Aviation Human Factors Exam 2

John slept for 6 hours on Wednesday night because he had an assignment due Wednesday night. On Thursday night, John prepared for an exam on Friday, so he slept for 5 hours. John socialized on Friday night and had 5 hours of sleep. He got 8 hours of sleep plus an additional 4 hours on Saturday night. On Sunday night, he slept for a total of 10 hours. Considering 8 hours of sleep as a physical limitation, how many hours of sleep debt that John still needs to pay back when he wakes up on Monday morning?

2

Airline employees are willing to report safety concerns and operator errors. This is an example of an airline that has a positive ______ culture.

reporting

When we are not particularly tired, limiting an afternoon nap to about 20 minutes can improve performance and avoid ______.

sleep inertia

The evolution of aviation safety management includes three ages: ______.

technology, human, and organization

Which one of the following is a strategy for first officer assertiveness at the undesired aircraft state (UAS) stage of the TEM model?

First officers should consider all strategies above.

Which one of the following statements about fatigue, alcohol, and performance is correct?

The effect on performance due to severe fatigue can be greater than acceptable alcohol intoxication.

Which one of the following statements about the sterile cockpit rule is NOT correct?

The sterile cockpit rule applies to both general and commercial flight operations.

Which one of the following is NOT a component in Threat and Error Management (TEM)?

Management

When a flight instructor (sender) tries to explain the causes of runway incursions to a student (receiver), if the student knows nothing about aviation, it is unlikely that the instructor's explanation will make any sense. In this case, ______ is a factor that limits communication.

disparity in knowledge

The best solution to combat fatigue is ______.

having high-quality sleep

Which one of the following statements about fatigue management is NOT correct?

Alcohol is a good sleep initiator and can improve the quality of sleep.

To better apply CRM to flight operations, which one of the following factors should be considered while pairing a captain up with a first officer?

- Age difference - Interpersonal -skills - Rank

Which one of the following is a common cause of fatigue for airline pilots?

- Conducting several flight operations in a day - Quickly traveling across several time zones during a long-haul flight - Shift working and scheduling

Fatigue can affect our ability to process information. Which one of the following is a result of fatigue?

- Increased risk of missing a warning - Difficulty combating perceptual illusions - Slower responses

Which one of the statements about assertiveness is correct?

- Many crashes have occurred where the first officer was aware of the deteriorating situation but was not assertive enough to intervene. - First officer assertiveness is vital in ensuring flight safety. - Captains should make an effort to encourage first officers to be assertive.

_1__ A voluntary reporting system implemented by airlines and other aviation businesses to collect safety information and identify potential precursors to accidents __4__ A voluntary safety program implemented by airlines to collect data from line pilots and use the data for continuous improvement __2__ A voluntary, confidential, and non-punitive incident reporting system administered by NASA and used by pilots and other aviation personnel

1. Aviation Safety Action Program (ASAP) 2. Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) 3. Internal Evaluation Program (IEP) 4. Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) 5. Voluntary Disclosure Reporting Program (VDRP)

PACE is an escalating strategy that first officers can use at the error management stage of the Threat and Error Management (TEM) model. PACE is an acronym for Probe, Alert, Challenge, and Emergency. Match the word and its explanation with the exemplative first officer statement. _4__ FO: We are too fast, and now we are unstable. Go around! __3__ FO: We are too fast. If you do not slow down, I am going to have to call for a go-around. __2__ FO: We are well above the standard speeds for this approach. __1__ FO: David, I notice that you are flying the approach 30 knots faster than I was expecting. Is there a reason?

1. Probe: Ask questions to gain a better understanding of what is happening. 2. Alert: Warn the captain of the anomalies that have occurred. 3. Challenge: Challenge the suitability of the current action. 4. Emergency: Give an emergency warning of critical and immediate dangers.

Match the type of fatigue with its possible causes. _1__ Circadian fatigue __3__ Transient fatigue __2__ Cumulative fatigue

1. Reduced performance between 2 am and 6 am 2. Repeated mild sleep restriction or extended wakefulness across a series of days 3. Extreme sleep restriction or extended wakefulness

Match the statement on the left with its classification on the right. _1__ Safety means as few accidents as possible. __2__ Pilots generally try to do their best in flight operations. __1__ Airlines only respond after an accident happens. __2__ The purpose of accident investigation is to understand how things usually go right as a basis for explaining how things occasionally go wrong. __1__ It is used to identify the cause of an accident, which has a single-point cause.

1. Safety management I 2. Safety management II

Match the level of safety culture with the appropriate example. __3__ An airline uses risk assessment techniques to justify safety. __5__ Safety is the top priority and it is fully integrated into the airline's operations. __1__ An airline cares less about safety than about not being caught by FAA while violating a FAR. __2__ An airline only changes its policies after accidents happen. __4__ An airline uses its Aviation Safety Action Program (ASAP) to solve safety concerns before they result in accidents.

1. Pathological 2. Reactive 3. Calculative 4. Proactive 5. Generative

Which one of the following statements about resilience engineering is NOT correct?

A resilient system has zero tolerance for errors.

Which one of the following statements about the Colgan Air Flight 3407 accident is NOT correct?

According to the NTSB's investigation, fatigue was a probable cause of the accident.

Which type of communication method is NOT used between pilots and air traffic controllers?

Body language

Which one of the following statements about time zone change is correct?

If we plan to keep our body clock in phase with the day-night cycle at our home base, we may need to sleep during the day.

Which one of the following is NOT a contributory factor to the Korean Air Flight 8509 accident?

Insufficient preparation

Which one of the following statements about just culture is NOT correct?

It is easy to cultivate a positive just culture in an organization.

Which one of the following statements about safety culture is correct?

It is not always necessary to protect society from a pilot after the pilot's error caused an accident.

Which one of the following statements about circadian rhythms is NOT correct?

Several factors play a role in the circadian rhythm, such as age, gender, and health condition.

Which one of the following statements about fatigue risk management is NOT correct?

Thanks to the implementation of mandatory and voluntary fatigue risk management programs after the Colgan Air Fight 3407 accident, fatigue is not a risk in flight operations anymore.

Which one of the following statements about Efficiency-Thoroughness Trade-Off (ETTO) is NOT correct?

Thoroughness is always more important than efficiency in the aviation industry.

Ambiguous communication usually occurs between ______.

a pilot and an air traffic controller

Which one of the following shows the most effective flight deck gradient?

b