ASC 378 Old Exams Exam 2

Neutral amino acids

Monoamino-monocarboxylic acids

Aliphatic Amino Acids

Monoamino-monocarboxylic acids, Monoamino-dicarboxylic acids, Diamino-monocarboxylic acids, Sulfur-containing amino acids

Ruminant (rumen) provides:

Ready source of nutrients, Removal of end products

Most of the lipids (triglycerides) in the diets of ruminants are hydrolyzed in the

Rumen

List one similarity and one difference between maltose and cellobiose

Similarity: Disaccharide Difference: Glu unit linked by a-1,4

List 2 of the 4 examples of nutritionally important lipids that are found in nature

Simple lipids, Phospholipids

We listed 4 things as summary of post absorptive fate of carbohydrate. List two of these.

Stored as glycogen (short term), Stored as fat (long term)

Sucrose

glucose and fructose

Animal starch that is highly branched is

gylcogen

Lactose plays important physiological role in newborn. List 3 of these roles

i. Slowly hydrolyzed in the GIT- more steady/constant supply of nutrients at the tissue level ii. Less likely to undergo acid fermentation (lactic acid production) in the stomach iii. Supports/favors more desirable types of microbes iv. Favors mineral absorption (especially Ca and P) in the intestine

The water that is released during post absorptive use of nutrients is called

metabolic water

Acidic amino acids

monoamino-dicarboxylic acids

The main carbohydrate (quantitatively) in the feedstuffs that is given to livestock is in the form of

Polysaccharide

The enzyme that is responsible for triglycerides digestion has affinity for fatty acids at positions

1 and 3

Raffinose is an example of trisaccharides. Which of the following correctly describes the products of complete digestion of raffinose?

1-Glucose + 1 Fructose + 1 Galactose units

What is a glycosidic bond?

A bond that links 2 molecules of sugar together

The three common volatile fatty acids that are produced during rumen fermentation are:

Acetate, Butyrate, Propionate

What is the difference between Amylose and Amylopectin?

Amylase is linear with α 1-4 linkage Amylopectin is branched with both α 1-4 and α 1 -6 linkage

Glycogen is closely more re lated to ____________ in terms of structure (sugar units and glycosidic bond)

Amylopectin

. The following are the two types (or classes) of starch

Amylose and amylopectin

Cellulose

B 1-4 linkage

This carbohydrate will not be well digested by nonruminant animals

Carbohydrate with linear structure in which glucose units are linked together by α 1-4 (linear) and β 1-4 (branch)

Which of the following is expected to have the highest iodine number

C18:3∞6

The generic chemical formula for hexoses is:

C6H12O6

Which of the following is expected to have the highest melting point

C:18:0

List the three hormones that we discussed in class as playing important roles in glucose metabolism.

Insulin, glucagon, adrenaline

basic amino acids

Diamino-monocarboxylic acids

Advantages of having microbes in the rumen.

Digest cellulose, Synthesize B vitamins

Metabolizable energy + Urinary energy losses + Gaseous energy losses is equal to

Digestible energy

An intermediate in the glycolytic pathway

Dihydroxyacetone

(T or F) Acid detergent fiber (ADF) is broken down into cellulose and hemicellulose when it is digested with 72% H2SO4

False

(T or F) Double bonds can add H2 more readily than it would O2

False

(T or F) Fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long anabolic chain

False

(T or F) The largets proportion of dietary lipids in human food is glycerol

False

(T or F) The methyl end of fatty acid is considered the "head" of the chain

False

(T or F) The most important class of nutrient that supply energy is lipid

False

Compared to nonruminant, ruminants are able to digest cellulose because they are able to produce cellulose endogenously

False

The gross ATP production during glycolysis phase of glucose metabolism is

Four

_________ is the sweetest of all sugars

Fructose

Inulin, the carbohydrate that is found in onions and garlic, is a polymer of

Fructose units

You were asked to formulate a diet for a piglet, which form of the monosaccharides would you include at the highest level in the diet?

Galactose

List 4 examples of derivatives of monosaccharides

Glucosamine Glucuronic acid Vitamin C Antibiotics

The monosaccharide (simple sugar) that is common to lactose, maltose, and sucrose is

Glucose

Sugar and Sucrase Product

Glucose + Fructose

Lactose and Lactase

Glucose + Galactose

Maltose and Maltase

Glucose + Glucose

Triglycerides are esters of fatty acids with

Glycerol

How would you compare volatile fatty acid ( VFA) production and bacteria number in cattle to horses?

Higher/bigger capacity, Higher bacteria level

What is the reason for linoleic acid not being a predominant fatty acid in ruminant animals' adipose tissue despite the fact that it is one of the predominant fatty acids in feed?

Hydrogenation of fats in the rumen

Function of insulin

Increases Glu uptake

Function of Glucagon

Increases glyconeolysis in the liver in order to increase blood sugar

Arachidonic acid, an essential fatty acid, could be synthesized from

Linoleic acid

Simple sugars that are absorbed from the small intestine are carried by blood directly to the

Liver via the Hepartic portal vein

One of the following is a TCA cycle enzyme

Malate dehydrogenase

Pentoses include all of the following except

Mannose

The sum of the net energy (NEp+NEm) and heat increment energy (HI) will give

Metabolizable energy

The enzyme catalysis the shifting of functional group from one position to another within the same molecule

Mutase

Is lignin is a class of CHO

NO

Too much of readily fermentable carbohydrate in the diet of ruminants could leads to

Off feed syndrome, acidosis, high lactate production

Unsaturated fatty acid has the tendency to become saturated. In the presence of excess levels of hydrogen and oxygen, the preference will be for the unsaturated fatty acid to add

Oxygen

The primary fatty acids of fats in animals are?

Palmitic, oleic, stearic

This enzyme is involved in glycolysis

Phosphoglycerate kinase

In general, unsaturated fatty acids are found in lipids of

Plant origin

Phosphocreatine

The primary compound in the body that traps energy and later releases it when needed is one that has high -energy phosphate bonds and it is called ATP, in the muscle there is very little of this compound, but there is a labile source of high energy phosphate which is used that is called

Usually, I feed my pet cow a diet that contains roughage and corn grain in a 50:50 ratio. Because of the recent difficulty in getting good quality roughage, I changed the proportion from 50:50 to 20:80 (roughage: corn). Unfortunately, my cow has been showing some signs of ill health and her appetite for feed has greatly reduced. a). What is the likely cause of this problem?

Too much readily fermentable CHO in corn leads to too much lactate production in the rumen leading to a drop in pH (from 6.5 to ~5.0. This results in the death of microbes and the cow eventually goes off feed and may die because of acidosis. (Off feed syndrome)

_____________ is an important intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism but do not occur in nature

Trioses

(T or F) Another name for glucose is DEXTROSE

True

(T or F) Crude fiber and nitrogen free extracts belong to the class of nutrient known as carbohydrate

True

(T or F) Mannose is an hexose sugar that occur in plant as mannans

True

(T or F) Most of the energy (ATP) that are obtained from complete glucose metabolism are derived in the electron transport chain (PPP)

True

(T or F) The proportion (in terms of number) of bacteria in the rumen of a cow is higher than that of the protozoa

True

Amylose

a 1-4 linkage

Amino acids as well as proteins are

amphoteric1

Triosis

are important intermediates of C HO metabolism ( they are not found in nature)

Essential amino acid

cannot be synthesized at a rate rapid enough to meet the body needs

The most abundant CHO on earth is

cellulose

Function of adrenaline

converts glycogen to glucose

Zwitterions

dipolar ions; electrically neutral, At this stage the molecule is said to be isoelectric