Axial Skeleton

Parietal Bone

-forms most of the upper lateral side of skull. -are paired bones with the right and left bones joining together at the top of the skull.

Occipital Condyle

On either side of the foramen magnum is an oval-shaped ___________________. These form joints with the first cervical vertebra and thus support the skull on top of the vertebral column.

Foramen Magnum

On the base of the skull, the occipital bone contains the large opening of the ____________________, which allows for passage of the spinal cord as it exits the skull.

Thoracic cage

includes the 12 pairs of ribs, and the sternum, the flattened bone of the anterior chest.

Intervertebral disc

is a fibrocartilaginous pad that fills the gap between adjacent vertebral bodies. Each disc is anchored to the bodies of its adjacent vertebrae, thus strongly uniting these. The discs also provide padding between vertebrae during weight bearing. Because of this, intervertebral discs are thin in the cervical region and thickest in the lumbar region, which carries the most body weight. In total, the intervertebral discs account for approximately 25 percent of your body height between the top of the pelvis and the base of the skull. Intervertebral discs are also flexible and can change shape to allow for movements of the vertebral column.

Sphenoid Bone

is a single, complex bone of the central skull. It serves as a "keystone" bone, because it joins with almost every other bone of the skull.

Ethmoid Bone

is a single, midline bone that forms the roof and lateral walls the upper nasal cavity, the upper portion of the nasal septum, and contributes to the medial wall of the orbit. On the interior of the skull, it also forms a portion of the floor of the anterior cranial cavity.

Hyoid Bine

is an independent bone that does not contact any other bone and thus is not part of the skull. It is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck near the level of the inferior mandible, with the tips of the "U" pointing posteriorly.

Appendicular Skeleton

is made up of all bones of the upper and lower limbs.

Sternum

is the elongated bony structure that anchors the anterior thoracic cage. It consists of three parts: the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The manubrium is the wider, superior portion of the sternum. The first ribs also attach to the manubrium. The elongated, central portion of the sternum is the body. The manubrium and body join together at the sternal angle, so called because the junction between these two components is not flat, but forms a slight bend. The second rib attaches to the sternum at the sternal angle. Since the first rib is hidden behind the clavicle, the second rib is the highest rib that can be identified by palpation. Thus, the sternal angle and second rib are important landmarks for the identification and counting of the lower ribs. Ribs 3-7 attach to the sternal body. The inferior tip of the sternum is the xiphoid process. This small structure is cartilaginous early in life, but gradually becomes ossified starting during middle age.

Frontal Bone

is the single bone that forms the forehead.

Occipital Bone

is the single bone that forms the posterior skull and posterior base of the cranial cavity.

1. frontal bone 2. temporal bone 3. occipital bone

Each parietal bone is also bounded anteriorly by the ________________, inferiorly by the _________________, and posteriorly by the _______________.

Ribs

Each rib is a curved, flattened bone that contributes to the wall of the thorax. The ribs articulate posteriorly with the T1-T12 thoracic vertebrae, and most attach anteriorly via their costal cartilages to the sternum. There are 12 pairs of ribs. The ribs are numbered 1-12 in accordance with the thoracic vertebrae.

Stands in the anatomical position; Kyphosis; lordosis; bend forward; bending directly forward, and the right and left sides of the back will not be level with each other in the bent position

Excessive vertebral curves can be identified while an individual ____________________________. Observe the vertebral profile from the side and then from behind to check for _________ or __________. Then have the person _______________. If scoliosis is present, an individual will have difficulty in _____________________,

serves as the attachment site for muscles

It also ______________________________________ that move the head, neck, and back, and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.

Vertebral Column

It is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord, which passes down the back through openings in the vertebrae.

Ribs

Most ribs are attached, either directly or indirectly, to the sternum via their costal cartilage. The ribs are classified into three groups based on their relationship to the sternum. Ribs 1-7 are classified as true ribs (vertebrosternal ribs). The costal cartilage from each of these ribs attaches directly to the sternum. Ribs 8-12 are called false ribs (vertebrochondral ribs). The costal cartilages from these ribs do not attach directly to the sternum. For ribs 8-10, the costal cartilages are attached to the cartilage of the next higher rib. Thus, the cartilage of rib 10 attaches to the cartilage of rib 9, rib 9 then attaches to rib 8, and rib 8 is attached to rib 7. The last two false ribs (11-12) are also called floating ribs (vertebral ribs). These are short ribs that do not attach to the sternum at all. Instead, their small costal cartilages terminate within the musculature of the lateral abdominal wall.

true ribs (1-7) and false ribs (8-12)

Ribs are classified into two categories, what are the categories?

Brain case

The Bones of the _____________________ surround and protect the brain which occupies the cranial cavity.

up/down or forward/back

The Hyoid bone is held into position by a small series of muscles that attach to it either from above or below. These muscles act to move the hyoid where? Movements of the hyoid are coordinated with movements of the ____________, ____________, and ____________ during swallowing and speaking.

intervertebral disc

The Vertebral column consists of a sequence of vertebrae each of which is separated and united by an _________________________________________.

Skull

The _____________ is formed by 22 bones.

24, sacrum, coccyx

The adult vertebral column consists of _______________ vertebrae, plus the ______________ and the _________________.

four; strength, flexibility, ability to absorb shock; increase in depth; spring back; primary; secondary; original fetal curvature

The adult vertebral column does not form a straight line, but instead has __________ curvatures along its length. These curves increase the vertebral column's _________________, _______________, and __________________________. When the load on the spine is increased, by carrying a heavy backpack for example, the curvatures _________________________ to accommodate the extra weight. They then ________________ when the weight is removed. The four adult curvatures are classified as either _______________ or ________________ curvatures. Primary curves are retained from the ________________________, while secondary curvatures develop after birth.

Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage.

The axial skeleton of the adult consists of 80 bones, including the ____________, the ____________________ and the ______________________.

The shallow anterior cranial fossa, the middle cranial fossa, and the deep posterior cranial fossa.

The base of the brain case, which forms the floor of the cranial cavity, is subdivided into what three regions?

the paired parietal and temporal bones, plus the unpaired frontal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid bones.

The brain case consists of eight bones which include what?

Floating ribs.

The last two pairs of ribs (11-12) are known as what? refer to diagram, its gonna be on quiz and for sternum

Thoracic vertebrae

The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 __________________

Central skull

The sphenoid forms much of the base of the ______________________, and also extends laterally to contribute to the sides of the skull.

the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process (on quiz)!!

The sternum consists of what?

cervical C1-C7 vertebrae, thoracic T1-T12 vertebrae, and lumbar L1-L5 vertebrae

The vertebrae are divided into three regions, what are they?

thoracic and sacrococcygeal; cervical and lumbar curves.

The vertebral column is curved, with two primary curvatures _____________________________ and two secondary curvatures ________________________.

seven; C1; C1; C2; T1-T12; lower back; coccygeal vertebrae; sacral; coccygeal

The vertebral column is subdivided into 5 regions, with the vertebrae in each area named for that region and numbered in descending order. In the neck, there are ___________ cervical vertebrae, each designated with the letter "C" followed by its number. Superiorly, the ___________ vertebrae articulates (forms a joint) with the occipital condyles of the skull. Inferiorly, ________ articulates with the ___________ vertebrae, and so on. Below these are the 12 thoracic vertebrae, designated ______________. the ____________________ contains the L1-L5 lumbar vertebrae. The __________________________, which is also a part of the pelvis, is formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae. Similarly, the coccyx, or the tailbone results from the fusion of four small ________________________. However, the _______________ and ______________ fusions do not start until age 20 and are not completed until middle age.

Herniated Intervertebral Disc

Weakening of the anulus fibrosus can result in herniation (protrusion) of the nucleus pulposus and compression of a spinal nerve, resulting in pain and/or muscle weakness in the body regions supplied by that nerve.

Mandible (lower jaw)

What the only bone that can move in the skull?

Vertebral Column

also known as the spinal column or spine.

Kyphosis

also referred to as humpback or hunchback, is an excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic region. This can develop when osteoporosis causes weakening and erosion of the anterior portions of the upper thoracic vertebrae, resulting in their gradual collapse.

Scoliosis; head positioned over the feet; adolescent growth spurts; back brace; surgery

an abnormal, lateral curvature, accompanied by twisting of the vertebral column. Compensatory curves may also develop in other areas of the vertebral column to help maintain the ____________________. Is the most common vertebral abnormality among girls. Cause is usually unknown, may result from weakness of back muscles, defects such as differential growth rates in the right and the left sides of the vertebral column, or differences in the length of the lower limbs. When present, it tends to get worse during ___________________________. Although most individuals do not require treatment, a ____________ may be recommended for growing children. In extreme cases, _______________ may be required

Hyoid bone and ear ossicles

associated with the head, three small bones found in the middle of the ear.

Brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs

axial skeleton serves to protect what?

Developmental anomalies, pathological changes, or obesity

can enhance the normal vertebral column curves, resulting in the development of abnormal or excessive curvatures.

Vertebral Column

consists of 24 bones, each called a vertebra, plus the sacrum and coccyx.

Thoracic Cage

formed by a) the sternum, b) 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages.

Temporal Bone

forms the lower lateral side of the skull.

Axial Skeleton

forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back.

Lordosis

or swayback, is an excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar region and is most commonly associated with obesity or late pregnancy. The accumulation of body weight in the abdominal region results an anterior shift in the line of gravity that carries the weight of the body. This causes in an anterior tilt of the pelvis and a pronounced enhancement of the lumbar curve.

Hyoid Bone

serves as a base for the tongue above, and is attached to the larynx below and the pharynx posteriorly.

Axial skeleton

supports the head, neck, back, and chest and thus forms the vertical axis of the body. Consists of the skull, vertebral column (including the sacrum and coccyx), and the thoracic cage, formed by the ribs and sternum.