Assessment 13
If viruses are present in high enough concentrations in a sample, they can be quantified directly using a(n) _______ microscope.
electron
Lysogeny is best described as ______.
integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome
Enveloped viruses have an outer layer made up of _______.
lipid
Animal viruses can be studied by infecting ______.
live animals fertilized chicken eggs cell or tissue culture
A ______ infection results from the integration of bacteriophage DNA into the chromosome of the bacterial host.
lysogenic
Productive infection
new viral particles are produced
_______ are viruses that are capable of infecting and selectively killing cancer cells.
oncolytic viruses
DNA viruses often encode their own DNA ________ for DNA synthesis, which allows them to replicate even if the host cell is not actively duplicating its own chromosome.
polymerase
The replication strategies of animal viruses can be divided into three general categories: those used by _______ viruses, ________ viruses, and reverse transcribing viruses.
DNA RNA
The nucleocapsid is composed of ______.
DNA or RNA and protein.
_________ transduction is the result of excision errors made as temperate phages transition from a lysogenic to a lytic cycle.
specialized
Attachment of animal viruses to the host cell typically occurs by means of ______.
spikes
Which of the following describe a type of relationship that bacteriophages can have with their host?
Latent infection where host cell genotype is changed Productive lytic infection
Which of the following processes are required for production of virus particles in a host cell?
- translation of viral genes - replication of viral genome - transcription of viral genes
When an enveloped virus gains entry to an animal cell by fusion, the virus envelope fuses with the ______.
cytoplasmic membrane
During the process that leads to a lysogenic infection, which of the following inserts the phage DNA into a bacterial chromosome?
integrase
In which type of infection does the virus remain in the host for years, sometimes without symptoms?
persistent
A capsid is ______.
protein coat that surrounds the viral genome
Reassortment of gene segments that encode viral surface proteins recognized by the immune system can result in a loss of the immune system's ability to recognize and respond to the virus. This phenomenon is called antigenic _______.
shift
In acute viral infections, although the infected host cells may die, the host may survive because ______.
the host's immune system may gradually eliminate the virus
Replication of temperate phages and lytic phages have which steps in common?
Biosynthesis of viral components Release Genome entry Attachment Assembly
Reverse transcriptase is a(n) ______ polymerase.
RNA-dependent DNA
Replicases are ______ polymerases.
RNA-dependent RNA
The enzyme of RNA viruses that typically lacks proofreading ability and thus makes many mistakes compared to the polymerases of DNA viruses is ______.
Replicaste
The replication strategy of viruses can be divided into three general categories: those used by ______.
Reverse transcribing viruses, DNA viruses, RNA viruses
Phage DNA and proteins are made during the ________ step of the T4 lytic cycle.
Synthesis
The binding of a bacteriophage surface protein to a host cell receptor is called ______.
attachment
Mutations in the influenza virus genome can result in minor changes in key viral surface proteins. This type of variation is called antigenic _______.
drift
The process by which a virus is taken up by a host cell as a result of the host cell's cytoplasmic membrane surrounding the virion to form a vesicle is called ______.
endocytosis
Which of the following phage types cause productive infections that do not kill the host cell?
filamentous
Which form of transduction results from packaging errors during phage assembly?
generalized
In the case of animal viruses, the molecules that viral spikes attach to on the host cell in order to gain entry are typically ______.
glycoproteins
In animals, replication of most DNA viruses occurs within the host cell's ________.
nucleus
Most animal DNA viruses replicate within the host cell's ______.
nucleus
Viruses that can cause cancer in humans are known as _______ viruses.
oncogenic
Viruses that specifically target and kill cancer cells are called ______ viruses.
oncolytic
__________ infections remain for years, or even the lifetime of the host, sometimes without any symptoms.
persistent
In a(n) ______, viral titer can be determined by counting clear zones in a monolayer of cells
plaque assay
RNA viruses have a higher mutation rate than DNA viruses because replicases typically lack ______ ability.
proofreading
RNA viruses have a higher mutation rate than DNA viruses because replicases typically lack _______ ability.
proofreading
Viruses that have an RNA genome and use reverse transcriptase to synthesize a DNA copy of that genome are called ______.
retroviruses
An enzyme that uses an RNA molecule as a template to make a complementary copy of DNA is called ______.
reverse transcriptase
Many animal viruses have proteins called ________ that attach to receptors on host cells.
spikes
A ______ phage can either cause a lytic infection or can incorporate its DNA into the host genome as a prophage.
temperate
Bacteriophages that can enter into a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle are called ________ phages.
temperate
In a lysogenic infection, ______.
the bacteriophage DNA integrates into the host chromosome
An abnormal growth of tissue resulting from a malfunction in the normally highly regulated process of cell growth is a _________.
tumor
A complete viral particle, which typically consists of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat, is called a(n)
virion
Bacteriophages that exit the host cell at the end of an infection by lysing it are called _______ phages.
virulent
The enzyme of RNA viruses that typically lacks proofreading ability and thus makes many mistakes compared to the polymerases of DNA viruses is ______.
Replicase
Although live animals and fertilized chicken eggs have been used to cultivate animal viruses in the past, these have now been largely replaced by _______ culture.
cell
Which types of viruses are released by budding?
enveloped viruses
In a lysogenic infection, the phage DNA that is incorporated into the bacterial host genome is called a ______.
prophage
The stage of viral multiplication at which budding occurs is ______.
release
The viral proteins that stick out from either the lipid bilayer of enveloped viruses or the capsid of non-enveloped viruses, and attach to host cells, are ______.
spikes
Which form of transduction results from excision errors during the transition from a lysogenic to lytic cycle?
specialized
HIV is described as a ________ because it uses reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy from its RNA genome.
retrovirus
The virally encoded polymerase needed for replication of RNA viruses is called a ______.
replicase
The study of bacteriophages has advanced much faster than investigations on animal viruses in part because ______.
it is easier to grow bacterial cells than animal cells
Naked viruses do not have an outer lipid bilayer. These viruses are called _______-________ viruses.
non-enveloped
During viral replication, when the genome of a (+) single-stranded RNA virus is used as a template, which of the following is generated?
(-) single-stranded RNA molecules
In ______-strand RNA viral genomes, the genome functions as an mRNA molecule.
(+)
List the steps of an animal virus infection cycle in the correct order. Start with the earliest at the top.
1. attachment 2. penetration and uncoating 3. synthesis of viral proteins and replication of the genome 4. assembly 5. release
A generalized infection cycle of an animal viruses can be divided into five steps: 1. ______; 2. ______ entry; 3. _______; 4. ________; and 5. _______.
Attachment Genome Synthesis Assembly Release
True or false: DNA viruses can only replicate when the host cell is replicating its own genome.
False
True or false: Lysogens are more susceptible to reinfection by the same type of phage.
False
True or false: There is no need to classify viruses because they are not living organisms.
False
________ phages cause productive infections that do not kill the host cell.
Filamentous, M13, Temperate, or Lysogenic
Why are bacteriophages easier to study than animal viruses?
It is easier to grow the bacteriophage host cells in the lab.
Latent state
Viral genome remains silent within the cell
Which of the following statements about virus nucleic acid is true?
Viruses contain either DNA or RNA
The accumulation of mutations in genes that encode viral surface proteins recognized by the immune system results in a type of antigenic variation called ______.
antigenic drift
When two different strains of a segmented virus enter the same cell, reassortment of the gene segments can occur, resulting in ______.
antigenic shift
During the _________ or maturation step in viral multiplication, capsids and genetic material are packaged into virions.
assembly
Which of the following describes the various viral parts coming together to produce virions?
assembly
All of the following are required for synthesis of new virus particles in a host cell EXCEPT ______. RNA synthesis homologous recombination protein synthesis genome replication
homologous recombination
Symptoms of acute viral diseases result from ______.
host immune response host tissue damage
Which of the following describes a consequence of lysogeny that could result in human disease?
lysogenic conversion
______ is a change in the phenotype of a lysogen as a consequence of the specific prophage it carries.
lysogenic conversion
Consequences of lysogeny include ______.
lysogenic conversion immunity to superinfection
Infection of bacteria by _________ phages always ends with the lysis of the host cell.
lytic, virulent, or T4
Bacteriophages play a fundamental role in a type of horizontal gene transfer called _______.
transduction
What term is used to describe the transfer of genetic information from one bacterium to another bacterium by a bacteriophage?
transduction
Which of the following about classifying viruses is FALSE?
It is not as important as classifying organisms since they are not living entities.
True or false: it is easier to cultivate animal viruses than bacteriophages.
false; animal viruses need animals or animal cells for cultivation
________ transduction is the result of packaging errors during the assembly stage of phage replication.
generalized
The major categories of animal viral infections are _______ infections, characterized by the sudden onset of symptoms of a relatively short duration, and ________ infections that can continue with or without symptoms for years.
acute and persistent
How does bacteriophage nucleic acid enter the host cell?
injection
Which are the two major categories of viral infections?
acute and persistent