AS 408 Test 2 Study Guide

787 Information

- 787 Half Composite - Has nitrogen generators on board for enter fuel tanks - Uses electric for wing anti-ice, air conditioning, cabin pressure, and engine start - Has 2 Flight data recorders (FDRs) - 25 Hours minimum recording time - Voice Recording for 2 hours - Data Link

Fedex 8284

- Capt failed to respond to stall warning and Terrain awareness and warning System ( TAWS) - Capt failed to comply with SOP Contributing Factors: 1. Failed to follow SOP 2.Capt decision to continue unstable approach 3. Poor CRM 4. Fatigue Probable Cause: Flight crew failed to maintain safe airspeed which resulted in an aerodynamic stall at low altitude.

Chapter 9, Question 11, Differentiate between runway excursion and runway incursions.

A runway excursion (RE) is a veer off or overrun from the runway surface ( ICAO ) A runway incursion is any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and takeoff of aircraft

Chapter 8, Question 5, What is meant by a fail-safe design?

A specified level of residual strength be maintained after complete failure or obvious partial failure of a single principal structural element.

Recommendations for ICE by NTSB

AIRSPEED, AIRSPEED, AIRSPEED Deice boots for all equipped airplanes need to be operated as soon as airplane enters icing conditions Autopilot can mask changes to handling qualities and trim changes due to ice. When possible, disconnect autopilot in icing conditions.

Accident definition

An accident is defined as an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft that takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and all such persons have disembarked, and in which any person suffers death or serious injury, or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage.

Chapter 9, Question 9, What is a runway incursion?

Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and takeoff of aircraft.

Chapter 9, Question 10, List and Explain the different categories of runway incursions.

Category D: Incident that meets the definition of a runway incursion. Category C: An incident characterized by ample time and/or distance to avoid a collision. Category B: An incident which separation decreases and there is a significant potential for collision, which may result in a time critical corrective/evasive response to avoid a collision. Category A: A serious incident in which a collision was narrowly avoided. Accident: An incursion that resulted in a collision. Types of Runway Incursions: Operational Incident: ATC at fault Pilot Deviation: Pilot at fault. Vehicle/Pedestrian Deviations: Unauthorized Vehicle/Pedestrian at fault.

In-flight Icing Definition

Known Icing conditions, a pilot can expect icing when flying in visible preciptiation, such as rain or cloud droplets, and the temperature is between +2C and -10C

Substation Damage definition

Substantial damage means damage or failure which adversely affects the structural strength, performance, or flight characteristics of the aircraft, and which would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected component. Engine failure or damage limited to an engine if only one engine fails or is damaged, bent fairings or cowling, dented skin, small punctured holes in the skin or fabric, ground damage to rotor or propeller blades, and damage to landing gear, wheels, tires, flaps, engine accessories, brakes, or wingtips are not considered "substantial damage" for the purpose of this part.

Chapter 7, Question 5, Describe how ASRS can be described as a collaborative approach to safety.

The aviation Safety Reporting System can be described as a collaborative approach is safety because anybody in the aviation industry can submit anonymous accounts of safety-related aviation incidents. These anonymous reports are used to: 1. Identify problems in the National airspace system 2. Develop policy, planning, and improvements to the national airspace system 3. Fortify the foundation of human factors safety research in the aviation field. ASRS findings are shared with the aviation community through several publications and studies, such as CALLBACK. The ASRS program is forbidden to use ASRS information for enforcement actions.

Chapter 7, Question 4, Why does the ERC play an important role in ASAP?

The event review committee (ERC) is composed of 2 people from the following 3 groups, 1. The company (management) 2. Employees 3. Regulator (FAA in the USA) Their duty is to review and analyze reports submitted under ASAP, determine whether such reports qualify for inclusion in the program, identify actual or potential problems from the information contained in the reports, and propose solutions for those problems.

Chapter 8, Question 2, What was the purpose of pod-mounted engine installation?

They are less likely to critically damage the aircraft compared to an engine embedded within the airframe if they explode, catch fire or break free from their mounts

Chapter 8, Question 10, How do ice and precipitation affect airplane operation? Describe several technologies designed to address this problem.

Two Primary areas of impact: 1. The effect they have on the airframe and engine 2. The effect they have on tire-ground contact Technologies designed to address this problem: 1. Improved operationally available, high-resolution, accurate forecast of atmospheric icing conditions 2. Ice detection systems that alert the pilot 3. Ice prevention/removal systems that either prevent ice formation or remove ice from the aircraft.

Chapter 8, Question 6, List and discuss the parameters that define the age of an aircraft.

Two most important measures of age: 1. Number of flight cycles, the number of times the aircraft is pressurized and depressurized. 2. Number of flight hours accrued in service, how many hours the aircraft has been operated.

Types of Runway Incursions

Types of Runway Incursions: Operational Incident: ATC at fault Pilot Deviation: Pilot at fault. Vehicle/Pedestrian Deviations: Unauthorized Vehicle/Pedestrian at fault.

Chapter 8, Question 12, What are the basic purposes of GPWS, TCAS, and EICAS?

GPWS: Ground-Proximity Warning System, The basic purpose of this system is to alert the pilots if their aircraft is in immediate danger of flying into terrain. TCAS: Trafic Collision Avoidance System, The basic purpose of this system is to help prevent dangerous midair collisions by giving traffic advisories or resolution advisories to the pilots. EICAS: Engine-Indicating and Crew-Alerting System, The basic purpose of this system is to provide information about the propulsion and airplane subsystem information for operation and maintenance of the aircraft.

Chapter 8, Question 4, Describe some technological improvements in the following stopping systems: 1. Anti-skid system 2. Fuse plugs in the wheels 3. Wing Spoilers 4. Thrust Reversers

1. New anti-skid brake systems became available that could independently control each wheel to maximize the effectiveness of the brakes. 2. Low-melting-point fuse plugs in the wheels allowed the tires to safely deflate before severely heating and exploding 3. Wing spoilers decrease the lift of the wings and thus increase the weight on the wheels increasing wheel brake effectiveness. Newer planes Incorporated wingspan coverage by these devices and Incorporated both automatically deployed spoilers and sequenced spoilers. 4. The 737 redesigned its thrust reverser to be aft of the flaps, resulting in greater stopping capability.

Chapter 8, Question 3, What were some of the challenges to safety resulting from such radical air-frame designs as highly swept wings, high wing loading, increased speeds, and long-duration flights at high altitudes?

1. Takeoff and Landing lift requirements 2. Stopping-distance considerations 3. Control system capability over a large speed range and flutter 4. Structural integrity for this wing plan form and speed range.

Chapter 8, Question 15, Discuses some of the technological advances in communications, navigation, and displays including HUDs and EFBs.

Communications: ATC messages sent by datalink to and from the aircraft, rather than by Voice. Navigation: Navigation based more on satellites than on land-based navigation aids, and traffic surveillance achieved by net-working tactical information among all aircraft. Displays: Flight deck displays making use of LCD technoligy and newer computer technology/software. HUDs used to display vital aircraft performance and navigation information to the pilots' forward field of view. Enhanced flight vision system (EFVS) and Forward looking Infrared (FLIR) used to look through low visibility weather. Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) used to produce a more realistic view of the outside environment using computer-generated artificial images. EFBs (Electronic Flight Bags): Electronic devices used to review charts and approach plates, perform weight and balance calculations, and plan flights, amount other functions. These devices are reducing or removing paper from the flight deck.

Chapter 7, Question 3, How does FOQA contribute to creating a proactive safety Environment

Data about flight or crew-member identities are removed from the flight data information and is freely avaliable to the participating parties in the FOQA agreement. Data from flights are sent to a FOQA office and is analyzed by approved personnel. Potentially dangerous scenarios or actions are investigated and appropriate actions are made after they are investigated.

Chapter 8, Question 16, Describe the functions of EFVS and SVS.

Enhanced flight vision system (EFVS) used to look through low visiblity weather. Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) used to produce a more realistic view of the outside environment using computer-generated artificial images.

Chapter 8, Question 9, What are some of the solutions to the problems of turbulence, winds, wind shear, ice and precipitation, and volcanic ash?

First line of defense should always be to detect and avoid these hazards. When this strategy is impractical, the solution must address safe operations and maneuvers in the event of an adverse encounter. Turbulence: Avoidance if possible, otherwise make use of turbulence penetration procedures. Wind-shear: Avoidance is possible, otherwise make use of wind-shear escape maneuvers, such as the following: 1. Autopilot/Auto Throttles off 2. Full Thrust 3. Pitch to 15 degrees up 4. Retract speed-brakes Ice and Precpiptation: Avoidance, Ice detection systems, and de-ice systems. Volcanic Ash: Avoidance and Forecasting where the ash will be.

United 1448

Flight United 1448 lost on airport in dense fog, and ended on an active runway. Federal Express took off very close to United 1448. US2998 Refused to take off until the situation was resolved.