ASL 2 Final

Signing about Family: Siblings

1: Use contrastive structure to tell the number of brothers and sisters you have ME HAVE SISTER ___ BROTHER ___ 2: To indicate your ranking among your siblings: Set up your list on your non-dominant hand Index to the finger that represents you to give your ranking ¡ *THIS MEANS IF YOU HAVE TWO SIBLINGS YOUR LIST WILL BE 3* 3: Tell Siblings Names, Ages and details by referencing each finger Signing About FamilySiblings Only child Ranking is not needed, just use the sign ALONE One sibling Ranking is not needed, just indicate that you have a brother/sister and tell who is the OLDEST Two to four siblings Use your LIST, starting with the oldest sibling, then index to the finger that represents you. (if you are within the first 5 use your DH to show your ranking, if not sign ME LAST) More than four siblings Use an ordinal number to indicate your ranking

Lexicalized Borrowing

A process in which one language borrows a lexical item from another language and incorporates it into it's system. In ASL, such a lexical item is generally referred to as a "loan sign". Fingerspelled Loan Signs They are performed quickly in a particular manner. ¡ May see letter deletion or modified movements § i.e., #APT, #CAR, #HS, #ASL

Age signs

Ages 1 - 9 signed out from chin, the index finger touches the face ¡ i.e. "the baby is 3", "the boy is 9", "she's five" Ages 10 - 21 do the sign for OLD then sign the number ¡ i.e. "the kid is 10", "she is 15", "20 years old" Ages 22 and up first number on chin second number away from it ¡ i.e. "he's 54", the guy was 65", "she's 74 years old"

Negative Responses

Answering a yes/no question Negate using NMM and add the sign #NO ¡ S1: "YOU MARRIED?" ¡ S2: "(neg) #NO ME SINGLE" Stating something is incorrect/untrue Negate using NMM and add the sign NOT ¡ i.e. "ME NOT GO-TO SCHOOL" Stating one doesn't have something Negate using NMM and add the sign NONE i.e. "ME HAVE CHILDREN NONE

Classifier's

Descriptive (DCL) - describes the noun ¢ i.e. DCL:4 "stripes", DCL:9 "polka dots" Locative (LCL) - shows where the noun is ¢ i.e. LCL:claw "a building", LCL:A "bottle" Semantic (SCL) - illustrates the relationship between two nouns (tend to have movement) ¢ i.e. SCL:3 "a vehicle", SCL:1 "a person walking"

Discussing Activities

Events listed chronologically Use Listing Principle if needed Typical Format: • Start with when and where the event occurred • Tell who was involved • Tell activity that occurred

AGREE WITH CONDITION

Express willingness Give condition (FIRST or EXCHANGE) Tell what you will do or what is expected Check if person agrees ("well")

Noun vs. verb

Noun All nouns have a double or 1-2 movement to it. ¡ CHAIR ¡ HOUSE ¡ PARENTS § Think that in the word noun there's 2 n's. Verb has one single movement. ¡ OPEN-WINDOW ¡ EAT § Notice that in the word verb no letter is repeated.

CALENDAR TIME SIGNS - WEEK & MONTH o Number Incorporation

Rule of 9 - because 1-9 have no movement Handshape is affected Shows duration o Tense Past vs. Future Movement is affected o Number Incorporation & Tense Handshape and movement affected Shows specifically how far in past or future o "every" We can inflect (modify the sign production movement) time signs such as MORNING, NIGHT, WEEK, MONTH, MONDAY, TUESDAY, etc., with a sweeping motion to indicate the concept of EVERY. Remember when inflecting time signs you need to be aware of spatial agreement in accordance to the actual wall calendar and move or inflect time signs appropriately.

TRANSPORTATION QUESITONS

SCHOOL YOU COME-TO/ GO-TO HOW++? Or YOU COME-TO SCHOOL HOW++? YOU _(mode of transportation)_ HOW LONG?

Gender Specific Signs

Signs made from the nose up are masculine Signs made from nose down are feminine

NMM accompany this structure

Slight shift in body position to establish 1st topic Pause in "neutral" position Slight shift in body position to the opposite side to establish the 2nd topic

STRUCTURE: TIME SIGNS

TIME, WHO, ACTIVITY

Time in ASL

Time line with body

Sequencing Activities

Use different locations in your Signing Space Use the sign FINISH to transition Raise your brows and head at the beginning of the "transition" sign

Contrastive (Comparative) Structure

Used when discussing two people/ places/ things ¡ *except when three things have normal correlation

Listing Principle (Listing)

Used when talking about three or more subjects Used when discussing... ¡ Lists ¡ Family members ¡ Chronological order of events NMM/The Use of Space technique: Use your "base" hand to set up a list, starting with your thumb (unless there are 4 items in the list) and going down in the order they occurred. ¡ EX: ME 1st GO-TO SCHOOL, 2nd READ BOOK, 3rd TAKE TEST

Verb Conjugation

Verbs in ASL are signed in present tense We add Time Signs to conjugate verbs

Frequency Signs

We use frequency time signs to tell how often person does something i.e. Typically added at the end of the sentence STRUCTURE: FREQUENCY • WHO, ACTIVITY, FREQUENCY

Asking ?'s Relating to Time

What did you do? & What are you doing? • WHQ • DO-DO What do you have to do? • WHQ • NEED+DO+WHAT Did you... & Do you... • Y/N Q REMEMBER YOUR PRONOUNS • TELL THE PERSON WHO IS DOING WHAT!!!!

Noun Verb Pairs

the noun and the verb are signed with the same symbol all the parameters are the same, except for the movement. DOOR/to OPEN-DOOR CAR/ to DRIVE-TO TELEPHONE/ to CALL

Y/N QUESTIONS

A question in this form is always accompanied by the following non-,annual grammatical markers called "y/n - questioning markers" 1. Eyebrows up 2. Eyes are opened wide 3. Head tilt slightly forward 4. Eye contact is made with the person who is being asked the question 5. The last sign is held, waiting for response

LISTING PRINCIPLE

If we are talking about three or more people, places, or things, we use the listing principle; using your non-dominant (or base) hand to list the rank of people or their ages, a list of items, the sequence of time in which man events occurred.

• CLOCK NUMBERS

Like all other numbers, clock numbers 1-9, i.e., 1:00, 2:00, 3:00,......have a specific movement that marks or indicates that time. For the hours 1-9 simply tap the wrist (near the area you would normally wear a watch) with the appropriate number. For all other clock numbers, i.e., 4:45, 6:30, 10:00, make the sign TIME and then add the appropriate number. § Think digitally, we do not sign hearing concepts like 'quarter till' or 'half past'.

• LOCATIVE CLASSIFIERS (LCL)

Classifiers that we used to show the location of objects. Examples: LCL:A (used for odd shaped inanimate objects) & LCL: B palm down (used for flat objects)

• COMMON REFERENCE POINT (MARKING REFERENTS)

Establish points of reference and give enough information with your directions so the listener can visualize the route or location you describe.

SPATIAL REFERENCING

Establishing places or people in our signing space and referring back to them. These people or places can be in sight or not present, in which case we would establish referents.

YES/NO QUESTIONS

Eyebrows raised - as if saying "Do you....", "Are you....", etc

NON-MANUAL MARKERS

Facial expression used to "mark" (indicate) specific adverbial, adjectival, verb, emotive and grammatical inflections.

Time Concepts

You already know the signs BEFORE referring to past, and FINISH, referring to already occurred. The sign BEFORE-event, refers to what happened before an actual event occurred, the sign AFTER-event, refers to what happened after the actual event occurred.

Parents

Parents Use Contrastive Structure Mother's side of the family is on the Right ¡ *Remember Mother is always right! Grandparents 3 ways to express "My Mom's Mom/ My Mom's Dad" etc. MY GRANDMA /GRANDPA MY MOM IX-POSS: HER MOM/DAD MY MOM 'S (Possessive "S") MOM/ DAD

SPATIAL AGREEMENT

Set up locations in your signing space in a way that resembles the real locations from your experience. o Locations should remain constant throughout your story o Agreement verbs, spatial verbs and classifiers should match these locations

Relative Pronoun

The relative pronoun is signed as a "Y" handshape thrown foreword and palms down. It translates to the English equivalent of "THAT-ONE". It is not to be used for replacing the English word "THAT". If THAT-ONE does not translate in your ASL sentence structure then do not use the pronoun. THAT-ONE indicates to the person you are signing with that THEY understand who, what or where you are talking about. It can be in the form of a question or a statement to help confirm comprehension.

WHEN vs WHEN

The wh-question WHEN, signed wit the dominant one handshape circling the base one handshape in a clockwise fashion, should only be used for asking a question. If you are signing a sentence referring to an event that has already or will occur, i.e,. "When I was a little girl....", "When I graduate....", use HAPPEN, one's palms up, flip hands over. *Like all wh-question signs, WHEN goes at the end of the sentence

PROPER NOUNS WITH " 's "

Twist the letter "s" indicates apostrophe and an "s"

• REAL WORLD ORIENTATION & SIGNER'S PERSPECTIVE

Use these two concepts together when you are giving directions in relation to the map of the United States. You use signer's perspective because you are referring to places and things in the United States according to how you would visualize them if you were looking at a map. At the same time you index in the actual direction of where places or things would be located on your map.

• SPATIAL AGREEMENT

Using signing space in front of you and things in your environment to refer to and establish the things you are talking about

SPATIAL REFERENCING/INDEXING (SETTING UP REFERENTS)

When you are discussing anything, you "set it up" in your signing space by pointing (indexing) in an area to the right or left of you if "it" is not within sight; or point directly at "it", if "it" is visible. The area in which you index is called a REFERENT.

CONJUNCTION

o !THOUGHT! - use this sign when you realized you forgot something. o !WRONG! - use to signal something unexpected happening

• CLOCK TIME

o 1:00 - 9:00: number on time spot, palm out o 10:00 - 12:00: time spot, number, palm out o hours and minutes: time spot, hour #, move slightly to the side, minute #. Palm out, single movements

Classifiers:

o A group of handshapes that we use to show the movement, placement, orientation, size, shape of a noun. Signing Naturally discusses eight different types of classifiers. This unit focuses on Descriptive Classifiers (DCL). We will use DCL:'s to describe: 1. Parts of head, 2. Hairstyles 3. Heights 4. Body types 5. Style and pattern of clothing (Remember to name and give color first)

PLURALIZING

o ASL does not use word endings that include S; therefore, ASL illustrates the idea of pluralization in different ways. There are basically five methods we can use to show the concept of more than one 1. Using a number Ex. 5 + BOOK 2. Simply repeat the sign Ex. TREE++ 3. Use quantifying signs Ex. MANY, FEW, SOME, MOST, MUCH 4. Use of classifiers Ex. CL:44 5. Use IX:they Ex. MAN + IX-they

TOPICALIZATION/TOPIC-COMMENT STRUCTURE

o ASL sentences are commonly ordered using "topic-comment" structure. This means that the topic (what the sentence is talking about) Is identified first. This topic is signed first with the following non-manual markers: § Eyebrows raised § Slight head tilt forward § Last sign identifying topic is held longer § Think of dong this as if you were asking, "Do you understand what the topic is?" the comment is either a statement, y/n question, wh-word question or command.

PHONE NUMBERS - read page 109 in your workbook

o Area Codes Palm out 1-2 pattern o Phone Numbers Palm out Various number patterns (1-2), 2-2, 1-2, 1-1-1, 2-1-1)

• MAKING REQUESTS

o Because you are asking a favor of someone, which involves their time and resources, you need to explain the situation to justify your request. o The format that we follow in making a request is: 1. State reason for request 2. State object or activity you are requesting 3. State segue: PLEASE, PLEASE FOR+ME, FOR+ME, CAN, DON'T-MIND, PERMIT/ALLOW/LET, DON'T-CARE, #OK 4. State the Request o Most common segue is DON'T-MIND

Verbs

o Plain (most) Verbs that are the regular verbs in ASL. i.e., WOMAN IX-she, EAT or WALKED or..... o Agreement (many) Verbs that indicate the subject, and the object by the movement of the verb i.e., he-GIVE-me, you-SHOW-me, he-HELP-her,....Today, these verb types are most commonly called AGREEMENT verbs, and that is the terminology we will use. o Spatial (some) Verbs that are indicated by the movement of the subject. To use ASL SPATIAL VERBS, first indicate the object, i.e. TABLE, then state the subject, i.e., BOOK, then move the object spatially, i.e., MOVE-"the book off the table and place it under the table:. To use ASL SPATIAL VERBS the object and the subject must first be stated before using the verb. Can function as a preposition

• FINGERSPELLED LOAN SIGNS

o These are signs in ASL that are produced by fingerspelling them quickly and in a particular manner. Often fingerspelled loan signs have a sign equivalent. If this is the case, more often the fingerspelled loan sign is used for emphasis. § NOTE: Not all fingerspelled loan signs have a sign equivalent and all fingerspelled words do not necessarily become a fingerspelled loan sign.

• GIVING DIRECTIONS

o Use right hand to turn left, use left hand to turn right o Use the weak hand (wh) as a reference point o IX-loc is used to show locations o Use NMS (cs, mm, cha) to show relative distance o Use CLs to show: § Landmarks - CLAW or CL:mod A § Roads - CL:B § Vehicle - CL:3à o Use "when" clause (NMS = eyebrows up) are used

• CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

o What must happen first o What is expected in return

Non Manual Markers: Distance/Size/Shape/Time

¡ "CS" shows that something is very close, small, narrow, or that will happen soon i.e. just happened, right there ¡ "MM" shows that something is at a moderate distance, of average size or shape, or that it is in present tense i.e. over there, she is medium sized ¡ "CHA" shows that something is very far, big, wide, or that happened a while ago

LIVING SITUATIONS

¡ ASK WHERE YOUR PARTNER LIVES... ¢ YOU LIVE WHERE? Or YOUR HOME WHERE? USE WH? NMM ¢ YOU LIVE __(FS/Sign City)____? USE Y/N? NMM ¡ ASK WHAT KIND OF HOME... ¢ YOU LIVE IN APT, HOUSE, DORM WHICH? USE WH? NMM ¢ YOU LIVE ____(PICK ONE)___? USE Y/N? NMM

Asking for directions

¡ Culturally Deaf people like to know the reasoning behind a question or request. ¡ When asking for directions we... ¢ State our desire or need ME WANT DRINK ME NEED PAY FOR CLASSES ME NEED BUY BOOK ¢ Ask for the location SODA+MACHINE WHERE? REGISTRATION OFFICE WHERE? BOOK+STORE WHERE?

City Name Signs

¡ Name signs for the cities are normally originated in each region. ¡ Very few of them are know nation wide. ¡ First fingerspell the name of the city, and then do the sign. i.e. fs- ORLANDO, then do the sign for it wh open 'B', dh flatten 'O' in a circular movement going forward

Giving Commands: Involving a Location

¡ Name the location (raise your brow): TABLE ¡ Name the object (raise your brow): BOOK ¡ Indicate who (index to the person): IX-YOU ¡ Give the command: "put on top"

Signing Space

¡ Real World Orientation ¢ Used when discussing states, countries, cities ¢ Visualize a map in front of you...

Signing Space

¡ Signer's Perspective Reading the signs from the Signers Point of View Visualize things as if you were the one signing it

Giving Directions

¡ Step 1:General Direction ¢ Point in the direction of the person/place/thing that your talking about. ¡ Step 2: Give Specific Directions ¢ Maintain Spatial Agreement, establish common reference points, IX right or left, trace routes using index finger Spatial Agreement: Making sure the things that you established in your Signing Space (referents) and the things in your actual environment agree. Common Reference Points: Information included when giving directions so that the listener can visualize the route (Common Landmarks)

Conveying Distance

¡ Very Close "CS" ¢ Clench your teeth ¢ Index with your arm very close to your body ¡ Moderate "MM" ¢ Purse your lips ¢ Index with your arm moderately extended ¡ Far Away "CHA" ¢ Squint your eyes ¢ Open your mouth slightly Index with your arm fully extended

Identity Numbers

¢ Numbers that are a part of a title All produced palm-out Hold and shake slightly

Ordinal Numbers

¢ Used to show rank/order Twist #'s 1-9 Add ending to #'s 10-21 Twist second digit in #'s 22 and up

2 Kinds of Time Signs

¨ Modal: ¨ Helping verb used when there is no indication if the verb is in future or past form ¨ No clear specific time ¨ There are 4 modals... ¨ 2 Kinds of Time Signs ¨ Strong Time Indicator ¨ Use for specific amount of time.

TIME SIGNS

¨ Signs that help to conjugate verbs/phrases in ASL ¨ Time signs typically go at the beginning of a sentence ¨ There are 2 types of Time Signs...

Agreement verbs

• (AKA Inflective or Directional Verbs) • The movement of the sign indicates the subject and the object of the verb. • i.e. me-GIVE-you, me-SEND-you, PAY-him, MEET-me

Time

• 1:00-9:00 off wrist • 10:00-12:00 TIME+10; TIME+11; TIME+12 • For AM and PM indicate use signs MORNING, AFTERNOON, NIGHT etc.

NUMBERS 20-30

• 20: thumb and index tap • 21: "You can buy a gun" • 22: 2-2 Multiples of 11 tap • 23: Palm out L+3 OR Palm out 3 wiggle middle • 24: Palm out L+4 • 25: Palm out L+5 OR Palm out 5 wiggle middle • 26: Palm out L+6 • 27: Palm out L+7 • 28: Palm out L+8 • 29: Palm out L+9 • 30: Palm out 3+0

FYI: ATTRIBUTIVE VS PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVES

• Attributive - ex. Friendly dog • Predicative - ex. The dog is friendly • English has both; ASL only has Predicative o #DOG IX"dog" FRIENDLY

MONEY SIGNS

• Cents o For $.01 - $.09, follow the rule of 9 § Bring number down from cent spot (temple) o For $.10 and up § CENT + NUMBER • Dollars o For $ 1 - $9, follow the rule of 9 § Shaking movement (variation - twist in movement) o For $10 and up § # + DOLLAR • Mixed Amounts o Use rule of 9 for dollar amount + # + CENT

Time Duration

• Hours - 1-9 numbers, (wh) "5" (dh) sign number in a circular motion around (wh), 10-12 sign number then HOUR. • Minutes - 1-9 numbers, (wh) "1" (dh) sign the number going out, 10-∞ sign the number then MINUTE.

INTERRUPTING OTHERS

• Maintaining eye contact is essential to culturally successful interaction in ASL. • Breaking eye contact is considered rude There are times you need to interrupt a conversation, there are ways to do it without appearing rude o Interrupting other's conversation: approach and get the attention of at least 1 person, when you are acknowledged - indicate reason for interruption and apologize o Serious conversations: approach and stand at a polite distance and wave your hand slightly, if not acknowledged right away, continue moving closer and waving your hand slightly until you get their attention. o Interruptions due to distractions: ask Deaf person to "hold on", when agreed, explain distraction and break eye contact.

TELLING WHERE ITEMS ARE LOCATED

• Name the room (eyebrows up) • Name the furniture or appliance or part of room (eyebrows up) • Specify location of the item (use reference point)

How to Ask "What's the Sign for...?"

• Point to object • i.e. IX-loc "that apple" • Draw the object • i.e. "draw the shape of an apple" • List items in categories • i.e. LIST: 1) ORANGE 2) BANANA 3) APPLE • Use opposites • i.e. BLACK "negate" WHITE • Describe/Act out • i.e. "describe a tree and pick up the apple"

Agent Markers

• Sign that changes a verb to a noun, or the country to the person with that nationality. • i.e. TEACH + Agent Marker (ER) = TEACHER

The Rule of 9

• Since numbers 1-9 lack movement they can be incorporated in different signs. • All the parameters remain the same, except for the handshape, that is changed to represent the specific quantity being discussed. i.e. 2-WEEKS, 3-MONTHS, 4-YEARS-OLD

TEMPORAL ASPECT

• Two types: Recurring (EVERY) or Continuous (ALL) • Used in this unit to describe someone's tendency or habit we use recurring o Movement of verb is modified by repeating the movement of the sign o Indicates something they "always do" o NMMs or Facial expressions can add meaning

Ways to Negate

• Use NMM (Most Common) • Frown eyebrows • Lean Back • Shake your head • Every time we negate we use the NMM • Use of Negative Sign • NOT, NONE, #NO • Abruptly throwing the sign away from your body • We can only do this with 4 signs. • WANT • LIKE • KNOW • FINE

WH-WORD QUESTIONS

• WH question word signed at the end with appropriate NMMs (eyebrows down) • If there is a time concept, sign it first in the question

RHETORICAL QUESTIONS

• WH-word questions - eyebrows go up to indicate a rhetorical question that will be answered by the signer • Often used for emphasis - avoid overuse • WHY-rhetorical vs. BECAUSE • When explaining why you like something, use the rhetorical question WHY instead of the sign BECAUSE.

Negotiating a Signing Environment

• Walk through • whenever possible walk around, but if there is no choice, pass quickly so the signer's won't be interrupted. Don't hunch down or wait, it's more visually distracting • Use touch • press someone's shoulder or upper back, and they will move while remaining engaged in their conversation(avoid tapping, that prompts the person to turn to you) • Ask a person to move • do so by pressing their shoulder in the direction would clear your view

SIGNER'S PERSPECTIVE

• When you are the signer, give directions and describe physical arrangements from your point of view. o Any time you "turn" your perspective changes - this is a perspective shift. • When you are the listener, "read" the directions and descriptions from the signer's point of view. o Your left may be the signer's right.

Plain Verbs:

• a regular verb in ASL. • When using plain verbs the signer must designate the subject and the object before the verb. • i.e. play, jump, run • *Plain verbs can only be signed in one direction*

ROLE SHIFT

A grammatical feature in ASL where we use the signing space on either side of our body to set up and refer to people or things by a slight twist of our body either left or right. By twisting one way or the other we are "shifting" into the other character. We take on the characteristics of the people or things to "become" them; thus we are "taking up their space". o Substantiate through elaboration = take on character actions, manner, and feelings to support an opinion given about that person o Use eye gaze accordingly o Can be used to show "he said, she said".

ROLE SHIFTING

A grammatical feature in ASL where we use the signing space on either side of our body to set up and refer to people or things by a slight shift of our body either left or right. By shifting one way or the other what we are doing is taking ont the characteristics of the people or things and becoming "them" thus, we are "taking up their space".

TOPICALIZATION/TOPIC-COMMENT STRUCTURE

ASL sentences are commonly ordered using "topic-comment" structure. This means that the topic (what the sentence is talking about) Is identified firt. This topic is signed first with the following non-manual markers: Eyebrows raised Slight head tilt forward Last sign identifying topic is held longer Think of dong this as if you were askin, "Do you understand wha the topic is?" the comment is either a statement, y/n question, wh-word question or command.

KEEPING EACH OTHER INFORMED

As we have learned during ASL 1 the Deaf community is relatively small. Because the Deaf community is such a close-knit cultural group there is one very important norm that we as hearing people need to remember to follow. That norm is the one that has to do with keeping each other informed of ones activities. Therefore; it is common in the Deaf community to explain and give reasons for anything that is out of the ordinary. This includes explaining why you are late, if and/or why you are leaving, introducing people you are with, and so on. This is not being "nosey", this is just common courtesy within the Deaf culture. A courtesy we as hearing people can understand because Deaf are so often left out of everyday things that are going on.

MONTHS

Follow English abbreviations JAN, FEB, AUG, SEPT, OCT, NOV, DEC MARCH, APRIL, MAY, JUNE, JULY

WH-WORD QUESTIONS (HOW)

In place of signing the word HOW, often in ASL we will simply sign the word with a WHWORD question non-manual marker. i.e. HOW-MANY, HOW-OLD, HOW-MUCH, HOW-LONG....

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

These pronouns are produced with a modified A handshape. They are the SELF pronouns, i.e, MYSELF, YOURSELF, HIMSELF, THEMSELVES....Generally, these pronouns are used for emphasis. There are very few times that the word me, you, he, or they could not replace the se of the reflexive pronouns.

COMPARATIVE SENTENCES OR CONTRASTIVE STRUCTURE

These sentences are often accompanied by a shift in body position to set up placement for the TWO topics in the sentence. Allows us to compare and contrast. Use the following nonmanual markers: o A slight shift in body position towards one side or the other to set up placement of the first topic. o A pause in the neutral or "center of body" (often accompanied by a gesture of "thinking") o A slight shift of body position towards the other side to establish the second topic.

DECLINING REQUESTS

When declining a request, be sure to give a reason

Types of Classifiers:

o Body (BCL) § Classifier signs in which the body "enacts" the verb of the sentence. Role shifting is usually required. The specific action is described in quotation marks. Example: BCL: "tapped on shoulder" o Bodypart (BPCL) § Classifier signs representing a specific part of the body doing the action. Handshape is given, followed by specific action of the body part in quotation marks. Example: (2h) BPCL:1 "crossing legs" o Descriptive (DCL) § Classifier signs used to describe an object or a person. What is described is in quotation marks. Example: DCL "curly hair" o Instrument (ICL) § Classifier signs in which part of the body (usually the hand) manipulates an object. The way in which an object is manipulated is in quotation marks. Example: ICL: "turn a crank" o Locative (LCL) § classifiers that we used to show the location of objects. Examples: LCL:A (used for odd shaped inanimate objects) & LCL: B palm down (used for flat objects)

CARDINAL vs. IDENTITY NUMBERS

o Cardinal - counting 1 through 5 palm in o Identity - phone, social security, house number, zip code, etc.) 1 through 5 palm out

Order for Describing Someone in ASL

o Describing a person 1. Race (if distinctive) 2. Gender 3. Any distinguishing characteristics (including facial features, hair styles, jewelry, body positions) 4. Height 5. Body type 6. Hair color 7. Hair style

• SPATIAL REFERENCING

o Establishing places or people in our signing space and referring back to them. These people or places can be in sight or not present, in which case we would establish them as REFERENTS.

ASKING FOR ADVICE

o Explain problem, ask for advice Tell when Explain situation Tell what you forgot to do (use conjunction !THOUGHT OCCUR!) Ask for advice

Facial Expressions

o Facial expressions are used to give additional information. They can function as adverbs and adjectives. o Describing Size: height, body type, clothing § use appropriate NMMs: "oo", "mm", "clenched teeth", "puff cheeks", "cha"

NEGATIONS

o Follow this order when negating a sentence: Establish time if specified (raise brows) Establish location if specified (raise brows) Name the topic (raise brows) End with a negation (shake head) o Negation signs: NOT, NONE, "wave no", NOT-YET, NOT-WANT, FORBID, REFUSE o Can add a tag question at the end - ex. I have no money. Do you?

HOW++ vs HOW

o HOW++: used to ask how something is done o HOW: used in commonly borrowed English phrases

Identifying Others

o In ASL when you are identifying people or places within sight, you begin your ASL structure with SEE-YOU. When you are identifying people or places that are not within sight, you begin your ASL structure with KNOW-YOU. This is simply the most common method of identifying people, places, or things. It doesn't necessarily make it less clear if you don't use these conversation markers, it is just more ASL appropriate and clearer. o Consider things that also distinguish the person from others: § Body position: arms or legs § Appearance: height, body type, head and face, or hair § Clothing: color and pattern

STRATEGIES TO ASK FOR A SIGN

o List things in the category o Use opposites o Describe or act out o Give definition

FROM THE WORKBOOK - be sure to read these sections as well

o Martha's Vineyard p. 155-156 o Keeping Others informed p. 230 o Insight p. 237