ATI Engage Fundamentals (Physiologic Concepts for Nursing Practice): Comfort, Rest, and Sleep

A nurse is caring for a client who has a history of migraines. The client tells the nurse, "I have not been sleeping well. My migraine headaches have returned after not having one for over a year." The nurse should identify that which of the following are potential contributing factors to the client's migraines? (Select all that apply) Sleep-wake homeostasis Sensory overlad Sleep deprivation Increased melatonin Decreased hypocretin levels

Sensory overload Sleep deprivation MY ANSWER Sleep-wake homeostasis is incorrect. Sleep-wake homeostasis is the second biological mechanism that assists the body to remember to sleep after a given time. It is not a likely contributing factor to the client's new onset of migraine headaches. Sensory overload is correct. Sensory overload can lead to sleep deprivation and is a possible contributing factor to the client's new onset of migraine headaches. Sleep deprivation is correct. Sleep deprivation has been known to trigger migraines. Therefore, the nurse should identify that sleep deprivation is a potential contributing factor to the client's new onset of migraine headaches. Increased melatonin is incorrect. Melatonin can assist with sleep and relaxation. It is not a likely contributing factor to the client's new onset of migraine headaches. Decreased hypocretin levels is incorrect. Hypocretin is a hormone responsible for maintaining alertness that is produced in the hypothalamus. It is not a likely contributing factor to the client's new onset of migraine headaches.

A nurse is reviewing the concepts of central sleep apnea with a colleague. Which of the following statements by the colleague indicates an understanding of central sleep apnea? a. "common causes of central sleep apnea are opioid overdose and congestive heart failure." b. "Central sleep apnea is caused by obesity and an inactive tongue" c. "Central sleep apnea is easily diagnosed using polysomnography" d. "Central sleep apnea is related to the recurrent episodes of upper airway collapse and obstruction"

a. "common causes of central sleep apnea are opioid overdose and congestive heart failure." "Common causes of central sleep apnea are opioid overdose and congestive heart failure."MY ANSWERCentral sleep apnea (CSA) is the result of reduction of the brain's transmission of signals to the respiratory muscles. This results in the cessation of breathing and is commonly caused by opioid overdose and heart failure. "Central sleep apnea is caused by obesity and an inactive tongue."Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), not central sleep apnea (CSA), can be caused by obesity, an inactive tongue, and enlarged tonsils. "Central sleep apnea is easily diagnosed using polysomnography."Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), not central sleep apnea (CSA), is diagnosed using polysomnography. Polysomnography is most often performed in a sleep lab and measures the client's vital signs, oxygen saturation, brain wave patterns, body movements, and snoring patterns. "Central sleep apnea is related to the recurrent episodes of upper airway collapse and obstruction."Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), not central sleep apnea (CSA), is related to the recurrent episodes of upper airway collapse and obstruction.

A nurse is caring for a client who reports that they use their phone at night while they are in bed. The nurse should identify that excessive smartphone use can increase the client's risk for which of the following? a. Depression b. Binge eating disorder c. Restless leg syndrome (RLS) d. Diminished circadian rhythm

a. Depression DepressionMY ANSWERExcessive smartphone use is a risk factor for both depression and poor sleep. Binge eating disorderExcessive smartphone use is not associated with an increased risk for binge eating disorder. Restless leg syndrome (RLS)RLS is a neurologic sensorimotor disorder with manifestations that worsen in the evening and at bedtime. However, excessive smartphone use is not associated with an increased risk for RLS. Diminished circadian rhythmCircadian rhythm is an internal process that controls the sleep-wake cycle. Excessive smartphone use is not associated with diminished circadian rhythm.

A nurse is caring for a client who works overnight shifts. The nurse should identify that individuals who perform shift work are at an increased risk for developing which of the following conditions? a. Diabetes mellitus b. Central sleep apnea c. Hypersomnia d. Restless leg syndrome (RLS)

a. Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitusMY ANSWERIndividuals who perform shift work are at an increased risk for developing health conditions, including diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Central sleep apneaCentral sleep apnea, commonly caused by opioid toxicity and heart failure, is a neurological condition that prevents the brain from communicating with the respiratory muscles and results in cessation of breathing. Shift workers are not at an increased risk for developing central sleep apnea. HypersomniaHypersomnia is a condition that is characterized by excessive daytime fatigue, even after long periods of sleep. Although shift workers can experience drowsiness, they are not at increased risk for developing hypersomnia. Restless leg syndrome (RLS)RLS is a neurologic sensorimotor disorder. Shift workers are not at an increased risk for developing RLS.

A nurse is planning care for a client who is postoperative. Which of the following interventions should the nurse plan to include to promote emotional comfort for the client? a. Encourage the client to verbalize their needs and concerns. b. Limit time spent with client. c. Ask the client to splint the incision when coughing. d. Administer pain medications as prescribed.

a. Encourage the client to verbalize their needs and concerns. Encourage the client to verbalize their needs and concerns.MY ANSWERThe nurse should encourage the client to verbalize their needs and concerns. Listening to the client's concerns and incorporating those concerns into the plan of care promotes client comfort by allowing the client to feel valued and that they are a vital part of the process. Limit time spent with client.Limiting time spent with the client can make the client feel as though the nurse does not have time to adequately attend to their needs. Therefore, staff should be available to spend as much time as needed with the client to promote comfort and feelings of safety. Ask the client to splint the incision when coughing.Asking the client to splint the incision when coughing will promote physical comfort, not emotional comfort, for the client. Administer pain medications as prescribed.Administering pain medications as prescribed will promote physical comfort, not emotional comfort, for the client.

A nurse is contributing to a presentation about hypersomnia. Which of the following information should the nurse recommend including in the presentation? a. Hypersomnia does not improve with increased sleep. b. Hypersomina is associated with a disturbed circadian rhythm. c. Clients who experience hypersomnia have a longer attention span. d. Clients who experience hypersomnia lack the hormone hypocretin.

a. Hypersomnia does not improve with increased sleep. Hypersomnia does not improve with increased sleep.MY ANSWERThe nurse should recommend including that hypersomnia is characterized by excessive daytime fatigue that does not improve if the client receives additional sleep. Hypersomnia is associated with a disturbed circadian rhythm.Hypersomnia is characterized by excessive daytime fatigue. However, hypersomnia is not associated with a disturbed circadian rhythm. Clients who experience hypersomnia have a longer attention span.Clients who experience hypersomnia tend to have a shorter attention span rather than a longer attention span. Other manifestations of hypersomnia include poor memory, depression, and irritability. Clients who experience hypersomnia lack the hormone hypocretin.Clients who have narcolepsy (NT1) lack hypocretin in their central nervous system. Clients who have hypersomnia do not lack hypocretin.

A nurse is caring for a client who has narcolepsy (Nt1) with cataplexy. The nurse should identify that this condition is caused by a lack of which of the following hormones? a. Hypocretin b Melatonin c. Estrogen d. Insulin

a. Hypocretin HypocretinMY ANSWERHypocretin is a hormone produced in the hypothalamus and is responsible for maintaining alertness. Narcolepsy (NT1) with cataplexy is caused by a lack of hypocretin. MelatoninMelatonin is a sleep hormone that is produced in the pineal gland. A lack of melatonin does not cause narcolepsy. EstrogenEstrogen is produced in the ovaries. Menopause, which involves a reduction in estrogen production, can cause sleep disturbance but does not cause narcolepsy. InsulinInsulin is produced in the pancreas and controls blood glucose levels. A lack of insulin does not cause narcolepsy.

A nurse is caring for a client who was admitted following a report of lumbar pain. In addition to administering pain medications, which of the following interventions should the nurse implement to promote comfort? a. Present information honestly b. Have another nurse present difficult information c. Do not include the client's concerns in the plan of care if they interfere with treatment. d. Preform cognitive behavioral therapy with the client.

a. Present information honestly Present information honestly.MY ANSWERPresenting information and answering questions honestly can help the client to feel safe. The nurse should also be present to respond to client needs and should remain supportive of the client's choices. Have another nurse present difficult information.The nurse should avoid having another nurse present difficult information. Do not include the client's concerns in the plan of care if they interfere with treatment.The nurse should identify the client's concerns and include them in the plan of care. Perform cognitive behavioral therapy with the client.Cognitive behavioral therapy is used to promote sleep in clients who have insomnia, not to promote comfort in clients who are experiencing acute pain.

An employee health nurse is providing teaching about sleep promotion to a group of newly licensed nurses. Which of the following statements should the nurse include? a. "Taking a cool shower before bedtime can help with sleep" b. "If you do not fall asleep within 20 minutes of lying down, go to another room and listen to soft music." c. "To promote nighttime sleep, limit daytime naps to 1 hour" d. "Exercising 1 hour before bedtime can help promote relaxation and sleep"

b. "If you do not fall asleep within 20 minutes of lying down, go to another room and listen to soft music." "Taking a cool shower before bedtime can help with sleep."The nurse should instruct the newly licensed nurses to take warm showers, not cool showers, before bedtime to promote relaxation and sleep. "If you do not fall asleep within 20 minutes of lying down, go to another room and listen to soft music."MY ANSWERThe nurse should instruct the newly licensed nurses to go to bed when tired, and to get out of bed if sleep does not occur within 20 min. Getting out of the bed and reading a book or listening to soft music can help promote relaxation and sleep. "To promote nighttime sleep, limit daytime naps to 1 hour."The nurse should instruct the newly licensed nurses to limit daytime naps to less than 30 min to promote nighttime relaxation and sleep. "Exercising 1 hour before bedtime can help promote relaxation and sleep."The nurse should instruct the newly licensed nurses that an exercise routine should be completed at least 3 hr before bedtime to promote relaxation and sleep.

A nurse is reviewing the concept of comfort with an assistive personal (AP). Which of the following statements by the AP indicates an understanding of comfort? a. "Providing comfort for a client is achieved by the relief of physical pain through the administration of medication" b. "Providing comfort to a client involves alleviating the client's physical, mental, and emotional distress using warmth and empathy." c. "Providing comfort for a client is achieved by taking control of the clients care and creating routines for the client to become familiar with." d. "Providing comfort to a client requires staff members to smile and remain cheerful no matter the outcome the client is facing"

b. "Providing comfort to a client involves alleviating the client's physical, mental, and emotional distress using warmth and empathy." "Providing comfort for a client is achieved by the relief of physical pain through the administration of medication."Administering pain medication to a client helps to alleviate physical pain. However, providing comfort to a client involves alleviating not only the client's physical pain, but also the client's emotional and mental distress. "Providing comfort to a client involves alleviating the client's physical, mental, and emotional distress using warmth and empathy."MY ANSWERProviding comfort to a client involves easement of mental distress, as well as physical distress. "Providing comfort for a client is achieved by taking control of the client's care and creating routines for the client to become familiar with."Providing comfort to a client involves allowing the client to feel in control and to make informed choices concerning their care. These actions assist with promoting feelings of positivity and confidence. "Providing comfort to a client requires staff members to smile and remain cheerful no matter the outcome the client is facing."Providing comfort for a client requires staff to display empathy and honesty when needed. Therefore, smiling and remaining cheerful are not always suitable actions for staff to take.

A nurse manager is conducting an in-service about the physiological functions of sleep for a group of staff nurses. Which of the following statements by one of the nurses indicates an understanding of the teaching? a. "Sleep is a process that decreases the development of new neural pathways that assist with retention of knowledge and memorization" b. "The brain and neurons continue to communicate with each other during sleep to remove toxins that built up in the brain while awake." c. "The circadian rhythm is an external process that controls the sleep-wake cycle." d. "Clients experience the highest quality sleep when they complete three out of the four stages of sleep."

b. "The brain and neurons continue to communicate with each other during sleep to remove toxins that built up in the brain while awake." "Sleep is a process that decreases the development of new neural pathways that assist with retention of knowledge and memorization."Sleep increases, rather than decreases, the development of new neural pathways that assist with retention of knowledge and memorization. "The brain and neurons continue to communicate with each other during sleep to remove toxins that built up in the brain while awake."MY ANSWERDuring sleep, the brain and neurons continue to work together to assist with the removal of toxins that build up in the brain while awake. "The circadian rhythm is an external process that controls the sleep-wake cycle."The circadian rhythm is an internal process that controls the sleep-wake cycle and occurs every 24 hr. "Clients experience the highest quality sleep when they complete three out of the four stages of sleep."Clients experience the highest quality sleep when they complete all four stages of sleep.

A nurse is reviewing the plan of care for a client who was admitted with insomnia and recent weight gain. Which of the following is a benefit of increased sleep that could help prevent further weight gain for the client? a. Increased ghrelin production b. Increased leptin production c. Decreased hypocretin levels d. Decreased melatonin levels

b. Increased leptin production Increased ghrelin productionSleep helps to prevent weight gain by decreasing, not increasing, the production of ghrelin, the hunger hormone. Increased leptin productionMY ANSWERSleep helps to prevent weight gain by increasing the production of leptin, the hunger-reducing hormone. Decreased hypocretin levelsHypocretin levels do not impact weight gain or loss. Decreased hypocretin levels are found in clients who have narcolepsy (NT1). Decreased melatonin levelsMelatonin levels are not impacted by sleep. Melatonin is a hormone present in the body that helps to regulate the sleep-wake cycle.

A nurse is caring for a client who is being evaluated for obstructive sleep apnea. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea? a. Hypersomnia b. Obesity c. Active glossal muscle d. History of tonsillectomy

b. Obesity HypersomniaHypersomnia occurs when a client experiences excessive daytime fatigue that is not relieved by additional sleep. Hypersomnia is not a risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea. ObesityMY ANSWERThe nurse should identify that a client who is obese is at risk for developing obstructive sleep apnea. Active glossal muscleThe nurse should identify that an inactive glossal muscle, the tongue muscle, places the client at increased risk for obstructive sleep apnea. History of tonsillectomyThe nurse should identify that enlarged tonsils, not a history of a tonsillectomy, places the client at risk for obstructive sleep apnea.

A nurse is teaching a newly licensed nurse about the development of dreams. The nurse should include that which of the following areas of the Brian transmits the sensory data that is used to develop dreams? a. Hypothalamus b. Thalamus c. Cerebral cortex d. Pineal gland

b. Thalamus HypothalamusThe hypothalamus contributes to the regulation of a variety of bodily functions, including sleep. However, the hypothalamus does not transmit the sensory data that is used to develop dreams. ThalamusMY ANSWERThe nurse should include that the thalamus transmits images, sounds, and sensations to the cerebral cortex, which are used to develop dreams during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Cerebral cortexThe cerebral cortex controls the perception of sensory information. The cerebral cortex receives, rather than transmits, the sensory information that is used to develop dreams. Pineal glandThe pineal gland produces melatonin, which regulates the sleep-wake cycle. The pineal gland does not transmit the sensory data that is used to develop dreams.

A nurse is caring for an older adult client who is having difficulty sleeping and has a new prescription for a medication to help them sleep. Which of the following medications should the nurse identify as a first-line sleep aid for older adults? a. Alprazolam b. Eszopiclone c. Controlled-release melatonin d. Diphenhydramine

c. Controlled-release melatonin AlprazolamAlprazolam is a benzodiazepine. Older adult clients have an increased sensitivity to benzodiazepine medications, which can result in an increased risk for adverse effects, such as drowsiness and cognitive impairment. Benzodiazepines should also be used with caution in clients who have decreased liver and kidney function. EszopicloneEszopiclone is a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic. Older adult clients have an increased sensitivity to nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics, which can result in an increased risk for adverse effects such as gastric discomfort, hallucinations, and memory loss. Controlled-release melatoninMY ANSWERThe nurse should identify that controlled-release melatonin is a first-line sleep aid that is recommended for older adult clients. It is cost-effective, non-habit forming, and has few adverse effects. DiphenhydramineDiphenhydramine is an over-the-counter (OTC) medication that can aid in sleep. However, this medication should be used with caution in older adult clients due to the increased risk of adverse effects such as daytime drowsiness, dry mouth, and constipation.

A nurse is assessing a client who reports difficulty staying awake during the day and experiencing involuntary episodes of lost muscle tone. The nurse should identify that these are manifestations of which of the following conditions? a. Hypersomnia b. Narcolepsy (NT2) c. Narcolepsy (NT1) d. Insomnia

c. Narcolepsy (NT1) HypersomniaHypersomnia is excessive daytime fatigue that does not improve after receiving additional sleep. Hypersomnia is not accompanied by involuntary episodes of lost muscle tone. Narcolepsy (NT2)Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep condition that is characterized by sudden sleepiness and sudden periods of sleep. Clients who have narcolepsy (NT2) have difficulty staying awake. However, these clients do not experience involuntary episodes of lost muscle tone. Narcolepsy (NT1)MY ANSWERThe nurse should identify that the client is exhibiting manifestations of narcolepsy (NT1). Narcolepsy (NT1) is a chronic sleep condition that is characterized by sudden sleepiness and sudden periods of sleep accompanied by cataplexy, or episodes of involuntary loss of muscle tone brought on by strong emotions, such as laughter. Clients who have narcolepsy (NT1) with cataplexy lack hypocretin in their central nervous system. Clients who have both NT1 and NT2 narcolepsy might experience nocturnal hallucinations, paralysis while asleep, and vivid dreams. InsomniaInsomnia is the inability to obtain adequate sleep despite having adequate opportunity to sleep. Clients who have insomnia might experience daytime fatigue and loss of energy, but they do not have trouble staying awake or experience involuntary loss of muscle tone.

A nurse is contributing to a presentation about non pharmacological interventions used to promote sleep. Which of the following information should the nurse recommend including in the presentation? a. Non pharmacological interventions should only be practiced in the clients home setting. b. Massage is a non pharmacological intervention that should be used to promote sleep for clients who are taking anticoagulants. c. Non-pharmacological interventions used to help promote sleep include acupuncture and thermotherapy. d. Before implementing nonpharmalogical interventions, clients should be evaluated by a sleep specialist for sleep apnea and chronic lung disease.

c. Non-pharmacological interventions used to help promote sleep include acupuncture and thermotherapy. Nonpharmacological interventions should only be practiced in the client's home setting.Nonpharmacological interventions can be practiced in medical facilities, as long as they are not contraindicated. Massage is a nonpharmacological intervention that should be used to promote sleep for clients who are taking anticoagulants.Massage is contraindicated for clients who are taking anticoagulants, as well as clients who have burns and wounds. Nonpharmacological interventions used to help promote sleep include acupuncture and thermotherapy.MY ANSWERThe nurse should recommend including in the presentation that massage, acupuncture, and thermotherapy have been found to be effective nonpharmacological interventions for sleep. Before implementing nonpharmacological interventions, clients should be evaluated by a sleep specialist for sleep apnea and chronic lung disease.Clients will need to be educated on nonpharmacological interventions to promote sleep. Clients who require pharmacological therapy for promotion of sleep should be evaluated by a sleep specialist for sleep apnea and chronic lung disease

A nurse is discussing the stages of the sleep cycle with a client. The nurse should include that the immune system is strengthened and tissues and bones are repaired during which of the following stages of the sleep cycle? a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. Stage 3 d. Stage 4

c. Stage 3 Stage 1 Stage 1 of the sleep cycle is the lightest stage of sleep. In this stage, breathing remains at a regular rate and muscle tone is present in the skeletal muscle. This stage of sleep is not associated with healing. Stage 2Stage 2 of the sleep cycle is the stage of sleep where the heart rate and body temperature decrease and one becomes more difficult to rouse. This stage of sleep is not associated with healing. Stage 3MY ANSWERThe nurse should include that the immune system is strengthened and tissues and bones are repaired during stage 3 of the sleep cycle. Stage 4Stage 4 of the sleep cycle, also known as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, is the stage of sleep where dreaming occurs. This stage of sleep is not associated with healing.

A nurse is caring for a client who needs to be awakened for the administration of an oral medication. Which of the following findings should indicate to the nurse that the client was in stage 3 of the sleep cycle when awakened? a. The client was easily awakened. b. The client states that they were having a pleasant dream. c. The client experiences mental cloudiness for 30 to 60 min. d. Prior to being awakened, the clients breathing was irregular and their heart rate was elevated

c. The client experiences mental cloudiness for 30 to 60 min. The client was easily awakened.The nurse should identify that a client who was easily awakened was most likely in stage 1 of the sleep cycle, rather than stage 3. During stage 1 of the sleep cycle, the client begins to relax and body and eye movements begin to decrease. If left uninterrupted, the client will progress quickly to stage 2 of sleep, where awakening becomes more difficult. The client states that they were having a pleasant dream.Stage 4 of the sleep cycle, also known as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, is the dreaming stage of sleep. If a client is awakened during this stage, their dreams will be interrupted. The client experiences mental cloudiness for 30 to 60 min.MY ANSWERStage 3 of the sleep cycle is the deepest stage of sleep in which muscle, tissue, and bones regenerate and the immune system strengthens. If a client is awakened during stage 3 of the sleep cycle, the nurse should expect the client to experience mental cloudiness for 30 to 60 min. Prior to being awakened, the client's breathing was irregular and their heart rate was elevated.Irregular breathing and increased heart rate are an indication that the client is in stage 4 of the sleep cycle, also known as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

A nurse is evaluating a client after measures to promote comfort have been implemented. Which of the following statements by the client indicates that the client has been comforted? a. "I wish the staff would listen closer to my needs." b. "I am concerned about what is going to happen during my test tomorrow." c. "It seems to take the staff a while to wander the call light." d. "My health care team has helped me to feel safe during my stay"

d. "My health care team has helped me to feel safe during my stay" "I wish the staff would listen closer to my needs."This statement does not indicate that the client feels comforted. A client who feels comforted will verbalize that the staff have listened to and addressed their needs sufficiently. "I am concerned about what is going to happen during my tests tomorrow."This statement does not indicate that the client feels comforted. A client who is comforted has been informed about what to expect and verbalizes decreased stress and anxiety. "It seems to take the staff a while to answer the call light."This statement does not indicate that the client feels comforted. A client who feels comforted will verbalize that staff is readily available and attentive to their needs. "My health care team has helped me to feel safe during my stay."MY ANSWERThis statement indicates that the client feels comforted. A client who is comforted will verbalize feelings of safety, acceptance, and value.

A nurse is caring for a client who is having difficulty falling asleep. Which of the following interventions should the nurse implement to promote sleep for the client? a. Offer the client a caffeinated beverage 3 hours before their bedtime. Turn on the clients television before they go to bed. b. Turn on the clients television before they go to bed. c. Warm the temperature of the clients room before they go to bed. d. Dim the lights in the client's room at bedtime

d. Dim the lights in the client's room at bedtime Offer the client a caffeinated beverage 3 hr before their bedtime.The nurse should not offer the client a caffeinated beverage because caffeine is a stimulant that can disrupt sleep. The nurse should encourage the client to avoid consuming caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine for at least 6 hr prior to going to bed. Turn on the client's television before they go to bed.The nurse should discourage the client from watching television before going to bed. Devices with screens, including televisions, computers, and smartphones, hinder relaxation and can make it more difficult to fall asleep. Warm the temperature of the client's room before they go to bed.The nurse should cool the temperature of the client's room before bedtime. Cooler temperatures improve relaxation and make it easier to fall asleep. Dim the lights in the client's room at bedtime.MY ANSWERThe nurse should dim the lights in the client's room at bedtime to promote sleep for the client. Dimming the lights in the client's room improves relaxation and makes it easier for the client to fall asleep.

A nurse is caring for a client who has a new prescription for a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic to promote sleep. For which of the following adverse effects should the nurse monitor the client? a. Retrograde amnesia b. Urinary discomfort c. Dry mouth d. Hallucinations

d. Hallucinations Retrograde amnesiaBenzodiazepines, rather than nonbenzodiazapine hypnotics, can cause retrograde amnesia. Urinary discomfortGastric discomfort, rather than urinary discomfort, is an adverse effect of nonbenzodiazapine hypnotics. Dry mouthOver-the-counter sleep aids, rather than nonbenzodiazapine hypnotics, can cause dry mouth. HallucinationsMY ANSWERThe nurse should monitor the client for hallucinations, which can be an adverse effect of nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics.

A nurse is caring for an older adult client who reports that they wake up frequently during the night. The nurse should identify that which of the following is a characteristic of older adult sleep patterns that might explain the client's frequent awakenings? a. Older adults tend to spend more time in stage 4 sleep. b. Older adults tend to spend more time in stage 3 sleep. c. Older adults tend to spend more time in stage 1 sleep. d. Older adults tend to spend more time in stage 2 sleep.

d. Older adults tend to spend more time in stage 2 sleep. Older adults tend to spend more time in stage 4 sleep.Older adults tend to spend less time in stage 4 sleep compared to adults. Older adults tend to spend more time in stage 3 sleep.Older adults tend to spend less time in stage 3 sleep compared to adults. Older adults tend to spend less time in stage 1 sleep.Older adults tend to spend more time in stage 1 sleep compared to adults. Older adults tend to spend more time in stage 2 sleep.MY ANSWEROlder adults tend to spend more time in stage 2 sleep compared to adults. Stage 2 is a lighter stage of sleep than stages 3 and 4. This can contribute to the client's frequent awakenings because environmental factors, such as noise, are more likely to rouse someone who is in stage 2 sleep.

A nurse is caring for a client who takes an over-the-counter (OTC) sleep aid medication every evening. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a potential adverse effect of OTC sleep aid medications? a. Hyperactivity b. Diarrhea c. Excessive salivation d. Urinary retention

d. Urinary retention HyperactivityOTC sleep aid medications can cause daytime drowsiness, not hyperactivity. DiarrheaOTC sleep aid medications can cause constipation, not diarrhea. Excessive salivationOTC sleep aid medications can cause dry mouth, not excessive salivation. Urinary retentionMY ANSWERThe nurse should identify that OTC sleep aid medications can cause urinary retention, as well as daytime drowsiness, dry mouth, visual disturbances, and constipation.