Autonomic Nervous System
Describe the 4 possible pathways of efferent neurons in the sympathetic nervous system.
1. Go out spinal nerve and synapse with chain ganglia 2. Go out spinal nerve, go through chain ganglia to the synapse at the collateral ganglia 3. Go out spinal nerve and enter the chain ganglia and move up to a higher chain and synapse 4. Go out spinal nerve and enter the chain ganglia and move down to a lower chain ganglia and synapse
The chain ganglia has a paired series of ___ ganglia located along the length of the vertebral column.
22
The neurotransmitter ___ is used in the parasympathetic division as an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Acetylcholine
The sympathetic postganglionic fibers innervating the sweat glands of the skin and some blood vessels within the skeletal muscles and external genitalia are the neurotransmitter exception, releasing ___.
Acetylcholine
___ is released by all preganglionic axons of the ANS and all parasympathetic postganglionic axons at synapses with their effectors, therefore these fibers are cholinergic fibers
Acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter of the somatic system is ___, whereas the neurotransmitter(s) of the ANS are ___ and ___. Acetylcholine Acetylcholine and norepinephrine
Acetylcholine Acetylcholine and norepinephrine
Most glands are activated by parasympathetic fibers except ___ glands and ___ glands of the skin.
Adrenal glands and sweat glands
The ___, part of the endocrine system, is sometimes viewed as the "misplace" sympathetic ganglia because it arises from the same tissue. Its cells, located in postganglionic sympathetic neurons, secrete large amounts of norepinephrine and epinephrine into the blood. This hormone is carried to all parts of the body to reinforce the action of the sympathetic nerves. EX: adrenaline rush
Adrenal medulla
This adrenergic receptor is a vasoconstrictor, stimulatory.
Alpha receptors
What 2 kinds of adrenergic receptors does norepinephrine activate?
Alpha receptors and Beta receptors
This adrenergic receptor is a vasodilator, inhibitory.
Beta receptors
Name the 3 types of ganglia of ANS that is found outside the CNS. Note that the somatic system does not have any ganglia. Chain Collateral Terminal
Chain Collateral Terminal
In the sympathetic division of the ANS, preganglionic axons connect to either the ___ ganglia or the ___ ganglia.
Chain/Collateral
___ rapidly destroys acetylcholine after it is released, therefore parasympathetic effects are short-lived and brief compared to sympathetic.
Cholinesterase
Each postganglionic neuron may get input from many different preganglionic neurons. This process is called ___.
Convergence
Because of the origin in the cranial section and sacral area, the parasympathetic nerves are sometimes known as the ___. Craniosacral outflow
Craniosacral outflow
The parasympathetic system is located in the ___ region of the CNS because the preganglionic fibers spring from opposite ends of the CNS (brain and sacrum).
Craniosacral region
In the sympathetic nervous system, there are more postganglionic neurons than preganglionic neurons. Each preganglionic neuron synapses with 30 or more postganglionic neurons. This is a process called ___. As a result, the sympathetic effects tend to be widespread instead of precise, usually involving many organs simultaneously.
Divergence
The parasympathetic nervous system (does or does not) innervate blood vessels or sweat glands.
Does not
In what 3 ways does the ANS differ from the Somatic? Effectors Efferent pathways Neurotransmitter effects
Effectors Efferent pathways Neurotransmitter effects
The hypothalamus serves as the ___ and ___ brain, so therefore emotions influence ANS functioning and behavior.
Emotional and visceral
___ activates both alpha and beta receptors equally, however, ___ has a greater effect on the alpha receptors.
Epinephrine/norepinephrine
The ___ cranial nerve stimulates the nasal, lacrimal, and salivary glands.
Facial
The ___ cranial nerve activates parotid salivary glands.
Glossopharyngeal
The main function of the ANS is to maintain ___ and coordinate life processes essential for survival.
Homeostasis
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems counterbalance each other's activities in order to maintain ___. This is called dual innervation.
Homeostasis
The ANS has the same specific functions as the ___ because ___ is the main subcortical center of autonomic regulation. Hypothalamus/hypothalamus
Hypothalamus/hypothalamus
Name the 4 cranial nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system.
III oculomotor VII facial IX glossopharyngeal X vagus
The digestive system is mainly under the control of the parasympathetic nervous system. The parasympathetic stimulation ___ peristalsis and strong sympathetic stimulation ___ peristalsis.
Increases/Inhibits
The effect of Ach binding with muscarinic receptors is either ___ or ___, depednign on the target organ.
Inhibitory or Stimulatory
The Vagus nerve goes through ___ ganglia and ___ ganglia located within the target organ.
Intramural ganglia and terminal ganglia
The emotional response of the ___ lobe to danger and stress signals the hypothalamus to activate the sympathetic system to "fight or flight" status.
Limbic
Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration are regulated by the ___ of the brain stem. Vomiting and respiration are regulated by the ___ of the brain stem. Medulla/Pons
Medulla/Pons
This cholinergic receptor is present in all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. It is also present where acetylcholine's neurotransmitter is sympathetic.
Muscarinic receptors
What 2 kinds of cholinergic receptors does acetylcholine activate?
Muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors
This cholinergic receptor is found on postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It contains the hormone producing cells of the adrenal medulla.
Nicotinic receptors
Postganglionic sympathetic neuron release ___ as a neurotransmitter, therefore they are adrenergic fibers.
Norepinephrine
The neurotransmitter ___ is used in the sympathetic division as an excitatory neurotransmitter.
Norepinephrine
The ___ cranial nerve innervates smooth muscle of the eye to cause the pupils to constrict and eye lens to bulge.
Oculomotor
The difference between the somatic and ANS in regards to their number of efferent pathways is that the somatic has ___ pathway(s) and the ANS has ___ pathway(s). One/Two
One/Two
Parasympathetic fibers have ___ pregangmpathetic axons and ___ postganglia axons, whereas sympathetic fibers have ___ preganglia axons and ___ postganglia axons.
Para = long pre Short post symp = short pre Long post
This division of the ANS conserves and restores energy. It decreases BP, decreases the rate of the heartbeat and stimulates the digestive system to process food. It allows the body to unwind as it performs maintenance activities and conserves body energy.
Parasympathetic
___ tone prevents unnecessary heart accelerations and also dictates the normal activity levels of the digestive and urinary tracts.
Parasympathetic tone
Unlike sympathetic, parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with only a few postsynaptic neurons. Therefore, effects of parasympathetic system are more ___ and ___.
Precise and localized
The motor unit in the ANS is a 2 neuron chain, meaning there is a ___ which resides in the brain or spinal cord and it synapses with a ___ which is residing outside of the CNS. Its axon then extends to the effector organ.
Preganglionic neuron/postganglionic neuron
Some sympathetic postganglionic fibers re-enter the spinal nerves by way of the ___. These allow sympathetic output to reach all parts of the body without running through spinal nerves.
Rami communicantes
Ach and NE are not consistently either excitatory or inhibitory, it depends on the ___ they attach to.
Receptors
The ANS is functionally organized into ___ pathways. Sequence: The receptor within viscera triggers impulse, the afferent nerve sends impulse to CNS, integration occurs at various levels, decisions are made and sent along efferent nerves to the effector organ (smooth or cardiac muscle, diaphragm, or glands). Reflex
Reflex
Stimulation of both the alpha and beta receptors causes ___ of the intestine.
Relaxation
The ___ fibers from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th sacral spinal nerves form pelvic nerves that innervate the distal portion of the large intestine, the urinary system, and the reproductive system including erectile tissues Sacral parasympathetic fibers
Sacral parasympathetic fibers
___ is the ground sate of our metabolic system, however, our digestive and urinary system are at their highest. This is because the parasympathetic system stimulates the kidney and digestive function by increasing the diameter of blood vessels and arteries.
Sleep
The ANS innervates ___ and ___ muscle, whereas the somatic stimulates ___ muscle. Smooth and cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle
Smooth and cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle
The effectors of the ANS are ___, ___, ___, and the ___. Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Glands Diaphragm
Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Glands Diaphragm
___ nerves are preganglionic neurons that do not end at the chain ganglia but instead pass on to ganglia located in the abdomen close to the aorta.
Splanchnic
The sympathetic pathway of the ANS is the ___ of metabolism, except for digestive and urinary systems, whereas the parasympathetic is the ___ of metabolism, except for the digestive and urinary systems.
Stimulator/restorative
The effect of Ach binding to Nicotinic receptor is always ___ and results in excitation of the neuron or effector cell.
Stimulatory
The "fight or flight" system is used to describe the ___ system. This means this system enables the body to cope rapidly with situations that threaten homeostasis. It functions to provide the optimal conditions for an appropriate response to some threat.
Sympathetic
The vascular system is almost entirely innervated by the ___ fibers.
Sympathetic
This division of the ANS mobilizes energy during times of stress. It increases BP, increases the speed rate and force of the heartbeat, increases blood sugar concentration and re-routes blood flow to skeletal muscles.
Sympathetic
Name the 2 divisions of the ANS. They serve the same visceral organs, but have opposite effects on them.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
During times of stress, the ___ division can override ___ effects.
Sympathetic override parasympathetic
In the parasympathetic system, preganglionic axons extend from the CNS nearly all the way to the structures to be innervated. There they synapse with postganglionic neurons located in the ___ ganglia, which are very close to or within the target organs.
Terminal
What is the relation between the spleen and exercise?
The spleen cleans out debris of blood. When at rest, blood flows through the spleen. When exercising the spleen dilates and blood rushes out into the muscles.
Sympathetic fibers originate from the ___ region of the spinal cord.
Thoracolumbar region
(T or F) The same stimulus can affect both the somatic and autonomic systems. True
True
The ___ cranial nerve supplies 75% of all parasympathetic fibers.
Vagus
The ___ nerve innervates the heart, lung, liver, pancreas, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and proximal portion of the large intestine.
Vagus
___ tone is the term for sympathetic fibers keeping the blood vessels in a continual state of partial constriction. These fibers deliver impulses more rapidly when faster blood delivery is needed, causing BP to rise and blood vessels to constrict.
Vasomotor (sympathetic) tone
Postganglionic neuron fibers travel with the other fibers of the spinal nerve, but eventually branch off forming a ___.
Visceral nerve