ASB 102 LESSON 1
Tylor was familiar with the concept of culture and used the concept to make sense of what he learned from..
his travels
approaches to research that considered the entire context of a society including its history
holism
integrates multiple scientific & humanistic perspectives into 1 comprehensive discipline
holism
taking a broad view of historical & cultural foundations of behavior rather than attributing differences to biology
holism
taking a broad view of historical, environmental, & cultural foundations of behavior
holism
an important characteristic of anthropology is...
holistic perspective
humankind, also known as... (the wise primate)
homo sapiens
racism is a cultural phenomenon rather than a biological one
science of anthropology
when did "Age of Discovery" begin?
15th century when Columbus landed
interested in how cultures change over time and influence one another
Alfred kroeber
what are the 4 major subfields of anthropology?
Biological Linguistic Archaeological Cultural
focuses on biological and physical aspects of both living and deceased humans (physical anthropology)
Biological anthropology
who influenced Tylor?
Charles Darwin
founding member of postmodernist anthropology,
Clifford Geertz
idea that behavioral differences are a result of cultural, not racial or genetic, causes
Cultural determinism
theory popular in 19th-century anthropology suggesting that societies evolved through stages from simple to advanced. This theory was later shown to be incorrect
Cultural evolutionism
another person's beliefs & behaviors should be understood from the perspective of the specific culture (NOT ONE'S OWN)
Cultural relativism
On the Origin of Species
Darwin 1859 book
Edward Burnett Tylor was an...
English Quaker
T/F human culture is not fluid and can be treated as isolated time and space
FALSE
important founding father of American anthropology was German-born..... originally trained in physics
Franz Boas
redirecting American anthropologists away from cultural evolutionism and toward cultural relativism.
Franz Boas
the central eskimo.------- details his time spent on Baffin Island studying the culture and language of the Inuit people.
Franz Boas
went on a geographical expedition to Baffin Island in the Canadian Arctic
Franz Boas 1883
moved to US & taught at Clark University in Massachusetts AND became professor of anthropology at Columbia University
Franz Boas in 1886 1899
who was originator of American anthropology because he trained 1st generation of American anthropologists?
Franz boas
2nd major colonial movement arose after the... which was motivated by search for cheap ________ and ___________
Industrial Revolution labor and resources
T/F Franz Boas studied every aspect of Baffin Island culture
TRUE
T/F some cultures change very slowly, and others change quickly
TRUE
T/F some linguists work with indigenous people to document their native languages & vocabularies
TRUE
T/F cultures constantly change and adapt as people respond to social, political, economic, and other external and internal influences
TRUE Cultural adaptation
culture should NOT be seen as something "locked inside someone's head"
The Interpretion of Cultures (1973)
T/F each field must work w/ the others to obtain an accurate perspective of a studied culture
True
"Culture or civilization, taken in its ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society"
Tylor's defintion Primitive Culture 1871 book
European countries control over new lands and people in Asia, Africa, and the Americas during the...
colonial era from 16th century to mid 20th century
important contribution to the nature versus nurture debate, AND providing an argument that learned cultural roles were more important than biology
coming of age in samoa
teenagers in Samoa did not experience the same stress and emotional difficulties as those in the United States
coming of age in samoa (1928)
devoted much of his career to studying Native American languages in an attempt to document these languages before they disappeared
alfred kroeber
examined historical processes that led cultures to emerge as distinct configurations as well as the way cultures become more similar through spread or diffusion of cultural traits
alfred kroeber
interested in language and the role it plays in transmitting culture
alfred kroeber
ANOTHER student of Boas, also shared the commitment to field research and cultural relativism
alfred louis kroeber
study of human culture (both past & present)
anthropology
what is global quality & uses science as well as the humanities to search for new ways to understand the human condition?
anthropology
study of peoples of the past through the analysis of material remains, or artifacts
archaeology
established that through enculturation culture shapes individual identity, self-awareness, and emotions in fundamental ways AND emphasized need for holism
benedict, mead, and others
his students added to his definition by emphasizing the importance of enculturation
boas
culture is "an historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and their attitudes toward life"
clifford geertz
culture was publically communicated through speech and other behaviors
clifford geertz
comparison of the elements of a culture with those elements in ANOTHER culture
cross cultural approach
Behavioral differences among peoples result from ________ not racial or _________
cultural genetic
change in culture in response to internal or external forces
cultural adaptation
study of people living today
cultural anthropology
what gathers data on behaviors, beliefs, customs, & values of peoples throughout the world?
cultural anthropology
19th century highlight an ongoing nature vs. nurture debate about whether biology shapes behavior more than culture
cultural evolutionism
Anthropologists in the US have used ________ ________ to add depth to the concept of culture in several ways
cultural relativism
important turning point in correcting the challenge of ethnocentrism in ethnographic fieldwork
cultural relativism
principle that a culture must be understood on its own terms rather than compared to an outsider's standard
cultural relativism
based on symbolic systems, the most important of which is language
culture
beliefs, values, & behaviors learned & shared by a group of people...
culture
dynamic, constantly changing system, and humankind's most important adaptive mechanism
culture
integrated system of mental elements, the behaviors motivated by those mental elements, & the material items created by those behaviors
culture
learned system, not innate
culture
learned values, ideas, and patterns of behavior shared by a group of people
culture
system shared by the members of the society
culture
cultures were subject to evolution just like plants & animals AND cultures developed over time from simple to complex
darwin
challenge was to move away from ethnocentrism, race stereotypes, and colonial attitudes, and to move forward by _______________ anthropologists to maintain high __________ standards and _______ minds
encouraging ethical open
process of learning culture in the lives of other individuals
enculturation
process of learning the characteristics and expectations of a culture or group
enculturation
Britain, France, Belgium, and Germany had divided up Africa
end of 19th century
attitude based on idea that one's own group/ culture is better than any other
ethnocentrism
fight against __________________ is what motivates anthropologists to examine common or popular assumptions or even assumptions embedded in the work of anthropologists themselves
ethnocentrism
tendency to view one's own culture as most correct & by which to measure all other cultures
ethnocentrism
Darwin formulated the theory of______ by natural selection
evolution
who grounded the discipline in four fields-archaeological, cultural, linguistic, and physical anthropology-and founded the American Anthropological Association?
franz boas
elements of culture are: -language -art -marriage and ________ -_______________ methods -social _______________ -power and ____________ -religion -____________ and _____________
family subsistence organization politics gender and sexuality
anthropologists must understand themselves, AND understand the eyes doing the recording of others as....
fieldworkers
analysis of skeletal remains
forensic anthropology
observed the cultural traditions of the Inuit were suited for the environment they lived in, and that cultural ideas and practices are shaped through interactions with the natural environment
franz boas
trained many women anthropologists, knowing that diversifying fieldworkers by including people of all genders was important to successful fieldwork
franz boas
Anthropology uses various methods & theories to make sense of the many ______________ and __________________ in the world
ideologies, behaviors
by studying similarity and variability of languages and language groups, linguistic anthropologists can provide _______ about __________ between groups, both near and distant
information relationships
established the importance of language as an element of culture and documented the ways in which language was used to communicate complex ideas
kroeber
when did anthropology emerge? (when European scholars began global quality & use science as well as the humanities)
late 19th and early 20th centuries
new approaches to symbolic anthropology put language at the center of analysis by the...
late 20th century
indigenous cultures were considered _____ than (inferior)
less
study of language and human communication
linguistic anthropology
archaeological research involves the _____, excavation, and ______ of prehistoric or historic remains
location, analysis
pioneer in conducting ethnographic research at a time when the discipline was predominately male
margaret mead
study of human diseases
medical anthropology
indigenous culture
native culture
scientific study of cultural and biological variations among human groups
origins & development of anthropology
study of human origins and evolution
paleo-anthropology
branches of biological anthropology
paleo-anthropology primatology forensic anthropology medical anthropology
study of nonhuman primates (chimps)
primatology
Her 1925 research on adolescent girls on the island of Ta'ū in the Samoan Islands
ruth benedict
culture affects individuals psychologically, shaping individual personality traits & leading members of a culture to exhibit similar traits such as a tendency toward aggression, or calmness
ruth benedict
one of Boas's first female students, used cultural relativism as a starting point for investigating the cultures of the American Northwest and Southwest
ruth benedict
professor at Columbia University and in turn greatly influenced her student Margaret Mead
ruth benedict
Many 19th-century anthropologists believed that cultures evolved through distinct stages and labeled stages as:
savagery barbarism civilization
defined culture as including knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, capabilities, and habits
tylor