ATR Midterm exam
late maturing boys
greater athletic ability,
the ratio of muscle to body fat is:
greater in boys than girls
Girls are _____ likely to confide in friends than boys. This is primarily because _____.
more; girls expect that self-disclosure will make them feel better
Over the course of adolescence, relationships among siblings become more egalitarian but _______ distant and _______ emotionally intense.
more; less
indulgent parenting
mother is a "real marshmallow" who does whatever he wants and who never enforces the rules she tries to set
In general, which of the following relationships tends to be the closest?
mother-daughter relationship
Dating among adolescents today is largely a:
recreational activity
Research has shown that ethnic socialization that results in having positive attitudes about one's ethnic group is associated with:
positive attitudes about other ethnic groups
identity foreclosure
premature commitment to an identity without adequate consideration of other options
Which of the following female sex characteristics is usually the last to develop
regular ovulation
Dr. Diamond conducts an interview with a patient in order to assess the history of the patient's attachment relationships. What method would Dr. Diamond use?
the Adult Attachment Interview
Historical psychologists look at the degree to which adolescence is stressful based on...
the developmental tasks of the period, the nature of intergenerational relations, and the social, economic, and political forces of a specific time
One reason for the difference in the body shapes of the sexes is:
the difference in the amount and distribution of body fat
When it comes to basic, core values (e.g., religion, work, education) diversity _________ is much more striking than are differences _________.
within the adolescent population; between the generations
Which of the following is not one of the adolescent classifications in the Adult Attachment Interviews?
avoidant
The average age of an American adolescent to begin dating is ______ years.
13-14
achievement development
"Who am I?" and "What kind of life will I have?"
Puberty
14-year-old teen who has grown taller and has now begun to have enough facial hair to start shaving The timing of puberty, as well as the rate with which it occurs, is highly variable and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. development of the primary sex characteristics. rapid growth and dramatic increases in height and weight. development of secondary sex characteristics.
personal fable
A cognitive distortion experienced by adolescents, in which they believe they are so special and unique that other people cannot understand them and risky behaviors will not harm them
crowd
A larger group of adolescents who have something in common but who are not necessarily friends.
teenagers and how they relate to mothers and fathers
Adolescents tend to be closer to their mother, Fathers are more likely to be perceived as distant authority figures and Adolescents fight more often with their mothers than their fathers.
Which of the following is probably true for Ashley, an early-maturing girl who was short and stocky as a child?
After puberty, she will be shorter and heavier than her late-maturing peers
psychosocial development
An adolescents identity, autonomy, intimacy, sexuality, and achievement
self-conception
An overriding view of ourselves; a sense of self through time. Maria describes herself as an only child, as a person who likes art and music, who is shy, and who likes to read.
Early maturing adolescents
Boys: bumps in self esteem; sometimes substance abuse Girls: depression, bullying, substance abuse, more likely to be popular with the boys become involved in illegal activities.
Factors that shape adolescence experience
Brain maturation, hormonal influences on behavior, patterns of sleep
Which of the following is a reason that "identity development" is an adolescent issue?
Changes take place during adolescence that cause young people to change how they view and feel about themselves
information-processing perspective
Dr. Brown argues that adolescents can solve problems better than younger children because they can store more information in memory and because they have more effective strategies.
Stages of Adolescence
Early (ages 10-13 girls, 12-14 boys) Middle (ages 13-16) Late (ages 16-20)
Why is parental divorce during early adolescence particularly stressful for the adolescent?
Early adolescence is a time during which individuals are particularly sensitive to stress
Which of the following statements regarding sex differences in self-perceptions is accurate?
Early adolescent girls are more likely to say negative things about themselves than same-aged boys. Feedback
psychosocial moratorium
Erikson's term for the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy that adolescents experience as part of their identity exploration
Which of the following statements suggests that rising levels of the protein leptin is an important signal that tells the body it is ready for puberty?
Excessive thinness can delay onset of puberty.
Intimacy is an important concern only in adolescence
False
Contexts
For a 13 yr old, their 4 main contexts would be family, peers, work, and school
affect the onset of puberty
Genetics, Number of fat cells and Amount of light exposure
Biological Perspective
Identifies adolescence beginning with the onset of puberty and ends with being capable of sexual reproduction.
identity versus identity diffusion (erikson)
Jessica is 15 years old and spends most of her energy wondering who she is and what kind of person she will become
Justin's parents try extremely hard (almost excessively) to control his choice of friends. What effect is this style of parenting likely to have on Justin?
Justin may become closer to the "forbidden" peers.
Natalie's mom believes that peers influence each other to use drugs and spend time partying rather than studying. Given what you know about adolescent peer relationships, is this true?
Natalie's mom is sort of right—adolescents exert both positive and negative influences on each other. Feedback
Why is it difficult to determine the exact nature (and direction of the effect) of the relations between family characteristics and adolescent development?
Parents and adolescents reciprocally influence each other
Generalizing from Marcia's research on identity, who is most likely to become an authoritarian parent and have the highest need for social approval?
Tara, identity foreclosed
G. Stanley Hall
The biosocial theorist considered to be the "father" of the scientific study of adolescence
Cognitive transitions
The changes in the process that underline how a person thinks.
adolescent growth spurt
The period of accelerated growth during puberty, involving rapid increases in height and weight. generally begins two years earlier for girls than for boys
information-processing abilities during adolescence
The speed of processing information increases, Adolescents are more "planful" than children, and There are advances in selective and divided attention.
secular trend in puberty
a century-long decline in the average age at which children reach puberty in the developed world (reach puberty earlier)
Researchers are particularly interested in the identity changes that occur in adolescence for all of the following reasons
a. this is the first substantial reorganization and restructuring of the sense of self at a time when an individual can fully appreciate the significance of the changes. b. the physical changes of puberty may prompt fluctuations in self-image. c. adolescents are capable of thinking in systematic ways about hypothetical and future events.
identity achieved
according to Marcia, those adolescents who have undergone a crisis in their search for an identity and who have made a commitment
An important aspect of having a healthy self-concept and more socially appropriate behavior is to be able to balance one's ______ self with one's ______ self.
actual; ideal
Studies of immigrant families suggest that the least amount of conflict exists in households in which:
adolescents and their parents communicate in their native language
One study that used brain-imaging techniques to investigate adolescents' neural responses to rejection while playing an online game called "Cyberball" found that:
adolescents high in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are more likely to develop symptoms of depression
social learning theory (Bandura)
adolescents learn how to behave through reinforcement and punishment as well as by watching and imitating those around them.
The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by a combination of:
aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills.
hypothetical thinking
allows individuals to suspend their beliefs about something in order to argue in the abstract
identity diffusion
an apathetic state characterized by lack of both exploration and commitment
Involvement in delinquent activity may lead to ________ in self-esteem, perhaps because involvement in delinquency _____.
an increase; earns teenagers approval from certain peers
When levels of _____ and _____ fall below the set points, the _____ stops inhibiting the pituitary gland, thus permitting it to stimulate the release of sex hormones by the gonads.
androgens; estrogens; hypothalamus
During childhood, Cathy had relatively high self-esteem. As she enters adolescence, Cathy's self-esteem is most likely to:
be relatively the same
Compared to minority adolescents with families that have been in the United States for a long-time, foreign-born ethnic minority adolescents tend to perform:
better in school, and are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior.
Dawn has always enjoyed school and excelled in her classes. In middle school, she has connected with a group of friends who also enjoy school and her grades have continued to improve. They often spend time studying together. This is an example of:
both selection and socialization
abstract thinking
capacity to understand hypothetical concepts increases more as we get older (dif between 6 and 17)
Research addressing difficult social situations related to adolescents' transitions into romantic relationships found _____ to be among the most frequently mentioned themes.
communicating with the other-sex
intimacy refers to an emotional attachment between two people that is characterized by
concern for each other's well-being, a willingness to disclose private, sometimes sensitive, information, and sharing common interests and activities. NOT: a sexual and/or physical relationship
Which of the following factors is not closely related to when an adolescent will begin dating?
depressive symptomatology
When asked to describe himself, Aaron stated, "Most of my friends think I don't care about school, but I really study a lot at night because school is important to me." This is an example of how adolescent self-conceptions become more:
differentiated
The biological changes that take place during puberty can cause changes in adolescents' behavior in all of the following ways
directly, by affecting the adolescent's self-image, and by affecting the reactions of others to the adolescent
Self-disclosure and loyalty become important dimensions of friendship in:
early adolescence
Fluctuations of self-image
egocentrism, they are learning that it is not always possible to tell what people are thinking on the basis of how they act or what they say and because of the increased importance of peers in early adolescence
Current efforts aimed at encouraging healthy behaviors among adolescents involve all of the following, except:
encouraging adolescents to sign contracts promising to abstain from unhealthy behaviors
co-rumination
extensively discussing and self-disclosing emotional problems with another person
Important areas affecting development outside of home
extracurricular activities, internet, jobs, leisure time
Having a huge network of many friends is more important than having a few good friendships The impact of close friends on development must take into account the characteristics of these friends. Being popular is less important than genuinely having friends. Adolescents who have intimate friendships typically have better mental health than their peers who do not
false True True True
Studies show that adolescent mood swings are most closely related to changes in
family relationships
Family Systems Model
financial strain increases mothers' and fathers' feelings of depression, dissatisfaction with their marriages, and conflicts over money which, in turn, make parents more irritable, which adversely affects the quality of their parenting.
autonomy
find a sense of independence from parents with own values and morals
Sociological theorists
focus on the factors that all adolescents or groups of adolescents have in common simply because of their age
emerging adulthood
for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood
Carol, an eighth-grader, is facing a big dilemma and she needs advice. To whom is Carol likely to turn for this support?
her friends
negative identity
identity that stands in opposition to what is valued by people around the adolescent Edith, the adolescent daughter of the local district attorney, has recently been hanging out with a rowdy group of youth who have vandalized a number of public buildings.
During periods of economic downturns such as the Depression, when jobs were scarce, adolescents are looked at as being...
immature, unstable, and incompetent
Adolescents are most likely to behave __________ in romantic situations and with a classmate, and they are least likely to engage in ___________ behavior with close friends.
inauthentically; false-self
gender intensification
increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior, and movement toward a more traditional gender identity higher in girls than boys
According to the textbook, research indicates which of the following is not a correlate of high self-esteem?
involvement in many extracurricular activities
Girls are more likely than boys to settle disagreements with friends by
letting things slide
Elkind's Theory of Adolescent Egocentrism
may remain present throughout the adolescent and adult years
developmental aspect of intimacy
more interest in the aspects of friendships including openness, honesty, and loyalty rather than the sharing of activities and interests
cognitive changes in adolescence
multidimensional thought, metacognition, abstract reasoning Pruning of the synapses leads to increases in cognitive abilities, Changes in levels of neurotransmitters reduce sensitivity to reward, leading to an increase in sensation seeking, and Maturation of the prefrontal cortex allows for complex activities such as planning, decision making, goal setting, and metacognition.
relational aggression
nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people
G. Stanley Hall's view of adolescence
notion of a period of "storm and stress", as a result of hormonal changes.
disruptions in self-esteem
occur most in the transitions between elementary and middle school
Features of adolescent development
onset of puberty, emergence of adv. thinking, and transition into new societal roles
rejection sensitivity
oversensitivity to romantic rejection that is related to an insecure attachment in infancy and early childhood
According to the research, conformity to peer pressure:
peaks in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood.
factors not found to influence the onset of maturation
peer pressure
In early adolescence, _____ friendships are most common, and in late adolescence, _____ friendships are common.
same sex; opposite sex
What emotional characteristic makes an individual more likely to engage in risky behaviors?
sensation seeking
The chief determinant of popularity in high school is:
social competence.
Fourteen-year-old Fatimah, who has relatively low self-esteem and is relatively high in rejection sensitivity, is most likely to be upset with her best friend if the friend:
spends more time with a new friend she has made
Erik Erikson
stressed the psychosocial conflicts faced by individuals at specific points in time as a crisis of internal forces of biology and the demands of society
All of the following are reasons that males have greater gains in strength than females during early adolescence
strong societal pressures on girls to decrease their physical activity in adolescence, inadequate nutrition among adolescent girls and sex differences in body fat.
sleeper effect of divorce
subtle effects of divorce that may not become apparent until children reach adolescence or young adulthood and have difficulty forming intimate and stable relationships
Studies that compare adolescents' working models of their relationships:
suggest that an individual's beliefs and expectations about relationships are similar across different interpersonal domains.
most critical influence on adolescents' adjustment
the quality of the parent-child relationships at home
According to some commentators, teenagers have become separate from adult society to such an extent that they have established their own society, which undermines parents' authority and emphasizes peer deviance. This society is called:
the youth culture
According to Vygotsky, adolescents learn best when:
their lessons are within their zone of proximal development, a more experienced instructor is present, and the instructor engages in scaffolding.
The textbook states all of the following to explain why the development of intimacy is especially important in adolescence
truly intimate relationships do not emerge until adolescence the nature of the adolescent's social world changes, with increasing importance of both same sex and other-sex peers. growth of social cognition reflects more sophisticated conceptions of social relationships.
Generally speaking, the parenting style that is associated with the healthiest identity development is:
warm but not excessively constraining
