Asia Unit Test (India, China, Japan)

Samurai

Begun as privately hired armies by wealthy landowners during Heian Period of Classical Japan Skilled warriors trained in horsemanship & swordsmanship Eventually practiced a code termed Bushido (way of the warrior) - loyalty to lord (Daimyo), frugality, martial arts mastery, honor - cultivated warrior especially during Tokugawa Shogunate - Bushido akin to European chivalry with further social divisions Samurai privileges/practices: - could carry two swords: katana & tanto (peasants not allowed) - demanded & expected respect; could punish people who failed to... - Practice Seppuku: ritual suicide (prevent dishonor/show loyalty) - Hara-Kiri (Belly-slitting), followed by having the head cut off - very formal, viewed by crowds when done in public Samurai declined in importance during 1800s as had no "work" - Became teachers, poets, writers, artists, scholars instead

Hindu Gods and Goddesses

Brahma - original creator of the universe Vishnu - preserver Siva - destroyer of evil Diva - mother goddess Ganesh - lord over all existing beings Krishna - Protector of love & cows

The Buddha

Decided to follow a "middle way" Sat under a fig (bodhi) tree for 49 days meditating on life Became "THE BUDDHA" at 29 years old Began to teach and gain converts Included his father, wife, son

Ming Dynasty

Established by a former Buddhist monk in 1368 (Zheng He), to 1644 Last Han Chinese dynasty; reaction against Mongol rule Reestablished Confucian ideals (exams too) Strong sailors (Junks / compass) - ended abruptly when military defeated by Mongols in N; burned ships & all records Rebuilt Great Wall & Great Canal; moved capital to Beijing later Built Imperial Palace (later to become Forbidden City) Foreign trade became unimportant (closed off borders basically) 4 main classes: Officials, peasants, artisans, merchants 60 - 100 million people (new foods from Americas) Late Ming had to fight Mongols and Manchurians Missionaries begin to arrive (Jesuits) - Christianity/missionaries outlawed - Threatened absolute rule of emperor

Sikh Names

Every male has Singh in his name (Lion) Every female has Kaur in her name (Princess)

Song Achievements

Flowering of culture despite war with Jurchen - Trade expanded overseas and via Silk Road, porcelain perfected - Landscape painting flourished (Daoist thought) - Civil Service exams improved upon (more security) - gunpowder invented (for fireworks at first), flamethrowers - block printing on carved stone, wood, metal plates - Diamond Sutra (oldest printed book - 868AD) - Movable type developed by Koreans (1030AD) and used by Chinese - 100 million people by 1050AD - flood controls, hybrid rice (more growing seasons) - forensic science (dissections) - paddle boats, pontoon bridges, watertight compartments on ships - odometer, differential gear system - footbinding begins among wealthy

Foreign Rule Comes to India

For a time the Huns ruled parts of India Warring states developed after Huns Muslims invaded Indus valley beginning in early 700s Turkish Muslims invaded around 1000; conquered n. India by 1236 -Muslim dynasty begun in 1206 by Turk (Delhi Sultanate) -conquered most of India by 1320 Delhi Sultan rule interrupted by Mongol invaders (Tamerlane) Delhi Sultans regain power around 1450 Muslim rule changed Indian society and affected religious views -Many converted to Islam (untouchables particularly): no caste -Muslims ate Beef; Hindus drank alcohol & ate pork -brought language called Urdu (Arabic/Persian words w/ Hindu grammar -introduced paper, gunpowder, porcelain from China Created a lasting division between Indians up until today

Confucianism

Founded by Kong Fu-Tzu (551-479BC), Master Kong, during Zhou Dynasty Worked as a tax collector; longed for position of influence Wandered through parts of China trying to gain employment (13 yrs) Begun as a code of conduct (social behavior/ ethical behavior) His teachings / discussions assembled into the Analects Not considered a religion by most (ex: no afterlife) Stressed family unity, ancestor worship, filial piety, GOLDEN RULE!!! 5 virtues: - Li: correct behavior - Ren: benevolence - Yi: honesty - Zhi: moral wisdom - Xin: integrity If people embrace Ren and practice virtues = peaceful society People should learn role in society and do ONLY that role well Order is necessary and good for all 5 Relationships: a. Ruler - Subject b. Husband - Wife c. Father - Son d. Older Brother - Younger Brother e. Friend - Friend

Buddhism- Hindu Prince

Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (563-483BC) Hindu Prince born fully awake; with full power of speech mother died 7 days after his birth member of Kshatriyas varna married at 16 to local princess had one son

Sikhism

Founded in 1400s by Guru (teacher), Nanak Followed by 9 successive Gurus (reincarnations of Nanak Combines aspects of Hinduism and Islam Believe in a formless single God Holy Book is Guru Granth (also the 11th "guru") Reject class distinction (Caste System) Fellowship of community believers Hard work and reject laziness About 14 million members

Indus River Valley

From ~ 2600 to 1900 BC, primarily in modern Pakistan region IRV characterized by urban centers called Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa -major urban trading cities which utilized rivers for trade routes -sophisticated urban planning and government, stressed hygiene -all houses had access to wells and drainage systems -drainage systems more advanced than some in modern India -strong walls, granaries, warehouses, irrigation systems -skilled in measuring length, time, & mass -Studied tides, waves, & currents -evidence of dentistry; skilled artisans in ceramics, bronze -Evidence of decline around 1700 *no real reasons discovered *attack, monsoons & flooding, climate change -uncovered cities starting in early 1900s and still continues

Basics of Japan

Japan is an archipelago - a series of islands in a crescent shape - slightly smaller than California (~37 million people) Comprised mostly of 4 main islands - Hokkaido (northernmost) - Honshu largest island (central; 3/4 of population) - Kyushu (southern) - Shikoku (southern; smallest island) Japan is mostly mountainous - Mt. Fuji is the highest (over 12,000 ft) - climbing season July and August Sits on the Ring of Fire (volcanoes around Pacific) - suffers from earthquakes (1,500/year) - threat of tsunamis & typhoons 11.64 % (12 last year) of land is arable Climate much like the US east coast No energy natural resources: -World's largest importer of liquefied natural gas and coal -Second largest importer in world of oil

Jomon Period (Japan)

Jomon Period (14,000-400BC) - artifacts recovered were mostly pottery with rope (jomon) on them - hunter/gatherers - Jimmu was legendary founder of Japan (from sun goddess)

Han Achievements

Opening of Silk Road trade route to Middle East - Silk, paper, acupuncture, porcelain brought to Europe Civil Service Exams created (merit based) - lasted three days, Confucian based, guarded, recopied, 10% passed Agricultural improvements; population grew to over 55 million Controlled parts of Vietnam, Japan, Korea, Mongolia Numerous inventions of note: - seismograph, pendulum, water cycle, cast iron, steel, blast furnace, early form of compass (~1040/Lodestone spoon) Wu Di - expanded borders, most famous emperor Family was most important in society (father in charge/Filial Piety) Block printing begun (on silk)

Jain

Origins from around 3,000 BC; prior to Aryan invasion About 4-5 million followers in India today Non-violence toward all living things Self-effort to move soul to divine consciousness/liberation -one who conquers inner demons called Jina (victor) Right Faith (right vision), Right Knowledge and Right Conduct (triple gems of Jainism) provide the way to this realization No one creator of the universe Highly educated people Strict vegetarians, use fasting and meditation Do not get attached to personal belongings Anything that gets in the way of the soul becoming free is not good

Legalism

Philosophical thought believing that people were born bad and needed harsh rules and swift punishments The state was the dominating factor and all sacrificed by each area/ people for the success of the state Soldiers and farmers only productive classes -soldiers gained favor by # of heads cut off of the enemy Strong ruler necessary (Shi Huangdi)

Hinduism (General Information)

Polytheistic - 330 million gods/goddesses Monotheistic - 1 god with 330 million aspects No specific founder, no creed, no central authority Worship at shrines, temples, statues Tolerant and accepting religion Over 900 million members today Washing Rituals, Dietary Rules All Life is sacred to Hindus

Origins of Hinduism

Prior to 1,500BC, native Indians were polytheistic and worshiped gods in natural objects 1,500BC saw the arrival of Aryan invaders from Central Asia Brought religious traditions and rituals later assembled into the Vedas Rig-Veda is the most important (hymns, prayers, songs) Hindu/Aryan priests wrote interpretations of Vedas Brahmanas & Upanishads Epic poems written for general population Mahabharata & Ramayana

China Basics

Located in Asia; smaller than U.S. Mountains cross China Wide variety of climates - extreme cold in mtns; extreme heat in Gobi Desert; tropical in s Central Plains is where China originated (rivers) Suffers from natural occurrences: - earthquakes, typhoons, monsoon winds, tsunamis, droughts Suffers from man-made activities: - pollution, acid rain, drought, deforestation, desertification Shares Mt. Everest (tallest in the world), with Nepal Main Rivers: - Huang He (Yellow): "China's Sorrow;" yellow from loess silt - Yangze (Chiang Jiang): major commercial river Language: Standard Chinese or Mandarin Religion: - Officially ATHEIST today (due to Communist gov't) - Buddhism, Daoism, Christian, Muslim practiced Ethnicity is 91.5% Han Chinese

Geography of India

Located on the subcontinent of India in S Asia A distinctly different geographically than rest of continent but still connected to continent Geographic features: -Himalaya mountains in the N -Lowland Plains in north to central -Deccan Plateau covers central and S -East and West GHATS (mountain ranges) on edges of DP Major River systems: -Indus: Flows from Tibet to SW into Pakistan (1,900 miles) -Ganges: Himalayas to E (1,560 miles) -Bramhaputra: into Bay of Bengal (1,800) *Most rivers in India closely tied to religious significance Climate mostly affected by monsoons (Summer/winter) These are wind storms (currents) that bring rain or dry, cold air

Yuan Dynasty

Mongols invaded China ( & Jurchen) in early 1200s (foreign dynasty) - captured N China & Beijing Kublai Khan conquered Song by 1261 and ruled until 1294 (death) *Grandson of Genghis Khan Yuan continued under weak rulers until 1368 Expanded Great Canal, more food production Roads to Persia and India, trade increased Mongol empire allowed for more trade from China to Europe Marco Polo arrived (1275-1292) Many differences between Chinese and Mongols - Different language, different hygiene for Mongols (none!) - Women allowed more freedom by Mongols - Mongols ran gov't, no Chinese involvement allowed

Other names for Japan

Nippon/Nihon Origin of the Sun Land of the Rising Sun

Qin Achievements

Smashed feudal loyalties to nobles Conquered much territory in all directions Standardized weights & measures in empire (trade) Standardized cart axle widths (like RR in 1800s U.S.) Uniform law code; flat tax for all; coins Postal service; built roads throughout empire Universal writing system (emperor could write to all) Had 346 Confucian scholars buried alive to prove a point (legalism only) - later had 700 more stoned to death Staged world's first book burning (Confucian works mostly) Ordered barriers of kingdoms connected to form Great Wall - one seen today rebuilt by Ming Dynasty As Qin ruler, begun elaborate tomb - Terra Cotta soldiers (20 sq miles total); pyramid burial place Ruthless, all projects from forced labor, many died at GW/Tomb Died from drinking "immortality" potions; son inept ruler

Maurya Empire

Started by Chandragupta Maurya around 321BC (until ~185BC) -conquered parts after Alexander the Great's armies left India Magnificent capital on Ganges River Large army of over 600,000 (9,000 war elephants too) -Conquered most of Northern India into modern Pakistan -later defeated one of Alexander's generals -expanded West into Afghanistan and south into Deccan Plateau -empire established by the time he was only 20! Abdicated toward end of his life Joined Jainism and supposedly died while fasting in a cave in South

Qing Facts

Taiping Rebellion 1850-64 -social unrest with Manchu gov't - Manchus helped by Br/Fr - Opium Wars 1839-42; 56-60 - To force open trade w/ Br mostly - Boxer Rebellion 1898-1901 - Righteous Order of Harmonious Fists - Anti foreign, anti Christian, anti colonialism - Further unrest in early 1900s, reforms faltered - Many more rebellions (Sun Yat Sen), many provinces seceded from empire, end of Imperial rule in 1912

Sikh Dress

The 5 K's (all items start with letter "K" long hair in a turban (Kesh) comb (Kanga) short pants/ breeches (Kaacha) metal bracelet (Kara) ceremonial dagger or sword (Kirpan)

Vedic Age/Period (India)

VA ran from ~ 1500 BC to ~500AD; Aryans began arriving 1750BC A nomadic people from Asia who came through Hindu Kush mtns (Khyber) -attracted by rich pasturelands (cattle herders) -Valued cows as status of wealth -skilled warriors w/ archers and charioteers -lighter skinned than native Indians/ illiterate peoples Knowledge of them comes from ancient texts called Vedas -Oral stories first, then written later in Sanskrit Eventually controlled northern part of India, Ganges plain Formed independent states headed by a raja (chief) Development of Hindu religion and Caste System -Mixture of Aryan gods and polytheistic native gods & rituals Introduction of Buddhism in mid 500s BC

8 Fold Path-

Wisdom Right view Right intention Right speech Morality Right action Right livelihood Right effort Meditation Right mindfulness Right concentration

China Dynasties (In order w years)

Xia (legendary): ~2200 - 1700BC (Emperor YU) Shang (real as of 20th century): ~ 1700-1100BC Zhou: 1100-256BC (longest dynasty) WARRING STATES PERIOD Qin: 220-206BC (Shi Huangdi/ Shortest dynasty) Han: 202BC-220AD Sui: 581-618 AD (Grand Canal) Tang: 618-906AD Song: 960-1279AD Yuan: 1261-1368AD (Kublai Khan ruled/ foreign rule) Ming: 1368-1644 (Chinese rule re-established) Qing: 1644-1911(Manchurians ruled)

Yamato Period

Yamato Period (300 - 710 AD) - Strong uji called Tenno led a coalition uniting central Japan (Honshu) - Emperor Ojin (all emperors claim descendancy from him) - Shinto worshiped, Buddhism introduced in 500s, Chinese influence - Prince Shotoku centralized power & began cultural borrowing - Fujiwara family gains influence in gov't via Takia Reforms: - emperor put above ALL uji by Fujiwara - emperor loses power but position never "overthrown"

Yayoi Period (Japan)

Yayoi Period (~250BC - 250AD) - use of bronze and iron tools & weapons - people formed into family clans : UJI

Buddhism- 4 Noble Truths

All life is pain and suffering (duhkah) Suffering is caused by desires (trishna) End suffering by ending desires (nirvana) Follow middle way via the 8-fold path *Buddha's teaching written in the Sutras

Dynasties of China

Ancient China: 2200 BC - 1911 AD Characterized by Dynastic rule who secured the Mandate of Heaven *Dynasty - ruling family *M of H - Leaders ruled with the approval of the Gods Rulers/Emperors responsible for all events in China *Negative happenings could signal the end of the Mandate and other families could seek the throne and gain the Mandate Eleven recognized Chinese dynasties: - Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan*, Ming, Qing* * Foreign ruled dynasties (Mongols/Manchurians)

Muromachi Period- Ashikaga Shogunate

Ashikaga Shogunate (1338 - 1573) - Ashikaga never fully controlled Japan or Daimyo - Daimyo built fortresses in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagasaki - Ashikagas were great patrons of the Arts - Portuguese arrived in 1500s (brought guns & Catholicism 1550s) -Catholicism later outlawed: loyalty to Shogun ONLY Ashikaga ended by Daimyo overlord (Oda), in 1573 - captured by his own trusted general, fought him and lost (seppuku) Toyotomi Hideyoshi took over for Oda (former servant of Oda) - gained control of Japan finally - ordered all samurai off farms & into castletowns; bound to areas - invaded Korea to capture China but failed before he died - harsh ruler (collected 10,000+ noses of opponents)

Caste System in India

•Society divided into 4 main Varnas Brahmans- top caste, mostly hindu priests, dominant force in hindu religion, well educated Kshatriyas- top soilders Vaisyas- middle class, lawyers, doctors, teachers, professionals Sudras- servants Untouchables (Dalits, Harijans) Handle the "unclean" jobs Killing of an animal, handling of human waste, handling or disposing of dead cattle People who ate meat - Allowed to work only at night - Thought to 'pollute' the other castes temples, streets, water

Sui Dynasty

~581/9 -618AD 220-581 characterized by much fighting / civil wars Sui "reunited" China under Emperor Wen Grand Canal (Huang He & Yangtze connected) - forced labor, hurt empires finances - allowed rice to be brought north; wheat to the south

Song Dynasty

960 - 1279 AD Divided into Northern & Southern Song periods Faced many foreign invaders: - Mongols (paid off with tribute), Jurchen (est. Jin Empire in N & ruled over 30 million Chinese); treaty with Southern Song after decade of fighting and Song leaders moved capital south

Origins of Buddhism

Siddhartha kept secluded by his father To hide him from poverty, suffering, and death Grew restless with palace seclusion Left palace on several occasions Witnessed several instances of sickness, poverty, elderly, and death for the first time Left family to find answers to questions at 29 years old Practiced extreme self-mortification for 6 years Nearly died, saved by peasant girl

Zhou Dynasty

1100-256BC (Longest dynasty) Mandate of Heaven used to assert control by rulers Western and Eastern Zhou periods (capitals moved) During Iron Age; Trade expands internally Many advancements: - Hydraulics, canals dug, dikes for irrigation, reservoirs, coins Many "isms" begun/grew in popularity (Chinese philosophies) Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism

Shang Dynasty

1700-1100BC Legendary too until mid 1900s when artifacts unearthed Oracle bones, turtle shells, pottery, statues, tombs of nobility Bronze artwork and weaponry specialists; chariots, swords, spears, bows Agriculture practiced, feudalistic society Domesticated and bred silkworms (Mulberry leaves) Astronomy (lunar eclipses, Mars); calendar, writing system

Han Dynasty

202 BC - 220 AD Began by Liu Bang when his armies defeated last Qin armies Western and Eastern Periods Strong centralized gov't; large bureaucracy Golden Age of Chinese dynasties (Han ethnicity) - flowering of Chinese philosophies - Confucianist state, Buddhism arrived from India

Qin Dynasty

221-206 BC (Shortest dynasty) Came after Warring States Period; Qin kingdom won out over others Founded by Prince Zheng (ruled Qin kingdom at 13 yrs old!) Created title of Emperor upon conquering all states (38 years old) United kingdoms and proclaimed self "FIRST EMPEROR" of CHINA *Shi Huangdi - new title (First Emperor) Harsh ruler under Legalist philosphies

Tang Dynasty

618 - 906 AD Defeated Turks to N and had contact with India and Muslims Chang'an (Xian) was their capital: 2 million people (largest in world 7-800s) - cosmopolitan city (Chinese, Arabs, Jews, Persians, Greeks) Golden Age under the Tang of culture and in the ARTS Buddhism reached peak under early Tang - many monasteries built by wealthy patrons, Sichuan Buddha built* - many sects developed (Zen Buddhism) - later emperors persecuted Buddhists; stripped m/n of roles Late Tang returned to a Confucian state - Civil service exams reinstituted, Confucian temples and shrines built Only dynasty with a female empress - Wu Hou - claimed a new Zhou dynasty, not really Tang (Buddhist) - concubine of emperor, ruthless, overthrew/killed own sons - rumored to kill own baby daughter, killed other concubines

Classical Japan

710 - 815AD Nara Period & Heian Period Fujiwara dominates gov't via Regent rule and marriages into emperor's family Flowering of literature: - Pillow Book & Tale of Genji (oldest novel in history) - Genji written by Lady Shikibu, about courtly life Language evolved from pure Chinese symbols (Kanji) - Katakana & Hirigana (two types) - simplified Chinese writing (symbols stand for syllables) Private armies emerge under uji clans called samurai Fujiwara continued influence until rise of the Minamoto family and the creation of the Shogunate

Sikh beliefs and practices

Build a close, loving relationship with God Reincarnation practiced (samsara) Prayers repeated multiple times per day May not worship idols, images, or icons Worship in a Gurdwara (Golden Temple at Amritsar is most sacred) No alcohol and No smoking

Buddhist Practices

Similarities/differences from Hinduism Reincarnation a person can reach nirvana in one lifetime Caste system not important stresses behavior, not birth status

Gupta Empire (India)

Came to power around 320AD near Ganges River Founded by Chandra Gupta I Eventually controlled northern part of India via conquest/intermarriage Saw decline of Buddhism and rise of Hinduism Rule of Gupta's seen as the "golden age" - Book of fables (Panchtantra: magic mirror, Sinbad the Sailor) -Upper children had formal education -numerals 0,1-9 "created" = came to be known as Arabic numerals -Id'd 7 planets, earth rotation, earth's diameter -form of plastic surgery, bone setting, inoculations, sterilize wounds

Asoka

Chandragupta's grandson (ruled from about 270 to 232BC) Vicious fighter who conquered India to the southern tip -empire from Afghanistan to Bangladesh In battle with Kalinga kingdom, vowed to become peaceful Buddhist -100,000 civilians killed & 10,000 of his troops perished Sent missionaries to all parts of Asia to spread Buddhism Looked to improve lives of all peoples under his rule -tolerance, peace, vegetarianism, caste not important -published edicts on stone pillars throughout empire -universities built, irrigation systems, animal hospitals, roads One of greatest regarded leaders in all of history Empire declined as his sons fought for control

Chinese Language

Chinese written language is made up of characters called: -IDEOGRAMS & PICTOGRAMS 50,000+ characters 5,000 in use on a daily basis Very difficult to master, making writing one of the most prized skills in China

Tokugawa Culture

Ieyasu created Great Peace of Tokugawa (250 years) - Rigid Class structure: Samurai, peasants, craftsmen, merchants - foreigners arrived but borders closed by 1641 except to Dutch - technological development not vital to Japan - Samurai took on other jobs: teachers, poets, scholars, writers, artists Flowering of culture during Tokugawa Shogunate - Kabuki theater develops (only male actors) - Bunraku theater developed (elaborate string puppets) - Sumo wrestling grows popular (samurai "battle" elements) - haiku poetry, tea ceremony, bonsai trees, landscape painting Ends when US Commodore Matthew Perry forces open trade - 1853 arrived with 4 navy ships (Japan treated US sailors harshly) - came back with 7 and forced Treaty of Kanagawa - began "Unequal Treaties," distrust of Shogun - Tokugawa overthrown by families in "favor" of the emperor - Meiji Restoration

Qing Dynasty

Invaders from north (Manchurians/related to Jurchen), conquered Beijing (today an ethnic minority of China) Ruled from 1644-1911 Adopted much of Chinese gov't and culture Kept Chinese and Manchu mostly separate - kept own language & culture within China - Manchu ran gov't, no mixed marriages, no Chinese in Manchuria - Chinese men forced to wear a Queue (long braided ponytail) - footbinding reaches all levels of society except very poor - women's status declines Agriculture was the main basis; closed country early on Lack of trade hurt the economy European visitors and "invaders" for trade and influence Further expansion of culture: - Plays, novels, poems Empress Dowager Cixi (controlled China via regent rule - 47 yrs.)

Hindu- Principle Beliefs

Reincarnation Atman(soul) your soul keeps coming back in different bodies Moksha- (heaven for hindus) Karma Deed- negative deeds, come back as a lower form of life. Good karma get good path of righteousness Dharma Path of Righteousness- behave the right way, do good deeds to get to moksha

Divisions of Buddhism

Theravada south and southeast Asia Mahayana China and Japan (Pure Land & Zen) Vajrayana Tibet (wherever Tibetan monks are) 300-250 Million members currently

Daoism/Taoism

Thousands of years old in China (mostly oral traditions) Collection of masters founded daoism (taoism) - Laozi - Wrote bible of Tao; "founder" of Daoism Focuses on the relationship of man to nature( 5 elements), to learn Dao (The Way), and become "one" with the cosmos Two schools of thought in Dao: a. heaven loves all people/rituals unnecessary b. seek to prolong one's life (in order to learn all things possible) One must seek to learn Tao (The Way); cannot be taught... Three Jewels: compassion, frugality, humility (like 5 virtues) T/ Daoism stresses non-action, done through Te (action) to reach it - do nothing that is not natural (Wu-Wei) Balance out one's life to insure health and well-being - use of acupuncture & acupressure; exercise (Tai-Chi), meditation Opposite of Confucianism (denial of social obligations) Symbols: - Yin & Yang: female is passive/cool (Yin); male is light, active (Yang) - water: soft & weak but can wear away mountains

Edo Period

Tokugawa Ieyasu rose to power under Oda Nobunaga (Daimyo) - somewhat a vassal/advisor of Hideyoshi In Battle of Sekigahara, Tokugawa won decisively over rest of lords - became leader of Japan; gave land to vassals who supported him Appointed Shogun by Emperor : 60 years old, in 1603 - abdicated in 1606 but retained full power until death in 1616 Controlled Daimyo in various ways: - Daimyos had to maintain two castles; one in Edo, one in hometown - Daimyos had to live every other year in Edo - Daimyo's family had to live ONLY in Edo as "hostages" - Daimyos paid for all own expenses and Shoguns (ex: Edo Castle) Tokugawa Shogunate lasts until 1867 - overthrown by four powerful families - Meiji Restoration

Medieval Japan

~1185 - 1867 AD Fujiwara controlled gov't/emperor until around 1160ADish - strongest of 4 major families (Minamoto, Taira, Tachibana) 1160-1185 Taira family gained control - armies of samurai led by higher ranking samurai called Daimyo Yorimoto Minamoto gains control, creates the Kamakura Shogunate:1185-1333 - Shogun was highest ranking Daimyo - Shogun controlled armies, laws, judges, "through" the emperor - Feudal system implemented: loyalty & military service - Emperor was a figurehead - Kublai Khan attempted 2 invasions (1274/1281) and failed -due to Kamikaze - Shogun loses faith of samurai as he didn't reward them for victory

People of Japan

~125.77 m people currently (declining population) 98% considered pure Japanese (Some Korean & Chinese minorities) Religion consists of mostly Shinto & Buddhism; some Christians *many practice Shinto and Buddhism together *Shinto based upon worship of Kami (gods) in natural objects also practice ancestor worship with Shintoism All write the same language but speak different dialects of Japanese Today: Children go to school 240 days/year, 5 ½ days per week *focus upon group consciousness (traditional)

Xia Dynasty

~2200-1600 BC Founded by Yu The Great Tamed(redirected) the Yellow River - To lessen flooding and save lives (13 yrs) - Dug canals to divert waters to sea Established dynasty rule naming his son as heir Legendary until 1900s when artifacts discovered - urban areas and palace sites matching dates Radiocarbon dated to match traditional dates