Assessment

What students learn from formal school instruction is called a. Ability b. Achievement c. Curriculum d. Instruction

b. achievement

Which of the following objectives would most appropriately be assessed by a performance assessment? a. students will identify the antagonist in a story b. students will compare and contrast two stories by the same author c. students will list the strengths and weaknesses of the main character d. students will write and present a play based on a story

d. Students will write and present a play based on a story.

The basic purpose of grading is to

to communicate with students and parents

A teacher is planning an essay test. She decides to hand out the questions and have the students write the answers at home and turn them in the next day. This decision would most clearly help avoid which of the following criticisms of essay tests?

Tendency to elicit poor writing quality

A teacher's "practical knowledge" of students in the class is mainly the result of

Early assessment

How does a teacher's practical knowledge help when he/she recognizes classroom situations that are abnormal or unacceptable?

It suggests what to do about the problem.

The following test item best assesses which of the following behaviors? The author of The Souls of Black Folk and advocate of the idea of the "talented tenth" was Booker T. Washington. W. E. B. Dubois. Frederick Douglass. Langston Hughes.

Knowledge of facts

An English teacher has given an A to a student in her class. How are parents most likely to interpret this grade?

My child is doing excellent work in English

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic steps in the instructional process? a. Form students in a classroom society b. Plan objectives and activities c. Deliver instruction d. Assess student achievement

a. form students in a classroom society

Of the following questions that a teacher might consider when reviewing a completion question, which is most related to the validity of the item? a. Is the question relevant to one of my objectives? b. Have I written the item so the blank is at the end? c. Are there any spelling mistakes? d. Is there room for students to write their answers?

a. is the question relevant to one of my objects?

Identify the type of classroom assessment represented by a pretest given before introducing a unit of decimals a. Early assessment b. Instructional assessment c. Summative assessment d. All of these

b. instructional assessment

A recommended number of performance criteria for use in classroom performance assessment is (are) a. less than 3 b. 4 to 7 c. 6 to 12 d. 20 to 25

c. 6 to 12

Which of the following behaviors would be LEAST likely to be assessed using a checklist or rating scale? a. drawing shapes to scale b. hopping in a straight line c. identifying the main idea of a story d. singing a song

c. Identifying the main idea of a story

The first step in planning instruction is to a. Select instructional materials b. Plan teaching activities c. Assess student needs d. State educational objectives

c. assess student needs

Good instruction focuses on the _____, while effective instruction focuses on the _____. a. Textbook objectives; teacher objectives b. Teacher's plans; textbook plans c. Teacher's instruction; student' learning d. Students' learning; teacher's lesson plans

c. teacher's instruction; students' learning

Which of the following is the most important influence on the validity of the score obtained from a classroom achievement test? a. The objectivity of scoring b. The use of essay items c. The extent to which the test reflects instruction d. The spread of the scores that are obtained from the test

c. the extent to which the test reflects instruction

"I don't like this way of grading. I did all the work. My partner did nothing and got the same grade I did." This student is most likely complaining about grading based upon

cooperative learning.

The major problem with the performance criterion "is interested in school" is that it a. fails to allow for daily behavior b. assesses an insignificant characteristic c. is an affective behavior d. fails to define what is meant by "interest"

d. fails to define what is meant by "interest."

Educational objectives help teachers focus on the ___ of instruction, not just its ____. a. Conduct, purposes b. Achievement, assessment c. Practice, activities d. Outcomes, activities

d. outcomes, activities

"I can tell by the way a student dresses how well they will perform in my class." This statement is an example of a. the primacy effect b. prior knowledge c. the self-fulfilling prophesy d. prejudgment

d. prejudgment

A fair and valid test a. Covers content and skills similar to those covered during actual instruction b. Is not confined to what is actually taught in class c. Contains a variety of question types d. Can be completed within 30 minutes

a. covers content and skills similar to those covered during actual instruction

Parents and others outside the classroom usually interpret a student's grades as a description of the student's

achievement.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of early assessment?

Concentrates on students' cognitive behaviors

Which of the following is the best procedure for a teacher to use to assess student learning on a unit about the selection of properly balanced meals? a. ask students to plan menus b. observe students' food choices in the cafeteria c. have students write an essay on good nutrition d. ask students' parents what students eat at home

b. Observe students' food choices in the cafeteria.

When assessment permits one to make the inference for which it is being used, we say that the assessment is: a. Reliable b. Valid c. Objective d. Biased

b. valid

During early assessment, prejudgments are most likely to affect which of the decisions a teacher makes? a. Subjective features b. Validity c. Reliability d. Affective features

b. validity

When developing or selecting tests to assess student achievement, teachers must ensure that the test a. Includes "surprise" topics that were not taught to students b. Can be graded quickly and easily c. Is relevant to the actual instruction provided to students d. Assesses approximately twenty percent of the objectives and instructional topics

c. is relevant to the actual instruction provided to students

What is the main disadvantage of informal observation? a. It takes too long to complete b. The teacher must set up special conditions in the classroom c. Many important student behaviors may not be observed d. Only numerical information can be collected

c. many important student behaviors may not be observed

Which of the following criteria for scoring students' five-paragraph essays would produce the most subjective judgments?

Thoughts are expressed clearly.

A teacher has a conference with a parent who is angry because he claims the final grade his son received on the literature unit is unfair. The teacher is presenting evidence of the

validity of the grade.

All of these are levels of Bloom's Taxonomy EXCEPT a. Knowledge b. Application c. Communication d. Evaluation

c. communication

The process intended to help change student behaviors in specified and desirable ways is called a. Ability b. Curriculum c. Education d. Performance assessment

c. education

A true-false question would be particularly effective in determining whether students could identify

correct and incorrect historical facts.

Grades that are based upon comparing a student's performance to established standards of performance are called _____ tests or grades.

criterion-referenced

The Emancipation Proclamation was signed in ____. Which of the following revisions of this completion item would both clarify the question for students and making scoring more objective? a. In ____, Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation. b. The Emancipation Proclamation was signed by ____ in ____. c. When the Emancipation Proclamation signed? d. In what year was the Emancipation Proclamation signed?

d. In what year was the Emancipation Proclamation signed

The term validity is closest meaning to the term a. Consistency b. Objectivity c. Standardization d. Relevance

d. Relevance

Ms. Valdez permits a higher noise level than the other first-grade teachers. Her students get out of their seats and help each other with classwork. This describes the teacher's

levels of tolerance

Because teachers obtain reinforcement and satisfaction from their instruction, their assessments of the instructional process may NOT be

objective

All of the following tend to reduce the validity and reliability of performance assessments EXCEPT

performance criteria matched to students' performance level.

Handwriting, writing style, spelling and grammar, neatness, identity of the student, and the fatigue of the scorer are all factors that contribute to ______.

scoring subjectivity

The validity of an achievement test is reduced when ______.

there are multiple distractions when students are taking the test scoring is subjective directions about what to do on the test are unclear

A teacher is assigning report card grades to her students. Which of the following will provide the tangible evidence needed to support the assigned grades?

Tests and homework

Administrative reasons for grading include motivating students to study and rewarding them for effort and achievement. a. true b. false

b. false

Although grading is optional, most teachers choose to assign grades to students. a. true b. false

b. false

Data for grading should only be gathered during the beginning and end of the grading period. a. true b. false

b. false

Grading is a straightforward process for teachers because they can follow their school district's grading standard. a. true b. false

b. false

Grading that compares a student's achievement to predefined performance standards is called norm-referenced grading. a. true b. false

b. false

Students with disabilities should be graded using the same system and standards as other students. a. true b. false

b. false

When figuring grades, affective behaviors such as interest and motivation should be weighted equally with formal assessments. a. true b. false

b. false

A school policy requires that grading be based on student improvement. Which of the following students in the class would be at greatest risk of receiving a low grade in this approach?

A student who has attained all or most of the objectives at the beginning of the term

With respect to teaching and testing, the most useful states of objectives are ones that

Are specific in terms of their process and knowledge

Individualized assessment would be most appropriate for answering which of the following questions?

Does this child have a learning disability?

While the student does his homework correctly, it contains the minimum of material needed to meet the requirements for assignments. Which of the following methods of grading this student would most clearly convey to the student's parents how the student has been performing in science class?

Give the student an A, but record a low mark for effort on the report card.

How does practical knowledge differ from theoretical knowledge?

Practical knowledge is limited to a specific setting, theoretical is not.

A teacher is concerned about how to grade three of the students in her class. The three students are most likely which of the following?

Students with disabilities

If only one of these factors could be considered in constructing a classroom achievement test, which should be selected?

The instruction given

A teacher is planning the information to include in his grades. Which of the following must he include?

The students' achievement

To determine where this student is easily distracted, the teacher should do which of the following? a. Observe the student during individual and group activities b. Ask the student with whom she would like to sit c. Require the student to write an essay on a subject of her choice d. Review the student's record file in the school office

a. Observe the student during individual and group activities

The main purpose of an official assessment is to a. Allow students a chance to show what they have learned from instruction b. Determine how broadly based students' out of school learning is c. Challenge students to see how they adapt to new and creative items d. Gather information about students' subject matter attitudes and interests

a. allow students a chance to show what they have learned from instruction

In classroom performance assessment, the main source of bias comes from a. the observer b. rating scale c. student performance d. purpose of assessment

a. the observer

When planning to collect observational data, the first step should be to a. devise a rating scale b. set up the classroom so the desired performance can be observed c. determine how many observations of each student are needed d. define the behaviors to be observed

d. define the behaviors to be observed.

Which does NOT describe early assessment? a. Early assessment is typically done at the start of the school year b. First impressions from early assessment tend to remain stable c. Early assessment is used to organize and manage classroom society d. Early assessment focuses on students' cognitive behaviors

d. early assessment focuses on students' cognitive behaviors

Which of the following is the most broad and complex of the teacher objective levels? a. Educational objectives b. Instructional objectives c. District objectives d. Global objectives

d. global objectives

Teachers' initial impressions often influence the way they interact with their students, often students begin to behave in the way the teachers expected them to behave. This phenomenon is called the a. Primacy effect b. Sizing-up process c. Personal theory effect d. Self-fulfilling prophesy

d. self-fulfilling prophesy

The only way a teacher's grades can provide a consistent message to all students and parents is if they are based on

the same criteria for all students.

In selecting or developing an achievement test, a teacher should

use item types that reflect desired learning behaviors.

Teaching students the specific terms on a test is most likely to threaten the _____ of the test scores. a. Validity b. Reliability c. Objectivity d. Standardization

a. validity

Scoring without knowing the student's name, reading all answers to a question at once, and shuffling papers between questions are all scoring procedures that can reduce the problem of ______.

irrelevant factors' impact on student grades

The process of collecting, synthesizing, and interpreting information to aid in classroom decision making is called a. Achievement b. Assessment c. Diagnosis d. Education

b. assessment

A student's performance is most commonly compared to the student's prior performance. a. true b. false

b. false

Which of the following is best stated for use in a checklist or rating scale? a. organizes adequately b. pauses at the end of each sentence c. expresses interest in the topic d. is well behaved in class

b. pauses at the end of each sentence

The primary purpose of all types of assessments is to a. Help make decisions b. Grade students c. Improve instruction d. Compare students

a. Help make decisions

In order to measure application with multiple choice items, the items must a. Contain new and unfamiliar material b. Include complex sentence structure c. Require a high level of reading ability d. Require recall of the answer

a. contain new and unfamiliar material

What type of assessment is used to obtain information to help develop the classroom into a productive social and educational environment? a. Early assessment b. Instructional assessment c. Summative assessment d. Cognitive assessment

a. early assessment

The three phases of classroom assessment are a. Early assessment, instructional assessment, and summative assessment b. Standardized assessment, Nonstandardized assessment, and standards-based assessment c. Valid, reliable, and ethical d. Cognitive, affective, and psychomotor

a. early assessment, instructional assessment, and summative assessment

A teacher is watching and listening for clear pronunciation of words. She is engaging in which of the following methods of collecting assessment data? a. Observation b. Oral questioning c. Paper-and-pencil testing d. Performance tasks

a. observation

An educational objective describes a. The process and knowledge a student is expected to learn b. What the teacher will do during classroom instruction c. The text and materials that the teacher will use d. The procedures that will be used to assess students

a. the process and knowledge a student is expected to learn

A narrative grading system allows the teacher to provide a substantial written or oral description of the student's performance. a. true b. false

a. true

Each type of assessment information should be expressed in terms of the same scale so that all can be combined into a composite score. a. true b. false

a. true

Essays and other paper-and-pencil tests are examples of summative assessments. a. True b. False

a. true

Official assessments impact grading, placement, promotion, and other important decisions about students. a. True b. False

a. true

Quizzes, tests, homework, projects, reports, and portfolios are all examples of student work that may be included in an overall grade. a. true b. false

a. true

Which of the following true false items contain a specific determiner? a. Alaska has both oil and mineral deposits. b. Alaska is always cold in the winter. c. Alaska is increasing in population. d. Alaska is our biggest state.

b. Alaska is always cold in the winter

Logical error occurs when a teacher gathers assessment information that is a. Subjective b. An inappropriate indicator to assess student characteristics c. Measured using only informal techniques d. Influenced by prior knowledge or first impressions of students

b. an inappropriate indicator to assess student characteristics

Which of the following questions could most likely be answered using a lower level cognitive skill? a. Explain why haiku are difficult to write well b. Define "imagery" c. Interpret the meaning of the color white in Moby Dick d. Evaluate Poe's use of sound imagery in "The Raven"

b. define "imagery"

The more a teacher's instruction varies from the objectives and lesson plans suggested in the textbook, the more the teacher should a. Rely on the textbook test to assess achievement b. Plan to construct his or her own achievement test c. Give more frequent assessments of achievement d. Use the textbook review to prepare students for testing

b. plan to construct his or her own achievement test

A multiple choice item could be most easily developed for which of the following objectives? The student will a. Describe the sunset using metaphors b. Recognize examples of metaphors from newspaper articles c. Explain how metaphors enhance the quality of writing Compare and contrast the use of metaphors and similes

b. recognize examples of metaphors from newspaper articles

When planning assessment activities for a lesson, students with special needs who require accommodations during instruction a. Should not be provided with accommodations during assessment activities b. Should, in most cases, be provided with the same accommodation during assessment c. Should be excused from participating in assessment activities d. Should always be provided with an aide to assist during the assessment

b. should, in most cases, be provided with the same accommodation during assessment

In general, ____ items encourage global, integrative study, while ____ items encourage a more detailed focus on specific facts, definitions, people, and events. a. Selection, supply b. Supply, selection c. Multiple choice, essay d. True false, interpretive

b. supply, selection

The two main characteristics of appropriate assessment information are a. Standardization and objectivity b. Validity and reliability c. Selectivity and standardization d. Objectivity and observations

b. validity and reliabilty

A key distinction between measurement and evaluation is that only evaluation a. Require clear definitions of characteristics b. Allows mathematical manipulation of score c. Requires making a judgment Is based on instruction

c. requires making a judgment

Ms. Lopez has sized up her class and has begun to set up individualized assignments. For students she perceives as "slow learners" she focuses on basic skill and requires little writing. For students she perceives as "fast learners" she focuses on complex tasks that require creative solutions. She makes it clear that she doesn't expect as much attention to detail from the "slow learners" as she does from the "fast learner." MS. Lopez's perceptions of her students and her communication of those perceptions could easily result in which of the following problems for her students? a. Bias b. Use of low-inference indicators c. Self-fulfilling prophesy d. Primacy effect

c. self-fulfilling prophesy

Which of the following performance criteria is LEAST valid if the performance is intended to indicate a student's skill in performing science experiments? a. time of each observation made is recorded b. change in seed's appearance described in detail c. states observations in complete sentences d. describes seed development under different growing conditions

c. states observations in complete sentences

To adequately prepare students for achievement tests, teachers should a. Limit their instruction to the types of skills and knowledge that they believe will be on the test b. Teach students the answers to specific test items c. Use state standards and objectives to guide instruction d. Administer additional tests when students are inattentive or misbehaving

c. use state standards and objectives to guide instruction

The main purpose of a portfolio is to

collect student performances to demonstrate their work and accomplishments over time.

In order to be useful in guiding performance assessment, performance criteria must be all of the following EXCEPT a. observable b. related to the general behavior of interest c. diagnostic d. abstract

d. abstract

Which of the following can result in a test that is not a valid indicator of student achievement? a. The use of inappropriate vocabulary within a test item b. Test items that contain clues to the correct answers c. Test items that do not aligned with the learning objectives d. All of these

d. all of these

A teacher has a new student who has transferred from a school in a neighboring town. The student's old school has a reputation for being less rigorous, and students who go there are considered to be of generally low ability. After taking a seat at her new desk, the student stares out the window while the teacher gives directions for the first activity of the day. Seeing the student's behavior, the teacher thinks, "Oh boy, this one is going to need a lot of extra help and attention." The teacher's thought best illustrates which of the following effects? a. Logical error b. Self-fulfilling prophesy c. Cultural deficits d. Observer prejudgment

d. observer prejudgment

In selecting exercises and questions for use in a pre-assessment review, it is best to select ones that are a. Identical to those on the test b. Unrelated to those on the test c. Chosen from another textbook test Similar to those on the test

d. similar to those on the test

Assessments that are intended to be administered, scored, and interpreted the same way no matter when and where they are called a. Valid b. Criterion-referenced c. Interpretive exercises d. Standardized

d. standardized

The main difference between good instruction and effective instruction is that effective instruction is concerned with a. Educational objectives b. Actual classroom instructional activities c. Rapport between the teacher and students d. Student learning

d. student learning

Which of the following objectives could most appropriately be assessed by an essay question? a. Students will define "active voice" and "passive voice." b. Students will determine when a sentence is written in the active or passive voice c. Students will rewrite a sentence from the passive to the active voice d. Students will evaluate how voice affects the style of a piece of writing

d. students will evaluate how voice affects the style of a piece of writing