BCOM Exam 1A
Need to look
Gestalt principle, transition speech, type of informative speech, late thank you note
What are the rules of language (syntax, semantics, context)?
*Syntactic* (govern the order of words in a sentence), *Semantic* (govern the meaning of words and how to interpret them), *Contextual* (govern meaning and word choice according to context and social custom)
What are the looking-glass self and the self-fulfilling prophecy?
*looking-glass* self reinforces how we look to others and how they view us, treat us, and interact with us to gain insight of our identity *self-fulfilling prophecy*, in which someone's behavior comes to match and mirror others' expectations
Argument by sign, principle, analogy, testmony
*sign* (the presence or absence of one indicates the presence or absence of the other), *principle* (based on the connection between that action a general principle), *analogy* (what is true of one is also true of the other), *testimony* (research of experts)
What are the differences between an APA and MLA in-text citation? Can you tell the difference?
APA: References, Business/ social science, Lastname, first initial (*intext*: Johnson, 2003, p. 34). *Refer*: Johnson, T. (2003). Studies in college. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill) MLA: Works Cited, Humanities, Last name, first name (*intext:* (Johnson 34). *Refer*: Johnson, Thomas. Studies in College. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. Print.)
What are the different types of transitions
12.6 *Signpost* (stop to alert - first.., second..),*internal preview* (brief statement of what point is gonna make),*internal summaries*(summary of previous mentioned points),, *rhetorical question*,.. https://open.lib.umn.edu/businesscommunication/chapter/12-6-transitions/
What's the 6 x 6 rule?
6 words per lines & 6 lines per slide
In what situations should you send a thank you note or follow up?
After interview - feedback is part of the communication process: follow up promptly with a thank-you note or e-mail, expressing your appreciation for the interviewer's time and interest.
What are the criteria for preparing visual aids?
Alignment, Repetition, Contrast, Proximity, Balance
Pathos
Appeal to emotion - tone, emphasis, engagement
Logos
Appeal to logic - clarity, conciseness, arrangement
What are the three main factors to consider when picking a topic?
Appeal, Appropriateness, and Ability (natural aptitude or acquired proficiency to be able to perform. Natural strengths/knowledge already held)
5-Finger model
Attention Statement > Introduction > Body > Conclusion > Residual Message
What should a good introduction do and include?
Attention and interest of your listeners, express your central idea or message, lead into the body of your speech.
How can interpretation, point of view, and/or bias impact your presentation?
Bias encourages you to accept positive evidence that supports your existing beliefs (regardless of whether they are true) and reject negative evidence that does not support your beliefs
How do you evaluate a source?
CRAAP Test (Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose) [timeliness of the info, how info fits my needs, source of the info, reliability, reason the info exist]
How do you avoid plagiarism?
Cite your sources
How do we assign meaning to words
Denotative (literal meaning) and Connotative (involves ideas or concepts that the word suggests)
What are appropriate facial gestures and eye contact?
Gesture: limit distraction, anticipation step (raise body gesture waist high for nonverbal foreshadowing), implementation step (body gesture high for anticipation), relaxation step (letting go of motion for conclusion) Facial: natural, reflect points Eye contact: depends on situation and culture
How do you cite in a speech?
In direct quote, includes author + year + page (Smith, 2017, p. 219) In paraphrase include author + year (Smith, 2017)
What are the different types of interference/noise one can experience?
Internal and external noise
Identify examples of the five types of context
Intrapersonal (self-talk), Interpersonal (two people), Group , Public (one to a group), Mass (sending a single message to a group)
How can you present a neutral speech?
Keep your language neutral, your sources credible and not from biased organizations, presentation balanced, audience in mind, who you represent in mind: Your business and yourself.
How do you answer questions appropriately at the end of a presentation?
Open for question, repeat it, reinforce main point, alternate speakers, do not become defensive, end with summary and appreciation
What are the differences between popular and scholarly sources?
Popular is written by journalist for general public, rare citation, always ads, and talks about current events. Scholarly is written by researchers, target other researcher/ scholar, and always reference, rarely has ads, and do not talk about current events.
What are primary and secondary research? What counts for each one?
Primary sources are direct from an event or original source, such as the Declaration of Independence, and secondary sources are anything written about something that isn't the primary account of whatever the source is referencing, such as textbooks discussing the Declaration
proximity, continuation
Proximity: organization of information based on physical relationship of space to objects (order of car in the parking lot) continuity: connections between things that occur in sequence
What are the steps of a conclusion?
Reiterate your main points and provide synthesis, but do not introduce new content.
What are the different types of resumes?
Reverse Chronological/ time (focus on work history) Functional(competency-based résumés) focus on skills.) Combination (lists your skills and experience first, then employment history and education) Targeted (custom document that specifically highlights the experience and skills that are relevant to the job) Scannable (Digital Scan ready)
How do you answer behavioral or situational interview questions? Understand STAR and PARL
STAR(Situation [set scene], Task[Describe responsibility], action took[Explain the steps], result) PAR (Problem/situation/issue, action, result)
Samuel had an interview last week. He just realized that he never sent a thank you note. What should he do?
Send a thank you now
similarity, closure.
Similarity: Grouping things or concepts by properties they share closure: Tendency to use previous knowledge to fill in the gaps in an incomplete idea or picture
What are the eight essential components of communication
Source, message, channel, receiver, feedback, environment, context, interference
What are the major types of interview questions?
Tell me about yourself. Have you ever done this type of work before? Why should we hire you? What are your greatest strengths? Weaknesses? Give me an example of a time when you worked under pressure. Tell me about a time you encountered (X) type of problem at work. How did you solve the problem? Why did you leave your last job? How has your education and/or experience prepared you for this job? Why do you want to work here? What are your long-range goals? Where do you see yourself three years from now? Do you have any questions?
What are the organizing principles for a speech?
Time, comparison, contrast, cause and effect, problem and solution, classification (categorical), biographical (examining specific people as they relate to the central topic), Space (involves the parts of something and how they fit to form the whole), Ascending and Descending (quantity and quality. One good story (quality) leads to the larger picture, or the reverse), Psychological (focusing on their inherent needs and wants), elimination (using the process of elimination involves outlining all the possibilities)
How do you construct a specific purpose?
What going to inform, persuade, demonstrate/ entertain your audience? What type of ceremony is your speech intended for? A clear goal. Try to write in just one sentence exactly what you are going to do.
What is the semantic triangle?
Word (being communicated), Thought (connotative), Subject or Object (denotative)
What is a residual message?
a message or thought that stays with your audience well after the communication is finished, is an important part of your message
What does a good thesis statement look like?
a short, specific sentence capturing the central idea of your speech. -be a declarative statement; -be a complete sentence; use specific language, not vague generalities; -be a single idea; -reflect consideration of the audience.
What is the difference between abstract and concrete language?
abstract: simplify concepts makes it easier to communicate, but it sometimes makes us lose track of the specific meaning (car) concrete: specific (mustang)
Why should you know how the audience feels about your topic?
attention to get message delivered
attitudes, beliefs, and values?
attitude (Learned predispositions to a concept or object - subject to change) belief (Convictions or expressions of confidence - can change over time) value (Ideals that guide our behavior - generally long lasting)
Type of messages
auxiliary message(intentional and unintentional ways a primary message is communicated), primary message (approving design), secondary message (support primary)
What are the different types of interviews?
behavioral interview (employer watches what you do in a given situation), technical questions/ work sample? interviewed over lunch or coffee, where your table manners and social skills will be assessed?
What are the obstacles to communication?
cliche, jargon, slang, sexist/ racist language, euphemisms, and doublespeak
Definition of Context and Interference
communication interaction involves the setting, scene, and expectations of the individuals involved anything that blocks or changes the source's intended meaning of the message
Definition of Feedback and Environment
composed of messages the receiver sends back to the source atmosphere, physical and psychological, where you send and receive messages
Ethos
credibility, expectation, reference
Informative speech types
explanation, report, description, demonstration
What are the different categories of informative speeches
explanation, report, description, demonstration
What factors influence selection?
exposure, attention, and retention Selective exposure: both information we choose to pay attention to and information that we choose to ignore Selective attention: focusing on one stimulus Selective retention: choosing to remember one stimulus over another.
Definition of source and message
imagines, creates, and sends the message Stimulus or meaning produced by source of receiver
What is framing?
involves placing an imaginary set of boundaries, what is included and omitted, influencing the story itself. Includes: gate keeping: what news reach audience, agenda setting: when audience receive info, culture: set of belief of a society
signposts
key words that alert audience to a change in topic
How do you use vocalics effectively?
limit filler, vary rate and tone, use pauses
How should you answer "tell me about yourself" in an interview?
opportunity for positive impression. highlight experience that aligns well with the job duties and match your response to their needs.
What is serial position effect?
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. Primacy(begin) recency (end)
How do you use lecterns/podiums?
podium limit engagement
What are some good strategies to combat fears of public speaking?
preparing and organizing your presentation ahead of time.
What are Gestalt principles and how can they relate to business communication?
proximity, continuation, similarity, and closure. context matters, and the whole is greater than the sum of the parts (related to bcom since you need to know about the tendency to jump into conclusion)
What is a self-concept?
reflect your idea about who you are and what can you do/ your identity
Informative speech
share ideas with the audience, increase their understanding, change their perceptions, or help them gain new skills, incorporates the speaker's point of view but not attitude or interpretation.
What is the appropriate font size for a visual aid?
size depends on purpose
What are the different types of general speech purposes?
speech to inform, demonstrate, persuade, entertain, and ceremonial speech
What is the speaker's triangle?
the speaker starts in the introduction, moves to the second position for the first point, across for the second point, then returns to the original position to make the third point and conclusion.
What is the difference between the transactional model and the constructivist model?
transactional process has actions happening at the same time, source and receiver is blurred in conversational turn-taking. constructivist negotiates meaning, or common ground, when trying to describe communication (both models has 2 participants act as source/ receiver)
Uniformity/Homogeneity, Figure and Ground, Symmetry
uni: Noting ways in which concepts or objects are alike Figure and Ground: Emphasis on a single item that stands out from its surroundings Symmetry: Balancing objects or ideas equally from one side to the other
Definition of Channel and Receiver
way in which a message or messages travel between source and receiver. the message from the source, analyzing and interpreting the message in ways both intended and unintended by the source.
How do the majority of communication problems occur?
when we use them to uphold biases and ingrained assumptions that are no longer valid