Assignment 5

Cultural change during Meiji period

"Civilization and enlightenment" stressed by Fukuzawa Yukichi Advocated learning Western languages and encouraged Japan to learn from the West Japanese began to conform to Western taste such as by eating meat, wear Western-style clothes, and drop customs that Westerners found odd, such as married women blackening their teeth.

The Diet

Adopted constitutional form of government: German constitutional monarchy Two parliament house: the Diet Upper house of lords drawn largely from former lords and nobles Lower house elected by a limited electorate

Berlin West Africa Conference Lays Down the 'Rules' for the Scramble

All nations shall enjoy free trade All European powers bind themselves to watching over the preservation of the native tribes and to care for them and try to improve their moral conditions They shall favor all religions but Christianity will be the most protected Freedom of trade

Reflections of My Errors, Sakuma Shozan

Born into a samurai family Well-read in Western literature Realized that Japan was no match for Western science Advocates middle course between Eastern tradition and Western modernization Angers both conservatives and radicals Is ultimately assassinated Doesn't regret his actions You need to get to know your enemy before you destroy them Portrait metaphor → don't rip it up b/c you can get a sense of enemy if you keep it Compares English to the barbarian tongue "Eastern ethics and Western science"

Chinatowns

Chinese flock to cities, mostly San Francisco. Revolved around beneficial organization similar to political machines in eastern cities: employment brokers, unions, arbitrators of disputes, defenders against outside persecution, and dispensers of social service. Also organized elaborate festivals and celebrations.

Coolies

Chinese indentured servants whose condition was close to slavery

Meiji reforms

Dismantle 4 class system and declare everyone equal Stripped samurai of their privileges The new army recruited commoners along with samurai Conscription law: issue in 1872 but exempted first son Universal public schools National police force Both beneficial and oppressive

Dutch East India Company

Established a supply station at Cape Town for Dutch ships sailing between Amsterdam and Indonesia. Temperature climate and sparse population 20,000 free Dutch citizens and 25,000 African slaves when the British take possession in the Napoleonic Wars

Political and diplomatic of imperialism

European Social Darwinism Ongoing industrial and technological advances after 1880 justified Social Darwinist argument

naturalization act of 1870

Naturalization laws extended to aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent.

Basil Davidson, Africa Without History

Recaptives: captives taken into slavery to the Americas but "recaptured" and set free by the crews of the naval blockade established by Great Britain after 1807, when British banned the further conduct in British ships of the slave trade. The blockade continued into the 1860s until smuggling finally faded out and was sporadically effective. Recaptives are usually placed in Sierra Leone or Monrovia (in Liberia) Recaptives worshipped the British because of their circumstances. Thought it was the fault of African cultures and traditions that they had been enslaved. Came to see their own tradition and method of traditional by local African elites as rule by savagery. Saw the British as their saviors and felt that Africa had betrayed them Embraced Christianity and combined cultures to form a new language of Creole African in origin but divided from Africa by an experience of alienation Saw themselves as agents of Christianity that needed to spread the religion across their backwards country Recaptive community produces theologians, political thinkers, men of capable action, and, increasingly, men of relative wealth They were not welcomed back into their old communities Select Committee of 1865: committee of parliament which decides the political relationship Great Britain has to these colonies. Very brief moment of believing that power should vested in the hands of the local African chiefs In the 1860s, British abandons her colonial enterprise on the West Coast of Africa Battle between tradition and modernization with modernizers on the ground of European culture but most realized that you had to combine the two to be successful. Wasn't able to do what Japan did → combine the two cultures to benefit it Recaptives wanted to build Africa on completely non-African lines James Africanus Horton → father was a skilled joiner and a self-respecting Christian citizen of the Sierra Leone colony. James studied British medicine and went to King's College, London, and to Edinburgh University. Devoted himself to the political modernization of African. Thought that Africans must be free to develop themselves and, given this freedom, there were capable of anything. For this, however, they needed Christianity and British example. Rejected "tradition". Fought for independence for African territories but that constitutions framed on British lines and administered with paternalistic authority. British education for Africans. Attoh Ahuma → Africans must be proud of their continent and cultures but the enlightened Africans must help each other out of the 'Darkest Africa'. Paying homage to Africa while preaching Africa's inability to help itself. Theory that no nation can civilize itself Pendulum swings back to imperialism very quickly Africans are soon squeezed out of the senior official posts they had held in Horton's day and were replaced by Europeans

Domestic motives of imperialism

Social tensions and domestic political conflicts Colonial issues as ways to divert popular attention from domestic conflicts

Spanish capitulation

Spanish capitulate in July in Cuba and August in the Philippines.

King Kamehameha I

king who established dominance in Hawaii, welcomed American traders, and helped them develop a thriving trade between Hawaii and China. American dominated sugar plantation displaced native Hawaiians from their lands and relied heavily on Asian immigrants.

Working class

multiracial with white workers occupying the upper tiers of employment (management and skilled labor) and lower tiers (unskilled work in the mines, railroads, or agriculture) filled by nonwhites.

Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt

raised a cavalry troops of cowboys and college polo players called the "Rough Riders". Roosevelt ordered them to charge and they won the battle at San Juan and nearby Kettle hills, though with more than 1,500 American casualties.

Jose Martí

returns to Cuba in 1895 to renew the colony's struggle for independence from Spain. Cut down railroad lines, destroyed sugar mills, and set fire to the cane fields.

Leopold II of Belgium

rules 1865-1909. The king of Belgium who colonized the Congo and sent expeditions into central Africa. The French reacted by establishing a French protectorate on the north bank of the Congo River.

Transcontinental Railroad

12,000 Chinese found work building the transcontinental railroad, forming 90 percent of the labor force of the Central Pacific. Company preferred them to white laborers. Chinese were subjected to the worst working conditions of all the workers Long work day Low wages Cold In 1866, 5000 Chinese rebelled against the bad conditions but were starved into submission by strikebreakers When the railroad was completed, many lost their jobs

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882. Banned Chinese immigration into the United States for ten years and barred Chinese already in the country from becoming naturalized citizens. Congress renewed the law in 1892.

Berlin Conference

1884-1885.Law down some basic rules for imperialist competition in sub-Saharan Africa No African was present Established the principle that European claims to African territory had to rest on "effective occupation" in order to recognized by other states. No single European power would be able to claim the entire continent Recognizes Leopold's rule over a neutral Congo Agreed to work to stop slavery and the slave trade in Africa

Sino-Japanese War

1894-1895 war between Japan and China, fought over Japanese efforts to separate Korea from Chinese influence. China was decisively defeated Much of its navy had been purchased abroad at great expense China cedes Taiwan to Japan Agreed to pay huge indemnity Gave Japan the right to open factories in China China humiliated yet again

Russo-Japanese War

1904-1905 war between Russia and Japan fought over imperial influence and territory in northeast China (Manchuria).

Events of February 1898

A Cuban agent steals a private letter by Enrique Dupuy de Lome describing McKinley as a weak man. Coming from a foreigner, it aroused fury. Lome promptly resigned. The American battleship Maine blew up in Havana harbor with a loss of more than 260 people. Many Americans assumed that the Spanish had blown up the ship, though later evidence suggested that the disaster was actually the result of an accidental explosion inside one of the engine rooms. War spirit sweep the country and Congress unanimously appropriated 50 million for military preparations.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

A captain and admiral in the US Navy. Most effective apostle of imperialism. Argued that countries with sea power were the great nations of history. Effective sea power required colonies.

Standard Treaty, Royal Niger Company

African chieftains sign treaties that gave European states or trading companies control of African lands and resources Royal Niger Company competes with trade on the Niger River with France Queen Victoria commissions the company Tribes have to have permission to talk to each other Leaves Africans up to the mercy of the foreigners Company promises to help the natives in times of need (as if they can't help themselves) Promises not to interfere with any native laws or customs Company has power to settle disputes between tribes

The Boer War: 1899-1902

Afrikaners, descendants of the Dutch settlers who lived in the Transvaal and Orange Free State vs the British in the Cape Colony Involved 4 million black inhabitants Fundamental questioning of Britain's imperial ideology Discovery of gold in the Transvaal British fear the Afrikaners will become the most rich because of the wealth Transvaal Cecil Rhodes/Joseph Chamberlain find allies in non-Afrikaner British population living in the Transvaal, who were denied the right to vote and were discriminated against President of the Transvaal, Paul Kruger, launches a preemptive strike against British and wins many early victories British have a much harder time than they expect British ultimately win at the expense of men, material, and prestige- the war dragged on much longer than the British expected British institute concentration camps which held Afrikaners and Africans who the British feared would side with the Dutch The two Afrikaner Republics of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State (with their vast gold reserves) are brought into the British empire

14th amendment

All persons born or naturalized in the US are citizens of the US and the states wherein they reside

Platform of the American Anti-Imperialist League, 1899

Anti-imperial Congress in Chicago Imperialism is hostile to liberty Contrary to our spirit and promises Condemning the policy in the Philippines We are using methods similar to the ones that Spanish used in Cuba It is the Filipino's right to independence Might does NOT make right We are forgetting our ideals Citizens don't have to support the government when it makes this anti-American decision We must return to following the Constitution and the Dec of Independence

Mining booms

Began around 1860 and abruptly declined in the 1890s. California gold rush of 1849 1859 discovery of gold in Pike's Peak district of Colorado 1874 gold discovery in the Black Hills of southwestern Dakota Territory Men significantly outnumber women in mining towns created a ready market for prostitutes.

US vs Wong Kim Ark

Case: Wong Kim Ark was born in 1873 in San Fran. His parents were not citizens at the time but were persons of Chinese descent and subjects of the Emperor of China. They were mostly engaged in business. Ark never committed any crime to lost himself his citizenship. In 1890, he departed for China and, when he returned, was allowed to enter based on the ground that he was a U.S. citizen. However, in 1895, when he tried to reenter after another trip to China, he was denied re entry on the ground that he was not a citizen of the U.S. Brought up question of birthright citizenship 14th Amendment vs. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882, banned Chinese immigration for two years and barred Chinese already in the country from becoming naturalized citizens) Question of whether a law can target a specific group of people or not Power of Congress vested to it by the Constitution gives it to the power to confer citizenship, not to take it away Jus soli (by soil) or Jus sanguinis (by blood) Ruling (6-3): A Chinese born in the United States with parents of Chinese descent becomes a citizen at the time of his birth.

The British Empire: Colonial Commerce and "The White Man's Burden", Joseph Chamberlain

Colonies foster trade and serve as a source of raw materials British Empire has a sacred duty to carry civilization, Christianity, and British law to the "backward" peoples of Africa and Asia Demand for jobs will be satisfied by a new market creation overseas Develop old markets We would not exist without our old colonies and we are dependent on them Egg metaphor→ We have to make sacrifices and some will have to die because we have to use force Has to mean something For one life lost, a hundred will be gained This brings prosperity to the people

2 Proclamations of the Boxer Rebellion

Compares foreigners to devils Religious argument → the gods are angry we are letting Westerners encroach Catholics and Protestants have vilified our tradition Kill all Christian converts and people who attempt to protect them Very extreme

Robert G. Ingersoll, Should the Chinese Be Excluded? (1893)

Condemned the Chinese Exclusion aCT Chinese can't vote so have no power anyway We are destroying our own liberty The law is interrupting the natural flow of events in America: a new wave of immigrants is at the bottom at first but then moves up as time goes on Should we let the machinery of America work? We are putting hard workers with criminals This is contrary to our spirit

Congress of Vienna

Conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Wenzel von Metternich. Try to figure out how to prevent war Long term peace plan for Europe by selling critical issues arising from French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars

On Empire and Education: Macauley

Create Indians of English nature Assimilation We need to educate a class of middle men who will be our interpreters English literature is more valuable than classical People cannot be educated with their current foreign tongue Abandon Oriental form of education Compares English language to Ancient Roman language Most superior languages of all Though he has no working knowledge of Arabic or Sanskrit

Boxer Rebellion

Emperor Guangxu launches a progressive campaign to Westernize China Hundred Days' Reform: weed out corrupt officials, streamline the government, stimulate education, reform the military, and introduce Chinese-owned banks, railroads, and newspaper Opposition coalesces around the emperor's aunt, Empress Dowager Cixi "Righteous and Harmonious Fists" was a secret society that came to b known as Boxers Believed that foreigners were the cause of China's problems Launched a murder campaign against foreign missionaries and business owners Business owners flee to Beijing for protection and Boxers follow them and place the legation quarter under siege European, Japanese, and U.S. troops lift the siege 1901 → China has to sign another humiliating treaty, the Boxer Protocol, which required a large indemnity payment

Edmund Morel, The Black Man's Burden

English author and journalist Concerned about the colonial exploitation of Africa and the suffering that had been afflicted upon the African peoples Most extreme abuses were in the Congo Free State under the personal rule of King Leopold II of Belgium The people of the Congo Free States were decimated Pillaging the wealth of Congo only for the private interests of Belgium Native rights are confined and native population has no proprietary rights Native cannot sell anything directly Theme of helplessness Rubber/ivory in Congo

Benefits of British Rule for India

First Asian member of Parliament in India Benefits Abolition of sati and infanticide Education for both genders Resuscitation of India's noble literature, complemented by great Western literature Peace and order Freedom of speech and liberty of the press Equal justice Increase of exports and telegraphs Disadvantages Repeated breach of pledges to give the natives a fair and reasonable share in the administration of their own country Utter disregard for native desires All attention being focused on devising new modes of taxation, without an effort to increase the means of the people to pay An increase in exports without adequate compensation Loss of manufacturing industry and skill British has been overall moral blessing but a material impoverishment It is a "knife of sugar" → Has good things but is still cutting up culture

Japan as an imperial power

Forced Korea to sign an unequal treaty in 1876 and open three ports to Japanese trade Japan won in the Sino-Japanese War and gained Taiwan from China and was able to make Korea a protectorate Japan participated with the European powers in occupying Beijing to suppress the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900

Economic motives of imperialism

France, Germany, and US are industrializing rapidly behind the rising tariff barriers Great Britain is facing increasingly tough competition so comes to value its high and profitable colony in India Colonies were not that profitable

Industrialization during Meiji period

Getting railroads, mines, and factories started Japanese compete with China in export of tea and silk to the rest Development of heavy industry Import substitution: factories such as cotton mills were set up to help cut the importation of Western consumer goods Zaibatsu: Japanese industrial combines Farmers often rioted as their incomes failed to keep with prices or their tax burdens grew

Pro-arguments of imperialism

It advanced Europeans and Americans should civilize primitive non-Western peoples Africans and Asians would receive the benefits of modern economies, cities, medicine, and higher standards of living Imperial government might protect colonized people from ethnic warfare and the slave trade within Africa Promote the growth of Christianity

Emperor Kuang Hsu: Abolition of the Examination System, 1898.

Learned English and converted to Christianity We must improve the military Westernization as protection against the West Confucian classics are not helpful anymore Attempted strengthen China against the West Convert to Western methods of education Very extreme capital letters

Annexation of the Philippines

Many influential Americans such as Grover cleveland, Andrew Carnegie and Mark Twain opposed annexation but agreed that expansion, in the form of trade that would benefit the nation, was a good idea. They also argued that the fleet necessary to defend the islands would be too large and costly. To the imperialists, a large fleet was crucial to the interests of a commercial nation. Imperialists believed in the racial inferiority of the Philippines. Dark-skinned people were never capable of self-government.

Declaration of War, William McKinley, 1898

McKinley could not resist the mounting public and political pressure for war Stressed the nation's humanitarian sympathy for the Cuban independence movement It is too expensive for US to maintain neutrality We are offended by the barbaric practices going on now Trade has suffered and the capital invested in Cuba has been lost The war in Cuba will go on forever if we don't intervene It will continue until the physical exhaustion of either one or both of the parties We have before now always wanted peace in Cuba and untarnished by differences between us and Spain without spilling American blood Now we must intervene as a neutral to stop the war

Teller Amendment

Nine days after McKinley asks Congress to authorize forceful intervention in Cuba, Congress recognizes Cuban independence, insists on the withdrawal of Spanish forces, and gives the president authority to use military force. Also passes Teller Amendment which renounced any aim to annex Cuba.

Orientalist by Edward Said

Orient was almost a place of European invention and had been since antiquity a place of romance, exotic beings, haunting memories, and landscapes Occident and. Orient The Orient was a means of representing the "East" that comes with a specific culture language developed in the "West" and that tells us something about the mindset of the West A socially constructed concept and idea of the West that has taken particular forms Based on some truth but mostly imagination of the West Orient as a way of differentiating between the East and the West Tells us more about ourselves than the East → the East is what we are not Cultural appropriation: members of one culture take on what they perceive to be aspects of other cultures

Orientalist Art

Paintings used as propaganda in support of the French imperialism Depicted the East as backward, lawless, and barbaric Much relied on the French government's twenty-four volume "Description de l'Egypte" describing the culture, architecture, and natural life in Egypt Artists depiction of what they thought of the east Harem images were especially popular Image of the East as seductive Cultivated beauty and pampered isolation The East as a cradle of Western religions/Christianity Inadequacy of literary tradition Exoticism

Ndansi Kumalo: his story

Part of the Ndebele tribe Pushed out their land by Europeans Western influences come in Many people were killed and disrupted the land White men enslaved us Children are Christian so spirit worship is dying out The white men have more advanced technological weapons Cattle are wiped out The white men did bring some good things but they don't outweigh all the disadvantages of their rule Troubles with crops

Forager Act of 1900

Puerto Ricans received a voice in their government as well as a nonvoting representative in the US House of Representatives. Some criticized this second-class status.

Criticism of imperialism

Quest for empire diverted away from domestic reform and the need to reduce the great gap between rich and poor at home Moral condemnation of white ruling nonwhites Europeans fail to live up to their own ideals in colonies by treating the inhabitants unequally

Three major technological advances

Rapidly firing machine gun → ultimate weapon Quinine → an agent that proved effective in controlling attacks of malaria which had previously decimated Europeans in the tropics Combination of the steamship and the international telegraph

Philippine-American War

Rebels fought with an American patrol outside of Manila. Filipino insurrectos learned to take advantage of the mountainous jungle terrain Aguinaldo adopted "hit and run" tactics and guerilla warfare Insurrectors melt into the tropical forests and friendly villages First instance of jungle warfare

Discovery of diamonds in 1867

Revolutionized economy of South Africa Cecil Rhodes and his De Beers mining company reaps profits monopolizing the world's diamond industry Whites in the diamond industry had the well-paid skilled positions while black Africans had dangerous, low-wage jobs far below the surface

South African War of 1899-1902

Rhodes and the imperialist clique started the South African War, Britain's greatest imperial campaign on African soil British needed 45,000 to crush the Afrikaners Divided whites but the blacks were the ultimate losers British gave the Afrikaners representation in government in return for surrender Afrikaners establish the Union of South Africa and begin to regain what they lost British-Afrikaner government within British Empire creates a modern, segregated society

Massacre of Sinope

Russians sink almost the entire Ottoman fleet at Sinope at the Black Sea The British and French join the war afterwards

Open-Door Notes

Secretary of State John Hay circulated open-door notes to imperial powers. Represented the US mission to keep open markets. In the first, he did not ask them to give up their spheres of influence but keep them open to free trade with other nations. In the second, in response to the Boxer Rebellion response with European nations have control over Beijing, he asked foreign powers to respect China's territorial and administrative integrity.

Spanish-American War

Short war because Cuban rebels had already greatly weakened the Spanish resistance, making the American intervention little more than a "mopping-up" exercise. US faced challenges like shortage of modern rifles and ammunition and uniforms too heavy for the warm Caribbean weather, inadequate medical services, and indigestible food. Racial tensions increase because blacks see Cubans fighting alongside whites.

"Social Darwinism:Imperialism Justified by Nature", Karl Pearson

Social Darwinist argument that nations and races are locked in a struggle for existence in which only the fittest survived and desered to survive The white man needs to go and drive out the inferior race There will be struggling but that is how the white man advanced We must employ force→ go to war with the inferior races Our strength depends on the colonies, which depends on the ejection of the inferior races Path of progress is strewn with slaughtered inferior races but these victims are the stepping stones on which mankind has arisen

Treaty of Paris ending the Spanish-American War in 1898

Spain surrendered title to Cuba, cedes Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States, and in return, for 20 million turned over the Philippines

Meiji Restoration

The 1867 ousting of the Tokugawa Shogunate that "restored" the power of the Japanese emperors Wanted a direct rule by the emperor, called the Meiji emperor Battle cry was "strong army, rich nation" Did not want Western powers to be able to intimidate Japan Initiated a series of measures to form Japan along modern, Western lines Beat the West at its own game Examined everything from the U.S. Constitution to factories, shipyards, and railroads Oligarchs centralize the government

"The Great Wall Against China" , Aristide R. Holberg

The U.S. attempt to shut out the Chinese repercussed throughout Europe. Emerging immigration policies were determined by an economic consideration (though Chinese labor was profitable) and moral/political The same attributes (uneducated, poor, willing to work for low wages) which made the Chinese cheap laborers profitable for the economy were the one that deemed them unfit for American society Many Americans felt it would be too difficult to Americanize them Saw them as temporary migrants who had little desire to adopt American methods Immigration restriction is advanced as a facade for improving the situation of the white American working class

Organization of Japanese government before 1858

The emperor in Kyoto with limited effective power Real power in the hands of the shogun Daimyo reigning above each of the numerous domains Samurai who had the right to wear a sword Merchant Peasant

Self-strengthening movement

The goal of the reform movement in late nineteenth century China that sought to master Western technology in order to better resist Western pressure. Arsenals and dockyards established Envoys are sent abroad New industries such as railway lines, steam navigation companies, coal mines, telegraph lines, and cotton spinning and weaving factories

Beveridge Trumpets Imperialism, 1898

The ocean does not separate us Distance will not hinder us Our industrial society is congested and in need of employment We are all out of work We need more circulation and employment (economic argument) US citizens will find work in Hawaii and Puerto Rico This would mean opportunity for all US will monopolize sources and commerce

Commodore Matthew Perry: "When We Landed in Japan, 1854

Two cultures trying to size each other up Everything happens in silence Very elaborate description Very dramatic Hostile environment Japanese had no leverage in this situation and knew it exotic/fantastic image of the East Contributes to picture of Orientalism Brought black men to Japan Japanese were smaller and more feminine Very colorful Articulate and descriptive Feels very tense

Commodore Matthew Perry

US decides to force Japanese to share their post in 1853. Perry went to Edo Bay and demanded diplomatic negotiations with the emperor. Some Japanese samurai urged resistance but senior officials saw what had happened in China and recognized the need to agree. They signed a treaty with US that opened two ports and permitted trade.

John Atkinson Hobson, An Early Critique of Imperialism

Unequal distribution of income makes capitalism unproductive and unstable Capitalism can only maintain itself by investing in less developed countries, thus fostering colonial expansion Compares imperial powers to parasites Economic causes for imperialism Imperialism only brings material gain to the minority of very wealthy and usurps wealth from everyone else Imperialist powers rest on native labour for their support Accuses the British of becoming hypocrites Competitive expansion for territory is misrepresented as national policy Interests of businessmen are being satisfied but nobody else is

Confession of Faith, Cecil Rhodes

We are limiting the children of our future It is our responsibility/duty to take Africa We should develop a secret society not openly acknowledged to further this cause We should exploit resources We would improve the lives of the East Africans if we settled in their country They would learn civilization Brings up German and Irish immigration to the US It would be better if we had kept the US The US would be better off under English influence

Professor Sumner Spurns Empire, 1898

Yale professor and leading anti-imperialist Every great power fancies itself a fantastic imperialist Satirical → mocks the imperial powers for each thinking themselves the best imperialists In the same way that the Spanish thought themselves the Christian civilizers, the Muslims consider Christians infidel We all laugh at each other's national vanity but don't recognize our own We assume we are better but we offend them We must leave people to their own lives We are adopting Spanish policy

Shaka

Zulu leader who revolutionized African warfare between 1818 and his death in 1828 and managed to create a large and powerful African society in southern Africa. Shaka's Zulu armies often destroyed African enemies completely. By 1880, these states were largely subdued by Dutch and British invaders.

Desert Land Act of 1877

allowed claimants to buy 640 acres at 1.25 an acre, provided they irrigated part of their holdings within three years.

Admiral William Sampson

blockaded the island of Cuba when Spanish fleet had slipped into Santiago harbor in Cuba before the arrival of the US navy. The Spanish tried to flee during the day but were sunk. Cuba was virtually cut off from Spain.

Chinese immigrants

came in waves but, after 1848, the flow increased dramatically. For the most part, Chinese came as free laborers. In the 1850s, many Chinese joined the hunt for gold. Lower rungs of the employment ladder Some established their own businesses, especially laundries Most of the small number of Chinese female immigrants were prostitutes

Workingmen's Party of California

created in 1878 by Denis Kearney, an Irish immigrant. Gained political power because of its hostility to the Chinese.

Spheres of Influence

each nation strove for a sphere of influence in Asia in which its commercial and military interests reigned. Often such spheres resulted in restrictions against rival powers.

Hayes administration

extracted a treaty from Samoan leaders for an American naval station at Pago Pago to serve as a way station for American ships in the Pacific trade.

William Howard Taft

first civilian governor of the Philippines. Built schools, roads, sewers, factories, and instituted modern farming techniques. The aim was to prepare the country for independence and he granted great authority to local officials.

Afrikaners

first known as Boers, The descendants of the Dutch in the Cape Colony.

Governor-General Valeriano Weyler

herded half a million Cubans from their homes into fortified camps where filth, disease and starvation killed perhaps 200,000. Weyler chased the rebels across the countryside, polluting drinking water, killing farm animals, burning crops. Yellow journalism: journalism based on sensationalism (use to provoke public interest and excitement) and crude exaggeration.

General Arthur MacArthur

imposed a brutal campaign of pacification late in 1899. Filipinos were herded into concentration camps for their protection, while food and crops in the nearby countryside were seized or torched to starve the rebels into surrender.

Yellow journalism

journalism based on sensationalism (use to provoke public interest and excitement) and crude exaggeration.

1887 US negotiation with Hawaii

open a naval base at Pearl Harbor.

Admiral George Dewey

ordered his Asiatic battle squadron from China to the Philippines. Just before dawn, began shelling the Spanish ships in Manila Bay. 5 hours later, the entire Spanish squadron lay at the bottom of the bay.

Pan-American Union

organized by James G. Blaine to create Pan-American unity and help the US expand influence into Latin America. Rejected Blaine's proposal of an inter-American customs union and arbitration procedures for hemispheric disputes.

Timber Culture Act of 1873

permitted homesteaders to receive grants of 160 additional acres if they planted 40 acres of trees on them.

Homestead Act of 1862

permitted settlers to buy plots of 160 acres for a small fee if they occupied the land they purchased for five years and improved it.

Emilio Aguinaldo

popular leader of the rebel forces fighting Spain in the Philippines. In June, declared himself president of a new Philippine republic.

Queen Liliuokalani

set out to challenge the growing American control of Hawaiian islands. Remained in power for only 2 years. US eliminates exemption from American tariffs in Hawaii sugar trade, which was devastating to the economy. American planters decided they needed to be a part of the US. Marines from an American warship in Honolulu harbor go ashore to aid the American rebels and the queen yields her authority.

Gunboat diplomacy

the imposition of treaties and agreements under threat of military violence, such as the opening of Japan to trade after Commodore Perry's demands.

Meiji Oligarchs

the leaders who organized the ouster of the Tokugawa Shogunate and then ran the government in the name of the emperor. Real power remained in their hands.

Cuban revolt

ubans deliberately devastate the island to force Spaniards to leave and establish concentration camps for the Spanish. The Spanish employ equally terrifying tactics. Americans are shocked but especially see Spanish as the enemy. When McKinley becomes president in 1897, he formally protests Spain's "uncivilized and inhuman" act, causing the Spanish government to modify the concentration policy, and granted the island more autonomy.