BBH 143 (PSU) Exam 1

What role did racism play in movement to create legislation against cocaine in the early 1900's?

"Negro cocaine 'fiends' area a new southern menace"

How are the 16th and 18th amendments to the US constitution related to prohibition?

16th - the federal income tax replaced alcohol tax 18th - country-wide prohibition of manufacture, sale, and transport of intoxicating liquors

In what year did the U.S. Surgeon General link cigarette smoking with lung cancer and coronary artery disease?

1964

Explain an additive drug interaction

Abuse -> lose control -> guild -> stop use -> time -> frustration -> fantasizing -> obsessing

How did the tobacco companies respond to the early scientific studies linking smoking to lung cancer?

Advertising

Describe the changes in age restrictions on alcohol consumption since prohibition

After, legal drinking age was 21 in most states

What makes a drug 'psychoactive'?

Alters perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, etc

Why was the Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965 passed?

Amphetamines, barbiturates, and hallucinogens now covered

What are the 2 most common causes of death due to cocaine overdose?

Cardiovascular complications Hyperthermia

Define designer drug

Chemically similar to controlled substances but not on Schedules

What common products contained cocaine in the late 1800's?

Coca wine Coca-cola By 1890 cocaine was found almost everywhere

Describe the characteristics of addiction focusing on the phases of the addiction cycle

Craving Loss of pleasure associated with the activity Escalating loss of control Persistent use despite harmful consequences Denial Relapse after attempts at abstinence

What are the top risk factors associated with drug abuse?

Early aggressive behavior Lack of parental supervision Exposure to substance abuse/Positive attitudes toward use Access to drugs Poverty

True/False: Coca became popular in Europe in the 1600's.

False

True/False: The most effective treatment for cocaine abuse are FDA approved medications.

False

Why was prohibition an important political issue?

Federal government was dependent on revenue from alcohol and tobacco taxes, no income tax

What are the main points of the Family Smoking Prevention & Tobacco Control Act of 2009? How did the tobacco companies respond?

Gave FDA authority over tobacco products sold in the US. Disclosure of additives and ingredients. Prohibited marketing to youths Increased prices, marketing in other countires

Who made the first association between smoking and lung cancer and when was the association made?

German (Nazi) scientists in 1939

What are glia and what do they do in the nervous system?

Holds neurons together

What are the acute psychological effects of cocaine?

Increased alertness Intense euphoria Talkative Self-confidence Anger/anxiety/paranoia Decreased appetite

What was different about the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention & Control Act of 1970 compared to previous legislation?

Increased funding for research, treatment & prevention efforts Established 5 schedules of controlled substances

Why should you avoid consuming cocaine and alcohol at the same time?

Increased toxicity, cocaethylene

Where does most metabolism take place?

Liver

Define homeostasis

Maintenance of an environment of body within a certain range

Who can legally require drug screening?

Military & Federal employees Transportation workers Private employers Public schools

Which aspects of addiction make it similar to other chronic diseases

Physiological, Heritable, Chronic - relapsing

What are the 3 forms of cocaine?

Powder salt form Freebasing Crack-cocaine

What types of samples can a person provide for random or scheduled drug testing?

Saliva, Urine, Hair

What are the top protective factors against drug abuse?

Self-control Parental monitoring Academic competence Negative attitudes toward use/acceptance of anti-drug policies Strong community attachment/strong religious connections Participating in extracurricular activities

What are the parts of a neuron and what does a neuron do in the nervous system?

Soma (cell body) Dendrites (input) Axon (tentacle) Terminal (output

Explain 'bootlegging'

Term comes from hiding illegal liquor inside boots

Define dose response curve a.What does ED50 mean when talking about the effect of the drug in 1 person?

The effect of the drug in relation to the amount taken (dose of drug) a. minimum effective dose for 50% of the population

Define pharmacodynamics a.Explain how agonists and antagonists work.

The effects the drug has on the body a. Agonists - drugs that occupy receptors and activate them Antagonists - drugs that occupy receptors but do not activate them

Define pharmacokinetics

The movement of the drug through the body

In 1988, what did the Surgeon General's report conclude?

Tobacco is more addicting than cocaine and heroin

True/False: Indigenous South American cultures used coco leaf for energy for thousands of years before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors.

True

True/False: The name 'cocaine' originated after it was isolated from the coca leaf in 1860.

True

Define deviant drug use

Use disapproved of by a social group

Describe the temperance movement that began in America in the 1800's

Women's Christian Temperance Union advocated prohibition; combined with Women's movement

Define a.Blood-brain barrier b. Action potential c.Ion channel d. Neurotransmission

a. b. the electrical signal transmitted down the axon when a neuron send a message c. d. process of transferring information from one neuron to another with a chemical message

Early legislation: a. What was the purpose of the 1906 Pure Food & Drug Act? b. What was the purpose of the 1914 Harrison Act? c. What were the main differences between the Pure Food & Drug Act & the Harrison Act?

a. Defines drug: intended for cure, mitigation, prevention of disease. Misbranding referred to only label b. US Opium Commissioner - opioids & cocaine register and pay taxes c. Regulation vs made illegal

Know the function of the following parts of the brain a.Frontal lobe (particularly the prefrontal cortex) b. Temporal lobe c.Cerebellum d. Cingulate gyrus e. Reticular activating system

a. Emotion, speech, smell, movement b. Hearing, memory & learning c. Hearing, memory & learning d. Autonomic functions, Emotions and behavior e. Behavior

What are the 2 processes that are part of absorption? a.List the routes of administration in order from fastest to the brain to slowest to the brain

a. Inhalation, intravenous, intranasal, oral, transdermal

Know what the following neurotransmitters do in the brain and which type of drug affects the function of the neurotransmitters a.Dopamine b. GABA c.Glutamate

a. learning & memory, motor control, reward -opiates, amphetamines, nicotine b. major inhibitory neurotransmitter - benzo's and alcohol c. major excitatory neurotransmitter - PCP, ketamine

Issues leading to the first US legislation of drug production and use a. Which drugs were widely available/used? b. What were patent medicines?

a. opium, cocaine, morphine b. No prescription required -> sold in stores, or traveling peddler

What does the acronym ADME stand for?

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Which 3-4 drugs have the longest history of use?

alcohol, tobacco, coca, psychedelics

What are narcotics?

any drug that relieves pain and causes stuper, sleepiness, or insensibility

Drug

any substance, natural or artificial, other than food, that by its chemical nature alters structure or function in the living organism

Define drug withdrawal

combination of physical and mental effects that a person experiences after they stop using or reduce their intake of a substance

How did the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 continue to fuel racism in relation to cocaine use?

disparity between possessing cocaine and crack

Define drug dependence and addiction. a. What is the difference between them?

drug dependence - A state in which an organism functions normally only in the presence of a drug Compulsive behavior that often involves little rational thought a. Use despite harmful consequences

With cocaine, how does the route of administration affect the duration of the euphoric effects?

faster the absorption more intense the high

In 1966, how did the tobacco industry try to "address the health issues associated with smoking"?

filtration

Illicit drug

illegal drug

Drug abuse

intentional or inappropriate use of drug RESULTING in problems

Drug misuse

intentional or inappropriate use of drugs

Define pharmacokinetic tolerance, pharmacodynamics tolerance, & cross-tolerance

kinetic - body more able to metabolize & remove drug dynamic - Changes in brain to normalize function in response to the presence of the drug Cross-tolerance - Exposure to one drug produces tolerance to another

The 5 schedules of controlled substances were aimed at balancing what 2 aspects of drug use?

making and selling

How long do the physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms from cocaine last?

physical - 1 to 3 months physiological - 6 months or longer

Explain conditioned tolerance including how it contributes to drug overdoses

take high drug dose to overcome conditioned response -> overdose

What does the therapeutic index (ratio of TD50:ED50) or margin of safety mean? a.If I show you graphs of the safety margin of several drugs be able to identify which drug is safest.

the optimal dose where positive effects (efficacy) outweigh the negative (toxicity or lethality)

How was cocaine use viewed in the 1970's and 1980's?

viewed as a status symbol

Define drug toxicity a.Explain TD50

when the concentration of drug in the bloodstream causes adverse reactions a. toxic dose for 50% of the population

Be able to describe the parts of a synapse. a.Explain how to end the chemical message in the synapse.

where the axon terminals of one neuron 'talks' to the dendrites of another neuron