangerous Factors in Museum Environment i. 1) Light and Damage: light = energy; when objects are exposed to light, they absorb energy that can introduce chemical changes in the objects · BOTH natural and artificial light can damage: fading colors, yellowing varnish, bleaching paper, and weakening fibers · Different Types of Lights o >> i) Ultraviolet Light (UV): shortest and most energetic form of radiation; lies in the invisible part of the spectrum below blue visible light; MOST DANGEROUS because it causes significant alteration in organic materials o >> ii) Infrared Light (IR): longer wavelengths, lies on the spectrum just beyond red; less energetic and less damaging o >> iii) Visible Light: lies between UV and IR · Light Tolerances: different materials have different light tolerances, which is measured in foot candles (or lux) [ foot candle = 10 lux] o >> (look for light level-material notecard) o 1) 200 lux (20-foot candles) = most ceramics, glass, and metals o 2) 150-200 lux (15-20-foot candles) = oil and tempera painting, undyed lacquer, wood, horn, bone, ivory, stone o 3) 50 lux (5-foot candles) = watercolor paintings, dyes, manuscripts, prints, drawings, vulnerable textiles, photos · Best Museum Practices: o >> i) limit an object's exposure to light o >> ii) rotate collection: when objects are not on view, keep them in dark storage o >> iii) use UV filters and avoid lights that are heavy with blue light o >> iv) if you have to use light, consider bouncing it off a wall and reflect of you object ii. 2) Humidity and Temp. · Temperature: speed of chemical reaction doubles with an increase of 20F degrees o changes in temp can cause damage in 2 different ways: o >>1) many materials expand and contrast with swings in temp o >>2) change in temp also effects Relative Humidity (RH), altering stability of the object · Relative Humidity: amount of water vapor in the air given at a certain temp o >> small changes in RH can have dramatic effects on objects o >> when temps rise, RH goes down; when temps drop, RH rises o >> there are 3 different forms of deterioration cause by humidity: 1) dimensional change, 2) chemical change, 3) biodeterioration · Best Practices o >>1) maintaining a stable RH of 50-55% takes primary importance over temp (although the two are related); this number may change depending on the climate in which you live o >>2) ideal conditions: a computer-controlled HVAC system maintains 70 degrees/50& humidity environmental condition year-round in the galleries and storage areas o >>3) use of thermohygrometer--measures temp and humidity--is essential · Three Forms of Deterioration Caused by Humidity o 1) Dimensional change: warping, disclocation of joints, splitting, breaking of fibers, delamination, loss of surface material, cracking o 2) Chemical Reaction: corrosion of metals, fading of dyes, crystallization, movement of salts, disintegration and yellowing of paper o Biodeterioration: mold growth (RH 70% or above) iii. 3) Air Quality and Pollution · Pollutants work in combo with other factors *such as temp, RH, and light) to cause deterioration o >>Pollutants: dust, pollen, smoke, gases from machinery, paint fumes, solvents, etc. · the museum environment poses a particular challenge because objects are often exhibited or stored in microenvironments, such as display cases or storage units o >>if the enclosure were made of a pollution-emitting material, it would create a microenvironment in which the pollutants would remain confined with the object iv. 4) Handling and Storage · 50% of all damage to museum objects happens when it is being handled or put into /out of storage o -move objects as little as possible o -wear protective gear when moving objects (proper clothing and footwear) o -carry objects with BOTH hands o -never stack objects atop each other § >>frames: back to back, front to front o -storing objects in proper cases that are labeled

These organizations "present more performances, offer more productions, and play to more people than any performing art in the country."

o Community Theatre

The permanent removal of an item from a museum's collection, often by selling it, is called ____.

o Deaccessioning

Provide a short answer (two or three sentences) explaining the primary difference between direct and indirect support of the arts on a Federal level using examples for each.

o Direct support on a Federal level would be any funding or grants that an organization or recipient receives directly from the government. § Direct: grants, direct funding to an organization from the government · -NEA Programs & Grants · -matching grants are most common · -peer panels · -Special Projects · -Other Agencies · -education · -state · -etc. o Indirect support on a Federal level would be if any individual or recipient acquires funding through an organization which was provided to them by the government. § Indirect: tax breaks · Tax-exemptions for nonprofits 501 (c)(3) · -Donations to nonprofits are tax deductible · -the more than $300 billion that American donated to charity last year cost the federal government around $40 billion in lost tax revenue. § (most revenue that comes into a nonprofit is tax exempt)

Discuss staffing needs of galleries including the role of the Gallery Director.

o Director (Small Museum) i. Sometimes assumes the role of: · Developmental Director, · sometimes HR Manager · oversees facilities o Developmental Director (Small Museum) i. does the fundraising and is in charge of collecting money for museum ii. capital campaigns; grant writing iii. can also take on most admin functions: signing contrast, handling inclement weather, security system o HR Manager (Small Museum) i. hiring and firing ii. contracts and renegotiation of work iii. oversees facilities Museum Educator (Small Museum) creates all educational planning oversees volunteers/interns (who make up large labor force of museum) manages marketing and public relations (graphic design, emails, social media stuff) visitor services (tour groups, field trips, hospitality, parking) has to satisfy 2 groups: K-12, and adults o Curator (Small Museum) i. Sometimes designs and develops exhibitions ii. oversees and cares for collection (how to display new collection, clean it, etc.) iii. assumes duties of the Registrar, Archivist, Preparator, etc. iv. studies and interprets a museum's permanent collection and recommends objects for its growth and focus · >> gets objects from private collections, auctions; gets things from museums on loan; gets things from previously owned private collections that are being sold (ex: from universities) · >>organize exhibitions, including themes; chooses objects, writes text, and oversees installations · >> publishes articles, catalogs, and books about museum's collections, exhibitions, and the Curator's own research o Conservator (Roles Focused on Objects/Exhibitions) i. protects, repairs, restores, cleans, and preserves objects ii. work closely with collections manager to assist with the best practices for storing, handling, and studying artifacts · >> (conservators are often in larger museums, not small, because of the price of the equipment they use) · >> (ex: VMFA has large fund to send out conservators to every museum in VA if they need artworks conserved) o Designer (Roles Focused on Objects/Exhibitions) i. uses software to transform content provided by various departments into engaging and assessable forms (2D renders, models, brochures, docs, etc.) · >> Designers collab with Educators to best represent info and graphics and eval their effectiveness with the facility to produce structure and visitor traffic patterns that are safe and conducive to the museum · >> wayfinding--designers help to figure out how people will navigate through the exhibitions o Exhibition Manager (Roles Focused on Objects/Exhibition) i. manages a museum's exhibition programs ii. >>develops exhibitions (how to present info and objects to the public) iii. >>selecting and overseeing incoming and outgoing exhibitions iv. >>designing exhibitions; overseeing installation; maintenance o Librarian/Archivist (Roles Focused on Objects/Exhibitions) i. collector of info ii. -libraries: contain variety of different sources (published materials as well as media, oral histories, etc) iii. >>are unique because their collections are very specific and develop around their collections (not encyclopedic like public or university library) iv. -Archivist: preserves materials related to the museum's collection and can vary greatly (diaries, memorabilia, board meeting notes, photos of the facilities, exhibitions, etc); primary sources o Photographer (Roles Focused on Objects/Exhibitions) i. literally just takes photos (did not go into detail during lecture) o Proprietor/Art Handler (Roles Focused on Objects/Exhibitions) i. is responsible for the physical care of the permanent collection and prep of the works of art for display; also transport and storage ii. Responsibilities: iii. >> art handling, matting/framing of work iv. >> prep of galleries for exhibitions and change-outs v. >> labels, wall texts, vinyl lettering, gallery lighting, and maintenance and deinstallation o Registrar (Roles Focused on Objects/Exhibitions) i. responsible for collections management including the care and preservation of artwork/objects, its shipping, packing, and customs arrangement (and occasionally acting as courier when artwork travels) ii. responsible for all processes associated with accessioning & deaccessioning iii. >> condition reports and inventories (physical state of that object?) iv. >> may arrange for insurance coverage and storage, and for the organization and maintenance of permanent files v. acts as admin for the collection database o Developmental Director (Roles with a Public Focus) i. initiates and oversees all funding activities to ensure that they maximize funds for the museum, and follow all laws applicable to nonprofits and complement the institution's mission ii. >> creating and cultivating relationships: (soliciting individual donors, corporate sponsors for exhibitions; organizing fundraising events such as galas and benefit auctions); applying for grants; running annual funding campaigns (ex: memberships) o Education Director (Roles with a Public Focus) i. instigates, facilitates, and expands the museum's education mission by creating and evaluating opportunities for informal learning (institutions and museums pride themselves on informal learning) ii. responsibilities include: developing and managing public programs, touts of exhibitions/galleries, lectures and symposiums, internships, volunteers, docents, and school-age programming (camps, school tours, etc.) o Marketing/Public Relations Manager (Roles with a Public Focus) i. increase public awareness, on-site (social media marketing) and website visitors, sales, and other income to the museum ii. oversee public relations, advertising, audience research, and retail product development (ex: online site--MET museum site) o Visitor Services Manager (Roles with a Public Focus) i. crowd control and the creation and coordination of a positive and educational visitor experience ii. responsibilities include: supervision of volunteers, admin ticketing, parking, audio or interactive guides, or anything that impacts the visitor's experience iii. also monitors traffic patterns of visitors and studies the demographics of who comes (or who is not coming) to the museum iv. >>city, state, federal funds for museums--they want to know that you are serving a wide variety of the public (demographic of the taxpayers should reflect demographic of the people coming in); proof o Museum Director [CEO] (Roles with Admin Focus) i. 2nd in hierarchy of museum ii. 1. responsible for the day-to-day working of the museum iii. 2. determines long-term goals and objectives, annual budgets and programs, and internal and external policies iv. 3. represents the museums in contact with the public v. 4. works with entire staff to make sure the museum runs smoothly vi. 5. assist wherever needed in any department in times of limited staffing or crisis vii. 6. acts as liaison between the museum staff and Board of Directors who govern the museums (Board is responsible for hiring and firing the Director) o Board of Directors (Museum Governance & Hierarchy) i. 1st in hierarchy of museum; hires & fires Director ii. -sometimes experts of the field iii. Responsibilities: · 1. Fiduciary--monthly financial report, approve, and balance budgets · 2. Support of Mission--museum collections are held in the public trust, but care for the collections falls to the museum's board · 3. Adhering to Code of Ethics--maintain national accreditation (AAM: American Alliance of Museums) · 4. Adhering to industry standards--oversee physical and functional operations of the museum o Museum Staff (Museum Governance & Hierarchy) i. 3rd in hierarchy of museum ii. can have smaller hierarchies (heads of departments, etc.) o Volunteers (Museum Governance & Hierarchy) i. 4th in hierarchy if museum ii. makes up large portion of the museum

What are some specific target market segments?

o Dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who have different needs, characteristics, or behaviors, and who might require separate products or marketing programs

The following is an example of what type of fundraising campaign approach: Your $500 gift covers the enrollment for one child in need to attend a week-long session of Arts Adventure Camp.

o Donor-driven

List the six External Environments discussed in class. Pick two to explain in relation to its interaction with artists and arts organizations.

o ECONOMIC: § Consumer incomes, inflation, recession, purchasing power. i. Effects of expansions and contractions in the local, regional, national, and word economy. Factors include: the federal banking system (raising and lowering interest rates), new tax increases or reductions, revisions in existing tax legislation (which may promote or hinder gifts and donations), international exchange rates (value of a currency), and inflation (general price increases). ii. Macro conditions such as tax cuts, interest rate changes, gas price fluctuations will affect iii. Must adj. discretionary income (income after taxes - amount set aside for bills) iv. Best way to prepare for economic changes is to have contingency budgets v. Must pay attention to market tastes w/o completely relying on them o POLITICAL/LEGAL: § Business needs government regulation to protect innovators of new technologies, the interests of society in general, one business form another, and consumers. i. Driven by the cycle of governmental activity. Local (city or county) government may meet weekly and state legislation may meet for all or part of the year, federal government is in session nearly year-round and the court systems are active at all levels for much of the year. ii. Carried out through fed, state, and local enforcement iii. Ex: American Disability Act, must be accessible to disabled iv. OSHA: need safe work space v. Limits to immigration/# of foreign artists allowed vi. Can pay to be moved to front of wait list, $1225 vii. Should leave 8months for processing viii. Legal changes almost always cost $$$ o CULTURAL/SOCIAL: § Social change is perhaps the most difficult external variable for marketing managers to forecast, influence, or integrate into marketing plans. § Social factors include our attitudes, values, and lifestyles. Social factors influence the products people buy; the prices paid for products; the effectiveness of specific promotions; and how, where, and when people expect to purchase those products. i. Represent a broad range of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that combine to make up our society. ii. There are now more households with 2 working parents or single parents iii. This greatly limits leisure time iv. Changing attitudes towards gender roles also influence participation in the arts as well as a wider range of what is accepted Heavy use of media has changed viewing practices o TECHNOLOGICAL: § new technologies change the market. Basic research/applied research. § Technology continues to evolve as societies and cultures develop, as do the ways technology is utilized within the arts world. It has evolved and changed the way art and arts experiences are promoted, presented, practiced, as well as the ways audiences are viewing the arts and even learning or exploring the arts. While technology has many versatile applications that benefit the technique for some art forms, depending on the area an artist or organization is producing or presenting, it can serve as a disadvantage. i. Yesterday: film, radio, TV, VCR ii. Today: internet, cable, HDTV iii. Tomorrow: yonder, google art project iv. Ex: symphonic library v. Con: can now compose and play music w/o musicians vi. Cocooning: why go out when you can get entertainment in your pjs at home o EDUCATIONAL: § the role of the arts in learning is of increasing interest to parents, educators, legislators, civic leaders and business owners § The inclusion of arts education within school systems as been on sort of a gravitational wave. By that I mean, in the past arts wasn't really included, then after times of tragedy, they became more and more amalgamated within education. Then in recent years, there was a shift towards STEM education that would further the evolution of the modern sciences, those that have more economical profit value, as well as some cultural value. Within the last couple of years, I would say that they practice at the arts are taught, have changed to more applicable to other career backgrounds; like business, marketing, economics/finances, even the medical field; and will continue to become versatile in the ways it can be integrated. i. Vulnerable to cuts "pay to play" ii. Used for audience building iii. Develop critical thinking, problem solving, and socialization iv. Current focus on the testing of basic skills has a neg impact on including the arts in ed. o DEMOGRAPHIC: § age, race and ethnicity, income, location i. Aging baby boomer population (millennial se now have the biggest pop) ii. More diversity, overall increase in minority populations iii. Declining birth rate since 1990 = smaller market o Mix of Environments i. High income and ed used to be indicators of high attendance in arts ii. NEA suggests otherwise, with rising costs of living and more households with single parents or 2 working parents there's less free time iii. Netflix, Hulu, etc., are all ops for cocooning o Explain how one external environmental factor we have studied that impact arts and other non-profit organizations are illustrated in the article § the first environmental factor is political and legal. · The entire idea of this article is whether or not Flower town players theatre company should receive legal government funds · The doubt of giving a percent of the hospitality tax came from differing views, similar to contrasting political views and the verdict was determined from a vote of council members on the finance committee § The social/cultural environmental factor · the difference in opinion in regards to the theatre company which related to the types of productions being performed for the community and occurring visitors of the tri-county area · Conway argues that controversial shows may not be liked by everyone but Flower town is obligated to produce a vast variety of shows to appeal to diverse cultures and audiences

Explain the differences between earned income and contributed income. Provide one specific example of each. Next, explain why understanding the percentage splits between these two revenue sources is important for an organization.

o Earned income - derived directly from goods and services: § -Ticket sales § -Concessions § -Merchandise o Contributed Income-- contributed to an organization: § -Donations § -Grants § Why is this % split important

Provide a short answer (one to two sentences) explaining the primary difference between standing and ad hoc board committees. Provide an example of a standing committee.

o Ex-officio board member § non-voting member of the board-automatically appointed, not voted into your position · EX: Office of cultural affairs for CofC -> sits on 5 boards because he is the Rep of Cultural affairs · EX: dean of school of the arts o Standing Committees § a permanent committee that meets regularly. § open-ended and generally were established to address certain procedural questions, such as the admission of new members. o Ad hoc committees § formed for a specific task or objective, and dissolved after the completion of the task or achievement of the objective. § established for a limited time and to address a specific issue.

What are some issues related to collections? For instance, WHAT PERCENTAGE OF A MUSEUM'S COLLECTION IS TYPICALLY ON DISPLAY? How does this impact the organization?

o Exhibition's i. permanent: 90% OF THEIR WORK IS IN STORAGE, WITH LESS THAN 10% ON DISPLAY ii. temp: when an exhibition leaves another must take its place · Halsey is an ex of traveling exhibition · should make a checklist of art conditions

Provide examples of specific line items often found in a production budget for a theatre or dance performance.

o Expense/revenue activity for ind. projects and programs/activities o Line Items i. Specific subcategories of revenue/expenses ii. Usually includes: salaries (60-80%), marketing (<1-10%), and fundraising (<1-10%) o Variances The diff between projected budget and actual budget

Provide specific examples for the following: federal arts agency, state arts agency, local arts agency/council.

o Federal arts agency EX: NEA o Regional arts agency EX: south arts o State arts agency EX: SC arts commission o Local arts agency EX: Charleston regional alliance for the arts

What types of decisions are the board's primary responsibility - - strategic (governance) or operational (management)? Briefly explain your answer.

o Fiduciary Role § Duty to act for the good of others o Governance -- governs organizations § Policy-making (operating, management, program, personnel, artistic, etc. § Fulfill organizational mission § Hire/support executive/artistic directors § long-range and strategic panning § -approve programs/services § -provide sound financial management oversight § -enlist financial resources (give and get) o public relations for the organization

Dinner theatre organizations are most often legally incorporated as:

o For-profit Organizations

As discussed in class, which of the following is a local example of a Public/Private Partnership?

o Gaillard Center

A type of market research in which data such as census info and zip codes are utilized in an attempt to understand and identify market segments is based on what approach?

o Geo-clustering

Which of the following is true of the NEA's record since coming into existence?

o Has led to an increase in the number of State Arts Agencies

The audience seating area is the part of the venue referred to as the ________.

o House

If an organization identifies 18-24-year-old College of Charleston students as a potential target market, what two specific kinds of promotional vehicles would you recommend they use to reach them? Why? Why use buses over flyers or social media for instance?

o I would recommend this organization to promote online through Facebook, twitter, Instagram, etc. This would be effective because it has been proven that people under 35 years old prefer to buy tickets online and actively use social media o I also recommend this organization to post fliers and posters both on campus and all across restaurants, stores, etc. b/c this is where this age group frequently hangs out and will be exposed to marketing most o Food trucks or areas around coffee shops/stands, because many students depend upon food sources that have quicker/easier access to then, especially for situations involving their academic and work schedules, as well as for their social lifestyles/interactions.

What are some types of promotional/publicity vehicles arts organizations use? Are some more effective than others? Why or why not?

o In-kind Donations: Services, goods, or materials given to an org that the org would usually pay for i. ex: Alcohol! o Is it possible to not give the audience what they want and get attendance? i. The audience likes to be challenged to, if you do your research on their interests and are sure they'll enjoy it then yes ii. this varies with the audience (old people won't be as open minded) o Minuses of giving the audience what they want? i. trends can often be short lived ii. the artist might not feel challenged or get bored with doing the same thing over and over o Special Fundraising Events i. Pros: Everyone loves them and they're great networking ops to gain new donors ii. Cons: All the energy of an org is directed towards them which takes time & money that could be spent elsewhere

As noted in class discussion, the median age of arts attendees ______________ between 1982-2008 and has continued to do so.

o Increased

List and clearly explain the four types of funders/sponsors (sources of funding).

o Individual Donors § Tend to be a reliable source of annual funding § Not regulated by time frames, restrictive giving policies, or committee judgements § May have extensive contacts in many circles - sources of connection § Have substantial interest in the mission of organization § May want to influence programming decisions § May exert excessive influence that will inhibit the board's governing process § May abruptly withdraw support o Business corporations § Business reasons and generosity § arts organizations offer services that benefit a business' customers and employees § can stimulate economic development § public relations value o Foundations § non-profit organization established to enrich public welfare primarily by making grants to social welfare, educational and health organizations, and to arts and culture § How foundations operate § What determines the giving policies of foundations? § What types of support are available? § How to approach foundations for support? § How foundations make funding decisions? § Major Types of Foundations: · Proprietary foundations: actual donor or donor's spouse is active in foundation activities, distributes funds according to interests of donor · Family foundations: policy determined by family members · Trusts: responsibility for foundation passed into hands of friends, partners, or business associates of original donor, often administered by law firms or banks · Community Foundations: established in specific community with funds derived from variety of individuals, governed by board of community representatives, serves particular geographic area, donations often represent interests of donors (not board) · Corporate foundations: established by corporation to maintain a regular philanthropic program o Government § o Types of Support: § general support: covers operating expenses (telephones, administration, general program costs), can be requested on an annual basis § project support: covers specific projects (new dance floor), requested on a one-time basis § capital support: covers building, renovations, construction, equipment purchase, requested on a one-time basis § endowment support: reserve of funds organization invests to yield maximum dividends and interest § matching or challenge grants: covers general, project, capital, or endowment, awarded on condition that dollar amount of grant is equaled by other sources

Which President was the first to include support of the arts as a specific part of his political campaign platform?

o John F. Kennedy

The accommodations tax pool is an example of money that is sometimes allocated to nonprofit arts organizations from what funding level of government?

o Local

The City of Charleston's Office of Cultural Affairs is an example of a____________.

o Local Arts Agency

It is common in many nonprofit arts organizations to see the top staff leadership split between the artistic side and the administrative. However, _________ are often a notable exception.

o Museums

Primary difference between a presenting and producing organization

o PRESENTING: presents artists to the public, people rent the space ex. music farm, pour house o PRODUCING: creativity/producing content ex. Pier theater- they produce their own shows

List the 4 Ps of the Marketing Mix. Explain how they can be used to target two different marketing segments for the same event. Clearly differentiate the segments as well as how you would reach them for same event.

o PRODUCT: provides a product, service, or experience that would be beneficial for both segments. § what are your services? § what do you offer your costumer? § how does your costumer benefit from your services? § how will the costumer's life improve? o PRICE: estimates the profit value and financial costs, those affordable to the segments as well as the potential costs for the organization. § how much do you charge and why? I § is your price comparable to your competitors? § do you offer discounts? o PLACE: utilizes oversight when looking for venue spaces when dealing with venue location/region, venue size/space, venue equipment, and the distance from the target segments, as well as potential attendees. § where are you offering your services? o PROMOTION: applies effective marketing and promotion techniques that fit for each segment, some may respond better to media and online advertising, while others respond to mailed tickets or word-of-mouth from those, they trust § tactics (social media, word-of-mouth, website, etc.)

Pros and Cons of fundraising events

o PROS: people love going to special events, great resource for bringing people together § They attract new supporters. § They raise your organization's visibility. § They involve a large number of people. § They encourage board involvement. § They pull diverse groups together. § They help build mailing lists. They unite people in a common goal and increase commitment. o CONS: hard work § They take lots of time, planning, and organizational skills. § An event can be ruined because of the weather, a competing event on the same day, a promised celebrity not showing up, and many other details over which you have little control. The money raised may not justify all the time involved

List the seven functional areas of management and explain specifically why each is important.

o Planning and development § fundraising and getting contributions o Marketing and Public Relations § raise awareness, sell tickets o Personnel management- § maintain relationship w/pp working for you, pay workers more to make them more productive o Fiscal management- § manage money responsibly o Board relations- § volunteer board, leadership, goals, objectives priorities o Labor relations § good relationships w/ employees and unions o Government relations § City, county, and federal government officials; have to maintain those relationships

The North Charleston Performing Arts Center is an example of a:

o Presenter

The senior-most staff positions illustrated on many theatre companies' organizational chart are:

o Producing/Artistic Director and Managing/Executive Director

Who are the main communicators before and during the planning process of a performance?

o Production Managers

What are the different types of gallery categories identified by the reading? What are the characteristics of each?

o Public: Government funded galleries usually with a specific mission or community goal (ex: Charleston city gallery) o Genre specific: tied to a specific theme, use of color, or other unifying principle o Artist specific: connected to a specific artist

Name some benefits of holding festivals. There are many so think broadly and provide examples. For instance, what economic impact do they have? Cultural? Etc.

o Raises artistic quality of area o -Festival tourism: often includes arts, entertainment, culture, and hospitality o -usually is small towns where you can see the festival around you o Note: often require gov. Subsidies and are heavily dependent on volunteers (many have a volunteer manager bc they aren't consistently profitable on their own)

For many corporations, donations to arts organizations are based on what they will gain by such support. This is known as the concept of:

o Reciprocity: the accommodations for tax pool is an example of money that is allocated to nonprofit arts orgs from what funding level of government

What are the two primary parts of a budget?

o Revenues and expenses

Work by these two artists acted as focusing events for the Arts Culture Wars of the late 80s/early 90s:

o Robert Mapplethorpe and Andres Serrano

Provide one argument for government support of the arts and one argument against.

o SUPPORT: The arts help improve quality of life in people. o Pros: Educates the public on the arts o AGAINST: Government support tends to lead to the censorship of art work and programs. o Cons: because it's for the public there will be many restrictions to what is allowed to be shown

What is the difference between a balance sheet and income statement? Why are they important?

o Statement of Position (Balance Sheet): § -Snapshot of an organization's financial position at a particular point in time § -Key sections: · -total assets · -total liabilities · -total net assets § --Divided into unrestricted, temporarily restricted, and permanently restricted. o Statement of Activities (Income statement): § -Summary of revenues received and expenses incurred § -Is prepared monthly and at the end of the year § -On a monthly basis it allows for a comparison of financial performance to date with budget projections. § -Are revenue targets being hit? § -Are expense limits being exceeded?

T/FALSE: A patron decides to attend a production of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream on an upcoming Saturday. By doing so they have satisfied a need but not a want.

o T/FALSE: A patron decides to attend a production of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream on an upcoming Saturday. By doing so they have satisfied a need but not a want.

T/FALSE: According to federal law, a nonprofit is not allowed to make a profit.

o T/FALSE: According to federal law, a nonprofit is not allowed to make a profit.

T/FALSE: Alcohol is always allowed at venues as long as the renter/presenter provides security and trash removal.

o T/FALSE: Alcohol is always allowed at venues as long as the renter/presenter provides security and trash removal.

T/FALSE: All arts organizations must be nonprofit.

o T/FALSE: All arts organizations must be nonprofit.

T/FALSE: All nonprofit organizations must have a formal vision statement in order to create their mission statement.

o T/FALSE: All nonprofit organizations must have a formal vision statement in order to create their mission statement.

T/FALSE: All of the largest music festivals in the United States are for-profit organizations.

o T/FALSE: All of the largest music festivals in the United States are for-profit organizations.

T/FALSE: An arts organization can act as either a producer or presenter, but never both.

o T/FALSE: An arts organization can act as either a producer or presenter, but never both.

T/FALSE: Artist visas are no longer required if the sponsoring organization is a nonprofit.

o T/FALSE: Artist visas are no longer required if the sponsoring organization is a nonprofit.

T/FALSE: Arts organizations rarely partner with schools to deliver arts education programs since it is too expensive.

o T/FALSE: Arts organizations rarely partner with schools to deliver arts education programs since it is too expensive.

T/FALSE: Currency exchange rates are only relevant to for-profit arts organizations, not those that are nonprofit

o T/FALSE: Currency exchange rates are only relevant to for-profit arts organizations, not those that are nonprofit

T/FALSE: Dance choreography cannot be copyrighted.

o T/FALSE: Dance choreography cannot be copyrighted.

T/FALSE: Direct mail always leads to higher sales compared to e-blasts or other electronic contact.

o T/FALSE: Direct mail always leads to higher sales compared to e-blasts or other electronic contact.

T/FALSE: Disposable income and disposable time have gone up over the last decade for most Americans families.

o T/FALSE: Disposable income and disposable time have gone up over the last decade for most Americans families.

T/FALSE: External Environments never interact with one another.

o T/FALSE: External Environments never interact with one another.

T/FALSE: Goals and objectives for programming should be left unclear so it's easier to gauge success.

o T/FALSE: Goals and objectives for programming should be left unclear so it's easier to gauge success.

T/FALSE: Individual artists are not allowed to receive any governmental funding on a federal, state, or local level due to Congressional restrictions.

o T/FALSE: Individual artists are not allowed to receive any governmental funding on a federal, state, or local level due to Congressional restrictions.

T/FALSE: Insurance requirements cannot be included in a facility usage/rental agreement according to South Carolina state law.

o T/FALSE: Insurance requirements cannot be included in a facility usage/rental agreement according to South Carolina state law.

T/FALSE: It is always in an organization's best interests to own its own space since it no longer has to worry about finding and renting available venues.

o T/FALSE: It is always in an organization's best interests to own its own space since it no longer has to worry about finding and renting available venues.

T/FALSE: Media consumption is higher overall in the United States, including for Newspapers and Magazines

o T/FALSE: Media consumption is higher overall in the United States, including for Newspapers and Magazines

T/FALSE: Mission statements for nonprofit arts organizations will never reflect an educational role since they are not allowed by law to act in that capacity.

o T/FALSE: Mission statements for nonprofit arts organizations will never reflect an educational role since they are not allowed by law to act in that capacity.

T/FALSE: Most arts festivals are consistently profitable.

o T/FALSE: Most arts festivals are consistently profitable.

T/FALSE: Nonprofit arts organizations are not legally allowed to advocate for the arts on a governmental level.

o T/FALSE: Nonprofit arts organizations are not legally allowed to advocate for the arts on a governmental level.

T/FALSE: Nonprofit arts organizations do not have to work with unions because of their nonprofit status.

o T/FALSE: Nonprofit arts organizations do not have to work with unions because of their nonprofit status.

T/FALSE: Nonprofit arts organizations may not legally advocate for the arts on a governmental level.

o T/FALSE: Nonprofit arts organizations may not legally advocate for the arts on a governmental level.

T/FALSE: Nonprofit organizations are exempt from all taxes as a result of their IRS legal classification.

o T/FALSE: Nonprofit organizations are exempt from all taxes as a result of their IRS legal classification.

T/FALSE: Only for-profit arts organizations should engage in formal financial management

o T/FALSE: Only for-profit arts organizations should engage in formal financial management

T/FALSE: Programming choices should only be concerned with artistic motivations.

o T/FALSE: Programming choices should only be concerned with artistic motivations.

T/FALSE: The "Corps de ballet" refers to the principal dancer of a company.

o T/FALSE: The "Corps de ballet" refers to the principal dancer of a company.

T/FALSE: The Charleston Music Hall's primary audience demographic is college-aged students

o T/FALSE: The Charleston Music Hall's primary audience demographic is college-aged students

T/FALSE: The National Endowment for the Arts is the only source of federal funding for arts organizations.

o T/FALSE: The National Endowment for the Arts is the only source of federal funding for arts organizations.

T/FALSE: The South Carolina Arts Alliance is an example of a State Arts Governmental Agency.

o T/FALSE: The South Carolina Arts Alliance is an example of a State Arts Governmental Agency.

T/FALSE: The length of a mission statement should be determined by the arts discipline of the organization.

o T/FALSE: The length of a mission statement should be determined by the arts discipline of the organization.

WHAT IS DEACCESSIONING? WHY DOES TRACKING AN ARTWORK'S PROVENANCE MATTER FOR A MUSEUM?

o THE PERMANENT REMOVAL OF AN ITEM FROM A MUSEUM'S COLLECTION, OFTEN BY SELLING IT o When a donor gives you an unrestricted piece of art and you have no more use for it and sell it i. museums should always know record of ownership and take artists req's for storage into account

TRUE/F: A "green room" is a backstage waiting room/lounge for performers.

o TRUE/F: A "green room" is a backstage waiting room/lounge for performers.

TRUE/F: A contemporary art gallery in Charleston, SC can likely be classified as a genre-specific gallery type.

o TRUE/F: A contemporary art gallery in Charleston, SC can likely be classified as a genre-specific gallery type.

TRUE/F: A gallery director often is responsible for both artistic and administrative decisions in a commercial gallery space.

o TRUE/F: A gallery director often is responsible for both artistic and administrative decisions in a commercial gallery space.

TRUE/F: A mission statement should always indicate the constituency an arts organization is meant to serve.

o TRUE/F: A mission statement should always indicate the constituency an arts organization is meant to serve.

TRUE/F: A proscenium is the arch that frames the front of a stage

o TRUE/F: A proscenium is the arch that frames the front of a stage

TRUE/F: Actors Equity recommends the open audition process for professional theaters.

o TRUE/F: Actors Equity recommends the open audition process for professional theaters.

TRUE/F: All nonprofit boards are held to a fiduciary standard, which means they are legally required to act in good faith for the good of others and exercise basic duties of proper governance

o TRUE/F: All nonprofit boards are held to a fiduciary standard, which means they are legally required to act in good faith for the good of others and exercise basic duties of proper governance

TRUE/F: Modern marketing is focused primarily on the consumer rather than solely the product.

o TRUE/F: Modern marketing is focused primarily on the consumer rather than solely the product.

TRUE/F: Nonprofit organizations can apply to pay a lower bulk postage rate than standard businesses regardless of the State in which they are located.

o TRUE/F: Nonprofit organizations can apply to pay a lower bulk postage rate than standard businesses regardless of the State in which they are located.

TRUE/F: Scheduling windows for arts organizations vary widely because of the different booking needs seen both across and within disciplines.

o TRUE/F: Scheduling windows for arts organizations vary widely because of the different booking needs seen both across and within disciplines.

TRUE/F: State Arts Commissions are often vulnerable to budget cuts because of their "nonessential" nature

o TRUE/F: State Arts Commissions are often vulnerable to budget cuts because of their "nonessential" nature

TRUE/F: The 2019 per capita funding for the NEA was 47 cents.

o TRUE/F: The 2019 per capita funding for the NEA was 47 cents.

TRUE/F: The Charleston Music Hall has a mission statement even though it is a for-profit organization.

o TRUE/F: The Charleston Music Hall has a mission statement even though it is a for-profit organization.

TRUE/F: The Halsey uses traveling exhibitions as a source of earned income.

o TRUE/F: The Halsey uses traveling exhibitions as a source of earned income.

TRUE/F: The Music Farm is an example of a Presenting organization while Charleston Stage is an example of a Producing organization.

o TRUE/F: The Music Farm is an example of a Presenting organization while Charleston Stage is an example of a Producing organization.

TRUE/F: The Sottile Theatre is an example of a roadhouse

o TRUE/F: The Sottile Theatre is an example of a roadhouse

TRUE/F: The arts in the United States are part of a larger multi-billion-dollar creative sector made up of both for-profit and nonprofit organizations.

o TRUE/F: The arts in the United States are part of a larger multi-billion-dollar creative sector made up of both for-profit and nonprofit organizations.

TRUE/F: The oldest continuously operating theatre in the U.S. is the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia.

o TRUE/F: The oldest continuously operating theatre in the U.S. is the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia.

TRUE/F: The primary private arts advocacy organization for South Carolina is the South Carolina Arts Alliance.

o TRUE/F: The primary private arts advocacy organization for South Carolina is the South Carolina Arts Alliance.

TRUE/F: Zoos are classified as a type of museum

o TRUE/F: Zoos are classified as a type of museum

An example of indirect support for the arts on a federal level is/are:

o Tax deductions for donations to nonprofits

A donation given specifically to the education outreach program of a nonprofit organization will most likely be classified as:

o Temporarily restricted

Which statement is true about the relationship between the Board and Executive Director?

o The Board hires/fires the Executive Director

What U.S. organization is now the world's largest museum and research complex?

o The Smithsonian Institution

The two primary financial statements for an arts organization are:

o The balance sheet and the income statement

Realistically forecasting revenues and expenses is an integral aspect of:

o The budgeting processes

If a nonprofit organization ends the year with a budget surplus, which of the following is true:

o The surplus is used to further the mission

Name and describe two ways an arts festival impacts the community in which it is located.

o They help to raise the artistic quality of the community, as well as improve the economy of the area by increasing the amount of tourism. o it increases local economy attracting people to restaurants and hotels nearby o it increases popularity of the town and may increases the number of visitors in the future

True/F: The Charleston Music Hall has a small amount of wing space, which limits the types of acts/productions that might use the venue

o True/F: The Charleston Music Hall has a small amount of wing space, which limits the types of acts/productions that might use the venue

The majority of donations made to nonprofit organizations are:

o Unrestricted

What are three net asset classifications?

o Unrestricted Net Assets: § no donor-imposed § -May be designated by board § -Example? --majority of donations that come into a nonprofit · → money goes into the organization as a whole § -the board can put the money wherever they want, but they cannot restrict it o Temporarily Restricted Net Assets: § -Purpose and/or time restrictions placed on the asset by the donor. § -Example? → money specifically goes to an education program (purpose restriction) · → purpose restriction or a time restriction or both (FIND EXAMPLE FOR TEST) o Permanently Restricted Assets: § -asset must be maintained permanently but... § -Example? § -50,000 for saving (used to generate interest) → cannot touch the 50,000 · → too many restrictions can cause problems

A nonprofit arts organization's fiscal year is:

o Variable depending on the organization's discipline, programming, and bylaws

One of the characteristics of a nonprofit arts organization is that its Board members must be_______.

o Volunteers

Define budget and be able to describe the different types? o Will always reflect revenues and expenses regardless of format o Budget is a statement of priorities o resource allocation differences

o Who uses a budget? -- everyone o What is a budget? -- a financial plan expressed in quantitative, monetary terms over a specific time period o Deficit - excess of expenses over revenues o Surplus- excess of revenues over expenses o Operating Budget § yearly budget created to carry out operational plans covers a fiscal o Variances-- differences between what the budget projected and what actually occurred -- if there is a negative electricity budget variance of $2,000 and a positive telephone expense budget variance of $3,000, the two-line items could be combined for reporting purposes into a utilities line item that has a net positive variance of $1,000. Those budget variances that are controllable are usually expenses, though a large portion of expenses may be committed expenses that cannot be altered in the short term.

The areas of a stage that are to the side of the acting area and are generally masked by curtains are called _______.

o Wings

What are consignment agreements? Pros? Cons?

o You give someone a work but if they sell it you split the profit (only used by commercial galleries) i. Pros for artist: exposure ii. Con for artist: no immediate reimbursement iii. Pros for gallery: free art on wall iv. Con for gallery: takes up space w/o inventory o Negotiate i. % split of profit (usually 50/50) ii. How long it'll last iii. transportation of art (usually artists job) iv. whether the artist can sell other art in the side (& where) v. Also, should take economic & social environments into account

The range (in percentages) of salaries expended in many arts organization's budget is:

o about 60%-80%

What performing art form has the highest level of participation in the U.S. (28.5 million people)?

o choral singing

The primary responsibility of a union for its membership is to:

o derive benefits from the working relationship with the employer through a written contract

The goal of marketers is to gain a competitive edge by providing greater satisfaction. What type of satisfaction is related to the tangible features of a product?

o functional satisfaction

Two specific reasons (relating to lecture, reading, or theatre visits) why an organization might choose to do "Pay what you will" shows?

o it increases accessibility to those without excessive discretionary income to attend arts events at full price o It increases word of mouth and other Public Relations when more people attend performances

Tax legislation passed in 1913 and 1917 has proven to be vitally important to nonprofits ever since. Why?

o it provided tax deductibility for charitable giving

Defining Characteristics of a non-profit organization

o legally constituted, nongovernmental entity incorporated under state law as charitable or nonprofit corporations o -private corporations operated for the public good o -Mission driven o Tax deduction § can solicit funds that are deductible for the contributor § donor cannot receive anything in return to be fully tax deductible o characteristics: private organizations for a public good, mission driven, volunteer governance-volunteer board of directors, accountability(financial), destination of revenue, tax exempt, tax deductions: donations to nonprofits are tax deductible, donor cannot receive anything in return to be fully tax deductible. (one of the main ways gov't supports art). --- § doesn't have an owner, and cannot be owned. --- § required to have a mission statement: organization stating the purpose of the organization (why they exist/what they're goal is) 1-2 sentences, should change over time, who, what, why who (serves audience). --- § a nonprofit can make a profit, because if it doesn't, they go away (have to have $ to do anything)

One of the issues facing visual arts organizations has been storage. Taking into account the sector as a whole, what percentage of a museum's complete collection is typically on display?

o less than 10% on display, with 90% in storage

A group of buyers who have similar wants and needs is known as a:

o market segment

Gathering demographic information from single ticket credit card purchases is an example of a:

o point of purchase system

The four Ps of arts marketing are:

o product, price, place, promotion

Understand basic marketing concepts and terminology.

o the activity, set of instructions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large o the continuous diagnosis and analysis of the changing needs of customers, clients, and constituents and devising strategies to meet their needs. creation of an appropriate image for a product, service or organization o product offering, promotions, distributions, and pricing o Marketing Approaches i. product, sales, consumer o Planning i. Organization profile and audit ii. Environmental analysis iii. challenges and opportunities iv. overall objectives o Process i. plans and assignments ii. timelines iii. budgets o Strategies i. target marketing ii. positioning iii. product & branding iv. price (elasticity of demand) v. distribution vi. sales force vii. service viii. promotion

Primary difference between a mission statement and a vision statement

o vision statement is where they will be in the future, mission statement is current and to the future

What questions should an arts organization consider when presenting a performance in a rented venue?

o what do you need to fill the venue? o what are the policies & requirements for booking, tech staff, and back stage? o pit plot: a layout of the wings on stage o outline light and sound requirements o have a prof. Roadhouse: someone to book touring events and keep track or equipment

Why do organizations need to incorporate?

organizations need to incorporate in order to provide protection for the people who operate the business. Otherwise the person who operates the business will be responsible for all debts incurred and may be sued personally

A play offers tickets prices that are higher for weekends than for weekdays. This is an example of:

ticket scaling