B394: Drugs and Behavior - Exam 2

chronic alcohol abuse can cause extreme hyperexcitability and Ca2+ influx resulting in reinforcement inhibition of neuron firing brain damage anxiety relief

brain damage

cannabinoid receptors are not found in the ______, so marijuana will not cause respiratory depression hippocampus cerebellum medulla thalamus

medulla

Tolerance to alcohol includes

metabolic, behavioral, and pharmacodynamic tolerance

all opioid receptors are _____ and _____ adenylyl cyclase

metabotropic inhibit

delta-9-THC binds to cannabinoid receptors which are _____ and ______ cAMP production metabotropic, inhibit ionotropic, inhibit ionotropic, increase metabotropic, increase

metabotropic, inhibit

there is _____ tar and carbon monoxide in a joint than in a cigarette which may ____ the risk of lung cancer in marijuana users less, increase more, increase less, decrease more, decrease

more, increase

Naloxone (Narcan) prevents opioid overdose deaths by blocking _____ opioid receptors in the medulla.

mu (μ)

_____ is a drug that reduces the reinforcing qualities of alcohol by blocking mu-opioid receptors naltrexone acamprosate disulfiram varenicline

naltrexone

nicotine users develop tolerance to initial side effects such as

nausea and vomiting

marijuana is a ____ stimulant depressant hallucinogen none of the above

none of the above

Treatment programs for individuals with an opioid addiction (severe opioid use disorder)

typically use methadone or Suboxone maintenance strategies (i.e., MAT).

heavy marijuana usage can have chronic effects on verbal learning and memory working memory and lung capacity GI function and memory depth perception and visuospatial tasks

verbal learning and memory

withdrawal symptoms for amphetamines can last for weeks and

are the opposite of the acute effects

chronic use of amphetamines can lead to hallucinations and delusions similar to symptoms of

paranoid schizophrenia

Why is alcohol withdrawal so dangerous?

risk of dying due to seizures

In cases of opioid overdose, which of the following physiologic conditions can be fatal?

respiratory depression

True or false: the acute effects of opioids can kill people while the withdrawal effects to not

true

amphetamines are used to treat ____ because it increases extracellular levels of DA and NE

ADHD

Current evidence suggests that caffeine exerts its stimulant effects in humans by

blocking adenosine receptors

Cocaine causes its main euphoric effects by

blocking reuptake of dopamine.

What is one way that alcohol differs from other drugs of abuse? Alcohol is almost always ingested orally as a liquid. Alcohol contains calories. Alcohol doses are measured in grams rather than milligrams. All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following statements is false? Amphetamines are naturally-occurring compounds, extracted from a plant. Amphetamines are orally effective. Amphetamines resemble the neurotransmitter dopamine in their chemical structure. Amphetamines were used by bomber pilots in WWII to fight fatigue.

Amphetamines are naturally-occurring compounds, extracted from a plant.

cocaine can act as a local anesthetic by

blocking voltage-gated sodium channels

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the distribution of alcohol in the body? Large amounts of alcohol are stored in fat tissue because of alcohol's high lipid solubility. Alcohol does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier and placental barrier. Behavioral effects are greater as blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) are increasing rather than decreasing. Men have higher BACs per drink because of less body water compared to women.

Behavioral effects are greater as blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) are increasing rather than decreasing.

Which of the following has never been a medical application of amphetamine? treatment for ADHD treatment for narcolepsy antidepressant appetite enhancer

appetite enhancer

Which of the following is not true of the cocaine abstinence syndrome? The withdrawal state most likely involves decreased synaptic dopamine levels. It is currently accepted that all cocaine use is associated with an abstinence syndrome. Relapse is most likely during the withdrawal phase. It consists of the phases of crash, withdrawal, and extinction.

It is currently accepted that all cocaine use is associated with an abstinence syndrome.

endorphins act on the _____ receptors

Mu

Which of the following about the endocannabinoids is true? They are stored in post-synaptic vesicles. They are synthesized and released when needed from the presynaptic membrane. They include arachidonic derivatives such as 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG).. They increase Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitter release.

They include arachidonic derivatives such as 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)..

What can occur at a BAC over 0.45 if the person is not tolerant to the effects of alcohol?

The person could quit breathing and die.

Which of the following about the effects of opioids on synaptic transmission is false? They affect presynaptic autoreceptors and reduce the amount of neurotransmitter released. They cause less neurotransmitter to be released via axoaxonic inhibition. They cause postsynaptic depolarization by immediately opening sodium channels. They act on receptors that are coupled to G proteins that inhibit adenylyl cyclase.

They cause postsynaptic depolarization by immediately opening sodium channels.

_____ tolerance is the least stable as it can change if the ritual or environment are changed

behavioral

Some researchers believe that opioids exert their effects on reinforcement by affecting cell bodies in the _______ that release _______.

VTA dopamine

Which of the following effect is not correctly matched to its neuroadaptive response (following chronic exposure to cocaine or the amphetamines)? appetite-suppression . . . sensitization euphoria . . . tolerance craving . . . sensitization sympathomimetic effects . . . tolerance

appetite-suppression . . . sensitization

alcohol is converted to ___ by alcohol dehydrogenase. This substance is toxic.

acetaldehyde

mixing alcohol and caffeine is dangerous because people feel more alert, but are still under the influence of alcohol are "wide-awake drunk" may drink beyond a safe limit as they are not fatigued all of the above

all of the above

smokers can control the dose of nicotine that they receive through number of cigarettes smoked frequency of puffs time smoke is held in the lungs all of the above

all of the above

People who are tolerant and/or dependent on caffeine in coffee may develop a craving for coffee if they try to stop drinking it. have no trouble sleeping after consuming coffee right before bedtime. develop a headache if they miss their morning cup of coffee. all of the options are correct

all of the options are correct

The psychoactive component of marijuana, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) persists in the body for days to weeks as it is stored in adipose tissue. is an extremely safe compound with a therapeutic index (TI) in the thousands. all the options are correct is highly lipid-soluble and readily penetrates the blood-brain barrier.

all the options are correct

Which of the following is not a form of cannabis derivative? hashish marijuana sinsemilla anandamide

anandamide

symptoms such as headache, caffeine craving, decreased alertness, and fatigue are common in caffeine withdrawal caffeine addiction syndrome caffeinism chronic caffeine users

caffeine withdrawal

_____ is due to high doses of caffeine and causes symptoms such as tremors, delirium, convulsions, and tachycardia parkinson's disease acute caffeine withdrawal caffeinization caffeinism

caffeinism

The opioid withdrawal or abstinence syndrome

can be explained as a form of rebound CNS hyperactivity.

Nicotinic receptors

can become silenced by depolarization block with repeated stimulation.

half of early smokers die prematurely from illnesses such as cancer, stroke, and cardiovascular disease cancer, alzheimer's, and COPD parkinson's, stroke, pneumonia diabetes, pulmonary disease, and cancer

cancer, stroke, cardiovascular disease

caffeine can cause hyperactivity and reduce fatigue, but it is a depressant chronic users report relaxing and calming effects chronic users are more tired after consuming caffeine in increases hyperactivity in those with ADHD

chronic users report relaxing and calming effects

Which of the following is irreversible even if an alcoholic quits drinking?

cirrhosis

Nicotine and caffeine are both known to

decrease fatigue and have a calming effect in regular users.

methadone helps prevent relapse by

decreasing craving

An intense withdrawal syndrome after long-term, heavy drinking that includes confusion, tremulousness, and hallucinations would be considered _____.

delirium tremens

the main psychoactive agent of marijuana is sinsemilla delta-9-THC cannabis CBD

delta-9-THC

All of the following are effects of the class of drugs called narcotic analgesics except _____. pain reduction euphoria relaxation diarrhea

diarrhea

Which of the following pharmacotherapies is correctly matched with its supposed mechanism of action? disulfiram (Antabuse) . . . inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase to increase levels of acetaldehyde acamprosate (Campral) . . . blocks withdrawal-induced GABA release naltrexone (ReVia) . . . decreases craving by blocking dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens All of the drugs are correctly matched to their mechanism of action

disulfiram (Antabuse) . . . inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase to increase levels of acetaldehyde

acute effects of alcohol increase ______ and _____ neurotransmitters which play roles in reinforcement

dopamine, opioid

The concentration of alcohol in the blood can be modified by all of the following, except gender differences in metabolism. the amount of alcohol consumed. drinking coffee. the presence of food in the stomach.

drinking coffee.

amphetamines increase the amount of dopamine in the synaptic cleft by

entering the DA nerve cell and releasing DA from vesicles

the mu receptors mediate the ______ of opioids

euphoric properties

True or False: heroin is more efficacious than morphine which is why it is abused more than morphine

false

True or false: cocaine free base is more dangerous and more potent than crack cocaine

false

True or false: endocannabinoids are retrograde messengers that are stored in vesicles in the postsynaptic cell

false

True or false: nicotine is toxic, but it will not result in death like caffeine

false

morphine is a _____ which means that it binds to a receptor and has the same effect as the neurotransmitter

full agonist

Which of the following is not an effect of low to moderate doses of cocaine? insomnia incoherent speech amplification of euphoria mild anorexia

incoherent speech

Based on the nicotine titration hypothesis, one would expect a smoker to _____ their depth of inhalation and _____ the number of puffs per cigarette if they switched to a cigarette with a lower nicotine content.

increase increase

Acutely, alcohol is known to

increase the inhibitory actions of GABA.

Chronic, high dose use of psychomotor stimulants can lead to all of the following effects except increased sexual interest violence delusions irritability and anxiety

increased sexual interest

The CNS (CB1) cannabinoid receptor

is expressed in high numbers in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum.

THC readily crosses the BBB because it is lipid soluble and blood levels decrease quickly, but

it can be stored in fat tissue and can show in a drug test for weeks

Heroin is a more potent euphoriant than morphine because

it crosses the blood-brain barrier more rapidly.

marijuana is not really a hallucinogen because

it has to be at a very high dose or be mixed to cause hallucinations

the majority of alcohol is metabolized by the

liver

Tolerance to opioid effects

occurs rapidly for euphoric and analgesic effects, and slowly for constipating effects.

Which of the following routes of administration would be the least effective way to take a dose of cocaine in terms of bioavailability? snorting smoking crack oral by injection

oral

opioids have all but which acute effect? drowsiness cough suppression nausea paranoia

paranoia

e-cigarettes do not contain any tar so they

pose fewer health risks

researchers believe that dopamine is deficient in the _____ in those with ADHD

prefrontal cortex

CB1 receptors are located on the presynaptic cell and inhibit Ca2+ influx which

prevents the release of neurotransmitters

____ dependence on cocaine is stronger than _____ dependence

psychological physical

The amount of active ingredient absorbed during marijuana smoking depends on all of the following except for the potency of the plant material used. psychological state of the user volume of each "puff" or inhalation. amount of plant material used

psychological state of the user

Cocaine and amphetamine are both

psychomotor stimulants

signs of opioid withdrawal include all but which of the following irritability depression pupil constriction insomnia

pupil constriction

some of the behavioral effects of amphetamines include _____ and _____ so the are commonly abused by college students

reduced fatigue heightened alertness

Amphetamine and methamphetamine affect synaptic transmission by

releasing dopamine from vesicles into the cytoplasm and from the cytoplasm into the extracellular fluid..

the most common pharmacological treatment for nicotine addiction is Zyban (bupropion), reduces cravings Chantix (varenicline), reduces craving and withdrawal replacement therapy with gum, patches, sprays, etc group counseling

replacement therapy with gum, patches, sprays, etc

which of the following is a severe effect of cocaine restlessness increased sexual interest stereotypies increased self-esteem

stereotypies

The endorphins are

the endogenous opioids that act predominantly at mu mu (μ) opioid receptors.

an average man and an average woman both drink one glass of wine. Which one will have a higher BAC?

the woman because she has a smaller volume of fluid than the man

a mother drank while pregnant and the baby has growth abnormalities but not facial malformations or brain dysfunction they will be diagnosed with FAS they will be diagnosed with ARND they will be diagnosed with nothing they will be diagnosed with FASD

they will be diagnosed with FASD

True or False: pharmacodynamic tolerance results in neurons adapting to the presence of alcohol and changing functions to compensate

true

the body has protective actions to prevent fatal amounts of alcohol from being consumed. One example is: passing out when BAC reaches .10% hangovers after drinking medulla depression when BAC reaches .45% vomiting when BAC reaches 0.15%

vomiting when BAC reaches 0.15%

alcohol dehydrogenase is more active in men's stomachs than women's. this means that

women's BAC's rise more quickly than men's