Basic Canine and Feline Anatomy

Muscular System

-Allows organism to move -represents endurance in dogs; jumping and playing -Highly evolved in cats; swift and agile movement

Arteries

-Carry blood away from the heart -Obtain blood under high pressure from the ventricles of the heart -Contain three layers which allow them to stretch each Tim the heart beats therefore more blood is pumped out

Blood vessels

-Closed vascular structure in mammals -Transport blood from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart -Include arteries, veins and capillaries

The Heart

-Composed of an involuntary cardiac muscle -Pumps blood throughout the body using blood vessels -Consists of four chambers; Atria: top two chambers Ventricles: bottom two chambers

Capillaries

-Connect arteries and veins -Exchange oxygen,water, salts and carbon dioxide between blood and surrounding body tissues -Remove wastes from the surrounding cells

Pancreas

-Located in the upper abdomen -secretes insulin which metabolizes sugar -releases glucagon and soma statin which regulate energy and metabolism in the body

Digestive System

-Takes in and digests food -Eliminates solid wastes from the body -Is also known as the gastrointestinal tract (GI Tract) which can be broken into the upper and lower GI tract

adaptive immune system

-attacks specific threats to the body -designs different methods of attack for different invaders -has a memory -spleen and lymph nodes

feline skeleton

-backbone contains more bonds than humans -vertebrae are not as tightly connected, allowing for higher flexibility -no collarbone

Veins

-carry blood to the heart -receive blood from the organs and tissues -transport waste products away from organs and tissues

liver

-clears blood of drugs and toxic substances -metabolizes and alters the chemical structure of foreign material in blood -excretes these waste products in the form of bile

The stomach

-connects the esophagus and the small intestine -acts as a storage spot for food during a meal -secretes many acids which are used to break down foods

The spinal cord

-consists of a long bundle of nerve tissue -starts at the bottom of the brain and continues down the spine -allows nerves to branch out, forming the peripheral nervous system -protected by vertebrae

The Endocrine system

-consists of organs which excrete hormones to control the body's responses to stimuli and functions -regulates growth, development and reproduction -Produces, uses and stores energy -Works with the nervous system to maintain the body's nutrition, metabolism and balance of salt and water

involuntary muscles

-contract without conscious control -muscles lining organs -muscles found in stomach, intestine, and bladder

voluntary muscles

-controlled by thought -mainly skeletal muscle -muscles found in arms and legs

pheripheral nervous system

-cranial -spinal -autonomile

Canine skeleton

-different from human body; allows dog to run fast, hunt and chase -isn't attached to the shoulder blades, allowing for a higher potential of greater motion and flexibility -319 bones

The Small Intestine

-duodenum: connects the stomach to the jejunum and is where the most chemical digestion takes place -jejunum: connects the duodenum to the ileum and absorbs carbohydrates and proteins -ileum: absorbs vitamin B12, bile salts, water and other products not absorbed by the jejunum

epididymides

-enlarged tubes which lie along the edge of a testicle -start at the top of a testicle and end on the bottom -store sperm -transport sperm to the deferent ducts

The Anus

-excretes feces -consists of specialized linings which allow it to detect whether the contents are liquid, solid or gas -surrounded by sphincter muscles which allow for the control of stool

innate immune system

-first line of defense -nonspecific and non-adaptive Includes skin, fur, saliva, stomach acid and mucous

mammary glands

-groin to chest -connective tissue to provide support and structure -provide milk for offspring

the uterus

-hollow muscular organ -2 long nearly straight horns -serves as the site of implantation of fertilized eggs and fetus development -top 2 sections are called uterine horns and extend from each ovary to join with the uterus (when pregnant, the fetuses are arranged in a row in both horns

The penis

-housed within a prepuce when not erect -male sexual organ -specialized connective tissue and blood vessels which allow it to become erect

The mouth

-houses teeth with are used to tear, scrape and chew food -includes the salivary glands which produce saliva, breakdown carbohydrates and lubricant the passage of food -contains the tongue which manipulates food for chewing and swallowing

The Scrotum

-houses testicles -temperature regulator for the testicles and epididymides -lies forward back of the abdomen between hind legs in dogs -lies just below the anus in cats

The Immune system

-identifies and kills pathogens -Innate and adaptive immune system

Testicles

-in the scrotum -manufacture sperm -produce testosterone

cardiac muscle

-involuntary -found in the heart -adapted to the continuous rhythmic contractions of the heart

smooth muscle

-involuntary -thin layers or sheets of flat muscle -cells have one nucleus

The large intestine

-known as the colon -cecum: aids in breaking down molecules into nutrients the body can use -colon: extracts water from feces -rectum: temporarily stores feces

The ovaries

-located behind kidneys -contain eggs which are waiting to be fertilized -produce hormones such as estrogen and progesterone

parathyroid glands

-located behind the thyroid -maintain calcium levels -release a hormone to boost calcium

Spleen

-located in abdomen -destroys worn out red and white blood cells

thyroid gland

-located in the neck next to the trachea -controls how fast the body burns energy, makes proteins and the sensitivity of the body to other hormones -regulates the rate of metabolism

pituitary gland

-located on the underside of the brain -produces growth and milk production hormones

Adrenal Glands

-located on top of the kidneys -release hormones in response to stress or excitement such as: Aldosterone and cortisol

skeletal system

-many functions: supports the body, protects soft organs, produces red blood cells, assists in movement -5 types of bone -divides into three parts: axial, appendicular and visceral

The respiratory system includes:

-mouth -nose -trachea -lungs

Deferent Ducts

-muscular tubes which begin at the tail of the epididymides and empty into the urethra -transport sperm from the epididymides to the urethra using strong contractions along the muscle wall

female reproductive system

-ovaries -uterus -vagina -vulva -mammary glands

Other organs in digestive system

-pancreas: secretes digestive enzymes -liver: produces bile to aid in digestion of fats -gallbladder: stores bile until needed

The brain

-receives messages from all over the body and tells it how to react -houses billions of neurons -is protected by the skull

lymph nodes

-scattered throughout body -filter the lymph of particular matter and microorganisms -transport waste to veins to be evacuated

male reproductive system

-scrotum -testicles -epididymides -deferent ducts -prostate gland - penis

The vagina

-site where males deposit semen during reproduction -passageway from the outside to the uterus -protected passage for fetuses to move from the uterus to the outside

integumentary system

-skin, hair, nails and sweat glands of an animal -distinguishes, protects and separates an animal from its surroundings -communicates to the animal by acting as a receptor for touch, pain, pressure and temperature -acts as an innate immune system

The lower GI Tract

-small intestine -large intestine -anus

nervous system

-specialized tissue which controls the actions and reactions of organisms to their environment -coordinates activity of muscles -involves sensory stimulation to evoke motor response -divided into central and peripheral nervous systems

respiratory system

-takes in oxygen -eliminates waste gases such as carbon dioxide -regulates temperature

The Upper GI Tract includes

-the mouth -pharynx -esophagus -stomach

The excretory system includes:

-urinary system -liver -spleen -lymph nodes

muscles

-voluntary -involuntary -smooth -skeletal -cardiac

skeletal muscle

-voluntary muscle tissue -connected to a bone -longed and striped -cells have many nuclei

nose

Admits and releases air in conjunction with the mouth

appendicular skeleton

Bones which comprise limbs, such as femur and tibia

visceral skeleton

Bones which form part of an organ such as ossicles in middle of ear

Skin

Composed of 3 layers: -epidermis -dermis -subcutaneous tissue

Cortisol

Controls carbohydrates, protein and fat metabolism

spinal nerves

Extend from the spinal cord and provide information the areas of the body below the neck

long bones

Found in limbs

sesamoid bones

Found in locations where tendons pass over joints, such as knee

flat bones

Found in the pelvis and head

irregular bones

Found in the vertebral column and parts of skull

The Urinary System

Kidneys: filter blood to form and excrete urine as well as regulate fluid and electrolyte balance Bladder: hollow muscular organ which stores urine Urethra: excretes urine from the body

Cranial nerves

Located on the brain and carry impulses to the head and neck

short bones

Only in wrist and ankle

mouth

Oral cavity where air is admitted and released

Epidermis

Outer layer of skin

subcutaneous tissue

Provides insulation and nutrient storage

Aldosterone

Regulates salt and water balance in the body

Autonomile nerves

Responsible for involuntary body functions such as breathing and digestion

The pharynx and the esophagus

The pharynx: -located in the throat -allows the passage of air and food -directs food to the esophagus The esophagus: -lies between the pharynx and the stomach -allows for the passage of food -directs food to the stomach

Lungs

Transport oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body

Trachea

Tube which transports air gained from the mouth or nose into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body

axial skeleton

bones of the head, neck, and trunk

Dermis

connective tissue which provides the body with cushioning from stress and strain as well as housing sweat glands, hair follicles and nerve endings

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

heart, blood vessels, blood

central nervous system

includes the brain and spinal cord

glands of the endocrine system

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal

The Excretory System

removes waste from the body and regulates the amount of water and ions present in bodily fluids