B:E1 EIQ

1) Answer: A; two asterisks indicate that there is a robust statistically significant difference between the test chemical and the control. Only one asterisks indicates a significant difference between APPLEJACK and the control. There is no line and asterisks between the test chemical and APPLEJACK indicating that there is no significant difference between the two. (take a look at your discussion assignment Scientific Claims Part 1 for more practice looking at three bars in one graph). 2) Answer: D, the test chemical has longer standard error bars indicating more variation in measurements.

1) Jada counts the number of apples on every tenth tree in all the rows in the orchards. Then she calculates the average number of apples per tree in each treatment. She performs a statistical test and the results are shown below. Based on the results shown in the graph, what is the effect of the test chemical on apple yield? a) The test chemical significantly increases apple yield compared to the control but not more so than APPLEJACK. b) The test chemical does not significantly increase apple yield compared to the control but does increase it compared to APPLEJACK. c) The test chemical has no effect on apple yield when compared to the control or APPLEJACK. 2)In which treatment was there more variation in the number of apples per tree? a) All treatments had about the same amount of variation b) Control c) APPLEJACK d) Test chemical

b and c

A marine biologist is studying manatees in the Gulf of Mexico during the summer. She notices more injured manatees floating in the water in the early morning than in the afternoon or evening. She wonders if manatees are more likely to get hit by boats at night due to poor visibility. She decides to carry out a study to test the hypothesis that more manatees get injured by boats at night than during the day because of poor visibility. What is her prediction? (Choose all that apply) a) Manatees get injured by boats at night due to poor visibility. b) A greater percentage of manatees observed will fail to avoid objects in the water at night compared to the day. c) A greater number of collisions between boats and manatees will be observed at night compared to the day.

I. Secondary active transport will still occur. III. Cl- will diffuse into the environment.*****

A population of hammerhead sharks often swim in shallow water, close to the shoreline. A new factory is built close by and pollution containing molecules that block the Na+/K+ pump are emitted into the hammerhead's habitat. Will secondary active transport still occur? Will Cl- exit the rectal gland and enter the environment? I. Secondary active transport will still occur. II. Secondary active transport will not occur. III. Cl- will diffuse into the environment. IV.Cl- will not diffuse into the environment.

Answer: A, True

A single hypothesis may have more than one prediction and each prediction may be tested in different types of experiments. a) True b) False

Answer: C. There are more solutes inside the cell than in the interstitial fluid. So heart muscle cell 2 is hyperosmotic compared to the interstitial fluid.

Again, look at the diagram depicted above. In panel 5, heart muscle cell 2 is ____ compared to the interstitial fluid. a) Isotonic b) Hypoosmotic c) Hyperosmotic

1) Answer: A; glucose will move to even out its concentration gradient, but sucrose cannot move and there is a higher sucrose concentration inside the cell so water will move inside. 2) Answer: A; glucose will move into the cell because there is a higher concentration of glucose outside so the solutes will move inside to even out the concentration gradient.

As a scientist, you perform an experiment in which you create an artificial cell with a selectively permeable membrane through which only water and glucose can pass. You then place the cell into the beaker. Based on the given concentrations inside the cell and beaker, what will happen? -The cell contains: 1.0 M glucose and 2.0 M sucrose. -The beaker contains: 2.0 M glucose and 1.0 M sucrose. 1) You would expect to see a net flow of water ______ the cell a) Into b) Out of 2)Based on the previous question, you would expect to see a net flow of glucose _____ the cell. a) Into b) Out of

Answer: A. Water follows solute. Potassium ions move from a high concentration in the cell and eventually form a high concentration in the interstitial fluid. Water always moves where there is a high solute concentration. So water will follow and the cell will shrink.

Assume that heart muscle cells are permeable to water (contain aquaporins) and assume all else is equal. Look at the diagram depicted above. Moving from panel 1 to 3, notice how potassium moves from a high concentration in the cell and eventually builds up a high concentration in the interstitial fluid. When potassium moves (following steps A and B) from heart muscle cell 1 into the interstitial fluid, where does water move? a) Water will move out of the cell and into the interstitial fluid. b) Water will move into the cell from the interstitial fluid.

Answer: A. Hydrogen has one valence electron and one shell so it wants one more. Chlorine has 7 valence electrons and two shells so it wants one more.

Based on the placement of atoms on the periodic table, how likely are hydrogen (H) and chlorine (Cl) to form a covalent bond? a) Its is likely that they will form a covalent bond. b) It is unlikely that they will form a covalent bond.

Answer: B. Fact and science-based approaches do not work to convince people. Emotional approaches tend to work much better (but not 100% of the time).

Bella Water, PHD & MD, is a medical scientist who specializes in brain disorders. She has 25 years of accumulated knowledge about which treatments work best for which kinds of brain disorders. Her patient, Steve, suffers from frequent seizures. At his appointment, Bella talks to Steve about a new medication that has been demonstrated in multiple studies to greatly reduce seizure for patients just like him. Steve is skeptical. He read online that taking large doses of vitamin B1 can reduce seizures and he insists on trying that course of treatment instead. Bella knows that there is no scientific evidence that shows that vitamin B1 works. Using which approach will give Bella the best chance of convincing Steve to try the new medication? a) Hand Steve the published scientific papers about the new drug and point out the figures that show it reduces seizures. b) Listen carefully to Steve. Validate his feelings. Then, describe what can happen if he does not take the new medication.

Answer: B. The most appropriate negative control must isolate variables. Bella is only interested in the effect of the compound, not the gelatin capsule, so the negative control group should ingest just the capsule without the compound. Thus, controlling for the variables of the capsule and taking the capsule.

Bella begins the process of testing her hypothesis. First, she collects samples from trees in the same acre of land in the Columbian rainforest. She brings these samples back to her lab and isolates the compound of interest. She inserts 100mg of the compound into a gelatin capsules thus creating her experimental drug. Next she develops her experimental methodology. Her experimental group is composed of 200 epileptic women aged 25-50. These patients ingest the 100 mg experimental drug twice per day for 6 months. Her negative control group is also composed of 200 epileptic women aged 25-50. Which of the following is the most robust protocol for the negative control group to follow for 6 months? a) Ingest the 100 mg experimental drug twice per day. b) Ingest a gelatin capsule without the compound twice per day. c) Ingest another drug which is already known to reduce the instances of seizures twice per day. d) Ingest nothing; no herbs, vitamins or drugs.

Answer: A. The null hypothesis is that regular ingestion of the compound will not reduce the number of electrical signals that pass between neurons and not reduce the instances of severe seizures. She rejects the null hypothesis because asterisk indicates that there is a significant statistical difference and so the compound does in fact reduce the number of seizures.

Bella makes a conclusion about the effect of the experimental drug. Does she reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? (Look back at question 4 to remind yourself of the hypothesis.) a) She rejects the null hypothesis. b) She fails to reject the null hypothesis.

Answer: B. Because she records very little variation, indicating a narrow standard deviation, when she calculates standard error, its likely to be small and thus she will probably have short standard error bars.

Bella's graph is not ready for publication yet. She still must add in the standard error bars. Remember that during the duration of the experiment Bella records very little variation in the number of severe seizures per month among her patients. Will the standard error bars be tall or short? a) Standard error bars will be tall like in the left graph. b) Standard error bars will be short like in the right graph.

Answer: B: There is no statistical difference between Rural and City. You know this because there is no asterisk on the graph. Thus, the only thing you can conclude is that rural and city crows spend the same amount of time searching for food.

Below is a bar graph representing your sample measurements (from the scenario described above). What can you conclude from your data? a) Rural crows spend significantly more minutes searching for food than city crows. b) Rural crows and city crows spend the same amount of time searching for food.

Answer: C. The key word in this question is "effective", referring to how well it works. In both groups of months, the experimental treatments are significantly statistically different from the control...to the exact same degree (just one astericks). Meaning that the experimental drug does not get more effective over time, it does not work better over time, it has the exact same effectiveness over time. If there were two asterisks in the 3-6 month category than we could say that it gets more effective over time.

Below is a graph of Bella's results. Based on this data, Bella can conclude that a) The experimental drug became more effective at reducing seizures over time. b) The experimental drug became less effective at reducing seizures over time. c) The experimental drug had equal effectiveness over time.

a and b C- "too complex"? D- opinion?

Choose all of the following claims that can be tested by science. a) Living organisms evolve through the process of evolution by natural selection. b) Ocean currents are affected by large wind episodes. c) Life is too complex to be the result of natural processes. d)Humans should value the diversity of life.

high, low, permeable

Choose the correct words to fill in the sentences: Diffusion- Solutes move from high/low concentration to high/low concentration until equilibrium is reached. The cell membrane must be permeable/impermeable to the solute.

low, high, impermeable*****

Choose the correct words to fill in the sentences: Osmosis- Water moves from high/low solute concentration to high/low solute concentration until equilibrium is reached. The cell membrane must be permeable/impermeable to the solute.

Answer: C. The cell membrane will always be more permeable to O2 than H2O. Because O2 is nonpolar and small and H2O is polar. Here, climate doesn't matter. Remember that the percentage of unsaturated (to increase permeability) to saturated (to reduce permeability) phospholipids only changes to bring the cell membrane into a homeostatic range. So even though the percent of unsaturated to saturated phospholipids will change based on climate, it only serves to keep permeabilities relatively the same.

Compare the cell membrane permeabilities of Fiddler crabs in Maine to Fiddler crabs in Florida: X=Permeability to O2 of the cell membrane of the abdominal cells of a fiddler crab that lives in the Maine. Y=Permeability to H2O of the cell membrane of the abdominal cells of a fiddler crab that lives in Florida. a) X=Y b) X<Y c) X>Y

Answer: B. The cell membrane will always be more permeable to CO2 than H2O. Because CO2 is nonpolar and small and H2O is polar. Here, climate doesn't matter. Remember that the percentage of unsaturated (to increase permeability) to saturated (to reduce permeability) phospholipids only changes to bring the cell membrane into a homeostatic range. So even though the percent of unsaturated to saturated phospholipids will change based on climate, it only serves to keep permeabilities relatively the same.

Compare the cell membrane permeabilities of the following two scenarios: X=Permeability to CO2 of the cell membrane of the abdominal cells of a fiddler crab that lives in the North East United states (cold climate). Y=Permeability to H2O of the cell membrane of the abdominal cells of a fiddler crab that lives in Florida (warm climate). Select one a) X<Y b) X>Y c) X=Y

Greater than *****

Compare the permeabilities of the cell membranes in the following scenarios. Permeability of the cell membrane of the cells that make up the leg muscles of a tropical beetle to glucose. (>,<,=?) Permeability of the cell membrane of the cells that make up the leg muscles of a arctic tundra beetle to H2O.

-Wisdom teeth only become a problem to people in their mid to late 20s, after they've reproduced -People with wisdom teeth don't die before reproducing WRONG ANSWER-Not enough time has gone by

Developing wisdom teeth is based on the inheritance of certain genes. People without a particular combination of genes never grow wisdom teeth (even below the gums). Having wisdom teeth does not provide any benefit today. In fact, they can cause pain and other problems in many people.Think about the process of evolution by natural selection in this context. Why have wisdom teeth not been removed by natural selection?

Answer: A. Papers get retracted (pulled from publication) because other scientists scrutinized the work and found problems or intentional false information in it. This process is how science is self-corrective. When incorrect information gets published, it eventually gets caught and removed from the body of scientific knowledge.

During your research, you come across a paper that has a red RETRACTED stamp across all its pages. Because of this label, you ignore the paper and do not read it. This demonstrates which strength of the process of science? a) It is self-corrective because scientists scrutinize each-others work. b) It leads to the discovery of absolute truths that can never be amended or discarded. c) It is objective because scientists use each other's work. d) It contains many disciplines so questions can be answered using different methodology.

Answer: D. Read the question carefully, it is asking what is incorrect (untrue of evolution). Theories are accepted as true by the scientific community, so A is true. Theories are always subject to being amended based on new evidence, just like we saw with the germ theory, so B is true. No biological theory has been rejected by the scientific community because there is no evidence that contradicts them, so C is true. Choice D is the definition of a hypothesis-just a proposed explanation, so D is untrue. While choice E is the definition of a scientific theory, so E is true.

Evolution by natural selection is a scientific theory. Which of the following is incorrect regarding evolution by natural selection? a) Accepted as true by the scientific community. b) Subject to being amended based on new evidence. c) Has never been rejected because there is no evidence that contradicts it. d) A proposed explanation based on observations. e) An explanation of a fundamental principle developed through extensive and reproducible observations and experiments in a variety of different fields.

b) Hypoosmotic b) Out of

Freshwater fish keep the osmolarity of their tissues higher than fresh water. Freshwater is ____________ to the tissues of freshwater fish. a) Hyperosmotic b) Hypoosmotic c) Isoosmotic So water will tend to flow by osmosis ________ the gill epithelium. a) Into b) Out of

Answer: A: B would increase in concentration. If enzyme 4 was blocked, D would increase in concentration first and this would slow the rate of the conversion of C to D causing C to increase in concentration as well. The rate of the conversion of B to C would slow and then B would have an increase in concentration was well.

Given the following enzyme pathway, what would happen to the concentration of B immediately after enzyme 4 was blocked by an allosteric inhibitor? a) B would increase in concentration. b) B would decrease in concentration.

Answer: A: You know that this inhibition is reversible because it says that when the concentration of hinderol is decreased, inhibition is reduced. Hinderol is a molecule that is binding to the enzyme biolerase. It is not adding a phosphate group, therefore it is a noncovalent bond.

Hinderol inhibits the activity of Biolerase. This inhibition is reduced when the concentration of Hinderol is decreased. Is inhibition reversable? a) Reversable b) Non reversable

Rejected

If the hypothesis is (accepted as) correct, is the null rejected or failed to be rejected

Answer: B. In step A, potassium ions travel down their concentration gradient. This must be facilitated diffusion because ions are charged and they cannot get through the cell membrane without a transport protein. In step B, ATP is used to move them against their concentration gradient. So this must be primary active transport because that uses ATP to move solutes against their gradients.

In a healthy individual, potassium ions (K+) pass from heart muscle cell to the interstitial fluid to the next heart muscle cell in a precise pattern, which facilitates normal heart rhythms. This involves two steps: Step A: potassium ions travel down their concentration gradient. Step B: ATP is used to move them against their concentration gradient. The result is that there is always a build up of potassium at its destination. What kind of transport is step A and what kind of transport is step B? I. Simple diffusion II. Facilitated diffusion III. Primary active transport IV. Secondary active transport a) A: I and B: III. b) A: II and B: is III. c) First is II and the second is IV. d) First is I and the second is IV.

Answer: D. Both A and B are measurable, specific and each test a different part of the hypothesis.

In addition to seeing patients, Bella also runs a research lab. She is interested in testing the effect of a new compound, isolated from rainforest trees in Columbia, on preventing severe seizures in epileptic patients. Her hypothesis is that regular ingestion of the compound will reduce the number of electrical signals that pass between neurons and thus reduce the instances of severe seizures. Which of the statements below are valid prediction(s)? a) Ingesting the compound at 100 mg, twice per day will reduce the number of severe seizures (lasting more than 1 minute) by 40% over a 6-month trial period. b) After ingesting the compound at 100 mg, twice per day, an electroencephalogram (EEG) machine will record fewer episodes of neurons over-firing during months 5 and 6 of treatment. c) Regular ingestion of the compound will dull neuron activity and prevent severe seizures. d) A & B e) A, B & C

Answer: D. Its not A or B because the fact that science changes means that only the correct information sticks around. Science is not dogmatic. It conforms to reality, even if that means changing or discarding information that used to be accepted. Its not c because human bias is a weakness, but this is not an example of human bias.

In the 19th century some of the leading scientists and neurobiologists of the time agreed that the bumps on the skull was an accurate reflection of personality traits and tendencies. Since then, this once-well-accepted hypothesis has been disproven and it is considered wrong today. This example demonstrates a) A weakness of science because it shows that you can never trust scientific consensus because it might change. b) A weakness of science because it shows that the peer review process can take a very long time to work. c) Neither a strength nor weakness, this is just an example of human bias in science. d) A strength of science because it shows how science is self-corrective.

Answer: D: none. Intermediate filaments would be made on a free floating ribosome so it would not get an ER signal. It does not get specialized in the Golgi Apparatus and it does not function in an organelle so it would not get a molecular zip code either.

Intermediate filaments are proteins that make up the cytoskeleton (along with others). Which signal sequence(s) would it receive during its manufacture and transport to its final destination? a) ER signal sequence b) Molecular zip code c) Both d) None

*****

Is there a connection between diffusion and osmosis?

1) Answer: B, an appropriate negative control must have all the same variables as the experimental treatment except for the variable your testing, in this case the testing chemical. To keep all variables constant, the best negative control is to spray them with the same dissolving solution used for the test chemical. If you don't spray them with anything you won't be certain that it's the test chemical (and not the dissolving solution) that is having an effect. 2) Answer: C, this is the most random way to assign treatments.

Jada is testing the effect of a chemical on apple yield. She sprays two orchards with the test chemical and she sprays two orchards with APPLEJACK, a product on the market already known to increase apple yield. She has two more orchards. 1) Which of the following would serve as the best negative control for the last two orchards? a. Spraying them with nothing b. Spraying them with the same dissolving solution used for the test chemical c. Spraying them with water 2) What is the most scientifically valid way for Jada to assign treatments to the orchards? a) Moving from East to West, the first two orchards will be experimental, the next two will be negative control and the last two will be positive control. b) Moving from North to South the first two orchards would be experimental, the second two orchards would be negative control and the third two orchards would be positive control. c) Roll dice. Rolls of 1 and 2 would be experimental orchards; rolls of 3 and 4 would be negative controls and rolls of 5 and 6 would be positive controls. d) The owner of the orchard should decide.

Simple diffusion***

K+ moving from a high concentration outside of a neuron to a lower concentration inside a neuron. Is this an example of simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport?

Answer: B; the caribou is already dealing with lowered permeability because of the temperature. Thus, evolving cell membranes with more unsaturated lipids would provide an adaptation to this condition

Mammals use their metabolism to maintain a constant body temperature. However, limb temperature can sometimes fall slightly below core body temperature if the environment is very cold. Would you expect there to be more saturated or unsaturated lipids in the membranes of cells located in the limbs of arctic caribou compared to the limb cells in a Yucatan white tailed deer that lives in the rainforest? a) There would be more saturated lipids in the caribou. b) There would be more unsaturated lipids in the caribou. c) There would be an equal amount of saturated and unsaturated lipids in the caribous.

a) Hyperosmotic a) Into

Marine bony fish keep the osmolarity of their tissues lower than that of seawater. Seawater is ____________ to the tissues of marine bony fish. a) Hyperosmotic b) Hypoosmotic c) Iso-osmotic So water will tend to flow by osmosis ________ the gill epithelium. a) Into b) Out of

Facilitated diffusion

Na+ moving from a low concentration inside of a neuron to a higher concentration outside of a neuron. Is this an example of simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport?

The cell membrane is not permeable to chloride because chloride is an ion and ions are extremely polar

Normally, the chloride protein channel facilitates the movement of the chloride ion through the cell membrane because the cell membrane is not permeable to chloride. Why not?

low permeability because they are polar

Nucleic acids have (high/low) permeability on the permeability scale

b

On February 1, 2019, NPR reported that a scientist at Columbia University was using new DNA-editing technology to repair mutations in human embryos to prevent genetic diseases such as Tay Sachs and Cystic Fibrosis from being passed from one generation to the next. The scientist used a procedure first developed by another group of scientists at a university in Oregon. This demonstrates which strength of science? a) Peer review during publication b) Scientists use each other's work c) Testing falsifiable hypothesis d) Strict methodology

Answer: C; if the ice and salt mixture had more solutes compared to the inside of the cell, it would cause water to leave the cell to even out the concentration gradient.

One day during the summer you and some friends made ice cream using an electric ice cream maker. A few days later you noticed a yellow circle of dead grass where the ice cream freezer had been placed. Which of the following gives the most plausible explanation for this phenomenon? a) The ice and salt mixture from the ice cream maker was isotonic relative to the interior of the grass cells and caused loss of water leading to the death of the grass. b) The ice and salt mixture was hypotonic relative to the interior of the grass cells and caused loss of water leading to the death of the grass. c) The ice and salt mixture was hypertonic relative to the interior of the grass cells and caused loss of water leading to the death of the grass.

Answer: B: The rural crows have a wider standard deviation, which means their data is more spread out from the mean. So you have a greater chance of sampling from the extreme edges which will make your sample mean different from the population mean, thus standard error is higher.

One population of crows live in the city and one population of crows live in a rural area. The standard deviation for each population is represented in the figure below. You want to know which population spends more time looking for food each day. If you sample 20 crows from each population and then calculate the mean for each, which population will have the higher standard error? a) City crow population b) Rural crow population

Simple diffusion

Oxygen moving from the blood into muscle tissue cells. Is this an example of simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport?

Answer: A. Since there is low variation, she can reasonably conclude that the standard deviation is narrow. There is not a lot of variability in the population.

Patients were randomly selected to be included in the experimental group or the control group and the patients were taken from the same city (population). During the duration of the experiment, Bella records the number of severe seizures that the patients in both groups report. Bella observes low amounts of variation in the number of severe seizures per month among her patients. What can she reasonably conclude about the degree of standard deviation in the population? Choose the curve marked A or B which represents the degree of standard deviation

Answer: B. Yes, because carbohydrate side chains are added in the RER.

Referring to the previous question, during its manufacture rhodopsin normally has a carbohydrate chain attached. If there was a defect in the cisternase of the Golgi Apparatus such that rhodopsin did not complete its specialization, would the protein still have the carbohydrate chain attached? a) No b) Yes

Answer: A. It will get the ER signal because it needs to be specialized through the endomembrane system. It does not receive the molecular zip code because it does not function in an organelle.

Rhodopsin is a transmembrane protein that functions in retina cells (back of the eye). Which signal sequences will it receive throughout its manufacture and specialization? a) ER signal sequence b) Molecular zip code c) Both ER signal sequence & molecular zip code d) None

Secondary active transport

Salt excretion via the rectal gland in sharks: Next, Na+ re-enters the cell along its concentration gradient via a membrane protein (cotransporter). The energy that is released by the movement of Na+ allows Cl- and K+ to also move through the same cotransporter against their gradients. What kind of transport is this?

1) Primary active transport 2) There is more Na+ in the cell 3) There is a more positive charge in the cell*****

Salt excretion via the rectal gland in sharks: The Na+/K+ pump uses ATP to pump Na into the interstitial fluid. 1. What kind of transport is this? 2. Is there more Na+ in the cell or in the interstitial fluid? 3. Where is there a more positive charge?

c,s,s,c

Scientific theory or colloquial theory? "My theory is that anyone should be able to bench 200 lb after 2 years of working out." "The theory of relativity sets the speed of light as constant." "The demonstration that continents drift via plate tectonic movement is a well established theory" "The theory that all successful doctors got an A in intro bio is inaccurate"

more,high

Small sample size = more/less likely to calculate sample mean that is different from population mean = high/low standard error

T*****

T or F Diseases that are caused by defects in membrane channels are usually related to the movement of polar/charged molecules.

T A large sample size reduces an outlier's effect on the mean

T or F The greater the sample size, the less impact measuring a single outlier will have on the sample mean calculation.

Answer: C. A theory is an explanation for a biological phenomenon that has no conflicting evidence. Its predictions have been tested over and over again and found to be accurate. Its not d because a theory is a scientific fact. Its not e because the scientific community accepts theories because they have a vast amount of evidence not the other way around.

The concept of Evolution by Natural Selection is a) A hypothesis because some evidence contradicts its predictions. b) A hypothesis because its mechanism is not well understood. c) A theory because it is supported by a vast body of evidence. d) A theory because there is not enough accumulated evidence to call it a fact. e) A theory because it is accepted by the scientific community.

Failed to be rejected

The giraffe study was replicated by other scientists in other populations and during both wet and dry seasons...producing evidence that contradicts the food competition hypothesis. Is the null hypothesis failed to be rejected or rejected?

Answer: B & D: The membrane is permeable to glucose and sucrose so both will diffuse evenly between the inside and outside of the cell. But cellulose will not move inside the cell causing the solute concentration to be higher outside the cell than inside the cell. So the majority of water movement will be to out of the cell.

The membrane of an artificial cell is selectively permeable only to glucose and sucrose but not cellulose. Inside, it has a glucose and sucrose concentration of 1 M each. The artificial cell is placed in water that has a glucose, sucrose and cellulose concertation of 2 M each. What will happen? Choose all a) Cellulose will move inside the cell b) Glucose and sucrose will diffuse evenly between inside and outside the cell c) Most water will move inside the cell d) Most water will move out of the cell

1) Answer: g. This is primary active transport because ATP is being used. Energy is being used so copper must be moving from a low concentration to a high concentration. 2) Answer: B. water will follow solutes. There is a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell in the interstitial fluid because 3 copper ions leave for every 2 magnesium ions that enter.

The next two questions are regarding 3 proteins that work in liver cells: 1.The copper pump which operates embedded in the cell membrane of liver cells. 2.A cotransporter which also operates embedded in the cell membrane of liver cells. 3.Alanine transaminase (ALT) which is an enzyme that operates in the lysosome of liver cells. 1) The copper pump uses ATP to pump 3 copper ions (Cu+) at a time out of the liver cell and into the interstitial fluid. What kind of membrane transport is this and in which concentration direction is copper moving? a) Primary active transport b) Secondary active transport c) Facilitated diffusion d) Copper is moving from a high concentration to a low concentration e) Copper is moving from a low concentration to a high concentration f) A & D g) A & E h) B & D i) B & E j) C & D 2) If all else is equal in the cell, where will water move? a) Most of the water will move into the cell. b) Most of the water will move into the interstitial fluid.

Rejected

The sexual competition hypothesis was tested in several different studies. Predictions generated from this hypothesis were correct. Thus, providing evidence that supports the sexual competition hypothesis. Is it's null hypothesis failed to be rejected or rejected?

Answer: D threonine is polar because the O and H have different electronegativities so the cell membrane is not permeable to it because the threonine will interact with the polar heads and not be able to get through the cell membrane

Threonine is an amino acid that contains a CH bonded to a OH and a CH3. Is the cell membrane permeable to threonine? a) Permeable because threonine is an ion b) Permeable because threonine is polar c) Permeable because threonine is nonpolar d) Not permeable because threonine is polar e) Not permeable because threonine is nonpolar

Answer: C; H and Cl are far apart on the periodic table which means they have very different electronegativities. Thus, they are highly polar and will require a transport protein more than N-O.

Use the periodic table to determine which molecule would most need a transport protein to move through the cell membrane: Groups* H-1 N-15 O-16 Cl-17 a) H-H b) N-O c) H-CL

Answer: B; water is polar and has partial charges because the O pulls electrons more closely to it than the H. Like dissolves like.

Water facilitates chemical reactions by dissolving certain molecules. What type of molecules dissolve in water and why? a) Nonpolar molecules dissolve in water because water's shared charge interacts with the nonpolar molecules' charge. b) Polar molecules dissolve in water because water's partial charges interacts with the polar molecules' partial charges.

1) Taller giraffes will consume more food>We should expect to measure that taller giraffes will eventually have a greater weight and more bites of food than shorter giraffes 2) Most of the food that they eat will be taller, they eat at their full height>Measure the height of the food vs the height of the giraffe; taller giraffes= more offspring

What are some predictions that could be generated from the hypothesis that "Giraffes have long necks to reach food that is unavailable to other mammals"? Ie. If the hypothesis is correct (the null is rejected) what should we expect to measure?

Environmental Variables -Plants at different windows at different sides of the house will get different amount of sunlight -Seeds weren't randomly chosen -Factors such as temperature/humidity/ambient noise/artificial lights weren't isolated -Small sample size -Negative control not appropriate -Better negative control would be a different kind of music, that was I would know if its the piano music specifically that's causing the effect

What are the problems with the experimental design of this experiment? You buy 2 packages of basil seeds from the garden shop. You set up 4 identical pots of soil, 2 that will be exposed to music every day and 2 that will not. You put a single seed from the first package into each of the 2 pots that will be exposed to music. You put a single seed from the second package into each of the control pots.You place the exposed plants in the kitchen, next to a south facing window. You place the control plants in a bedroom on the second floor, next to a north facing window.You provide the exact same quantity of water for the plants at the same time every day. You play the same 20 minutes of classical piano to the experimental plants at 4:00pm each day. You measure the height of the plants on day 21 and day 42.

Lipids contain carbon and hydrogen, are non polar and hydrophobic, and make up the cell membrane

What are the traits of lipids?

1) Transport ions and molecules (Na/K pump) 2) Builds cells- structured support -Integral membrane proteins- attach cells together -collagen-attach tissue together -cohesion- attach molecules together 3) Insulin- signaling-receive receptors

What do you already know about proteins? Write three things that proteins do.

Neither because non polar molecules always have high permeability

Which fly (lives in Antarctica or Desert ) would have cell membranes with increased permeability to Co2? a)Antarctica b)Dessert c)Neither, permeability to Co2 would be about the same.

A and B because they are both polar

Which molecules require a transport protein to move across the cell membrane? Why? a) Water b) Chloride c) CO2 d) O2

1) Cause and effect: Humans look for patterns 2) Religious/philosophical belief 3)Retractions don't get published 4) Confirmation bias- only believing information that supports the belief they already have 5) Belief perseverance- when there's a conflict between what someone wants to be true and evidence they hold onto the belief even more

Why do people still believe that the MMR vaccine causes autism?

1) Objective hypothesis testing 2) Experiments designed to disprove hypothesis 3) Peer review 4) Scrutiny and use after publication 5) Self corrective, and so it sometimes changes

Why is science a reliable method for determining truths?

more, low

Wide standard deviation = more/less likely to calculate sample mean that is different from population mean = high/low standard error

The fly that lives in the arctic would have more unsaturated phospholipids because it is already dealing with cold temperature which decreases permeability

Would you expect a fly that lives in Antarctica to have more saturated or unsaturated phospholipids in their cell membranes compared to a fly that lives in the hot desert?Fly that lives in the arctic would have more (saturated, unsaturated) phospholipids.

Lower permeability because there are more unsaturated lipid bilayers in cold temperature.

Would you expect for lipids to have higher or lower permeability in cold temperature?

Answer: B: A Caribbean crab would have more saturated phospholipids because it evolved in a warm climate. Warm climates increase permeability and so needs to bring permeability down slightly to the homeostatic range and this is accomplished through evolving more saturated phospholipids in the cell membrane. Saturated phospholipids have a reduced permeability

Would you expect the cell membrane of the cells that line the leg muscles of a Caribbean crab (warm climate) to have a greater proportion of saturated or unsaturated phospholipids? a) More unsaturated phospholipids. b) More saturated phospholipids.

Giraffes have long necks to reach food that is unavailable to other mammals

Write a hypothesis for the following question: Why do giraffes have long necks?

Giraffes do not have long necks to reach food that is unavailable to other mammals

Write a null hypothesis: Why do giraffes have long necks?

Giraffes have long necks to use as effective weapons against their opponents

Write an alternate hypothesis: Why do giraffes have long necks?

Answer: B. The prediction is what you expect if your hypothesis is correct. It is not A because a does not conform to your hypothesis. D is the hypothesis and e is the null hypothesis.

You are a research scientist studying the effectiveness of a new drug called Zetroil in treating pain associated with muscle fatigue. You hypothesize that Zetroil significantly reduces pain in patients with muscle fatigue. In your experiment you have two groups of people. Both groups are instructed to perform the same work-out every morning, but group A is given Zetroil immediately following the workout and group B is given a starch pill (placebo). One hour afterwards, all participants fill out a questionnaire related to their current physical feelings. What is your prediction? a) Participants in group A will not report significantly less pain than participants in group B an hour following a work-out. b) Participants in group A will report significantly less pain than participants in group B an hour following a work-out. c) Participants in both groups will report an equal level of pain. d) Zetroil significantly reduces pain in patients with muscle fatigue. e) Zetroil does not reduce pain in patients with muscle fatigue.

Answer: A. A paper that has been retracted has essentially been "unpublished". This informs the public that the paper has some flaw and is not a good source of information.

You are a student athlete interested in improving your athletic performance. While looking for relevant information on the internet you stumble across a scientific article that concludes that cupping improves blood circulation. You also notice the word RETRACTION written in red across the front page. What does retraction mean and what do you conclude? a) Retraction means that the scientific journal is un-publishing the paper because there is some large flaw in the design, conflict of interest in the funding or intentional manipulation of the data. You conclude that this paper is not a good source of information regarding cupping. b) Retraction means that the scientific journal is un-publishing the paper because there is controversy in the media about the paper's claims. You conclude that this paper is a good source of information because it addresses a popular topic.

Answer: A. There is no fully explained mechanism. Its not b because it mentions the well-respected scientific journal The Lancet and its not c because it provides a link to the specific study.

You got a flu vaccine this year, but scientists are now saying that its only about 30% effective. With the flu going around campus, you want to find another way to protect yourself from getting sick. While browsing the internet an advertisement pops up for Echinacea extract, a root tincture that supposedly improves immune function. The advertisement says: Take Echinacea to boost your immunity! Published in The Lancet, a new major review (click this link for source) of 100 scientific papers shows that Echinacea will prevent and shorten the duration of cold and flu viruses by boosting your natural immunity. The lack of which feature(s) makes you initially skeptical of this claim: a) No fully explained mechanism b) No cited source c) No cited study d) All of the above

Answer: C. Evidence is the scientific studies that are quantitative. Source is the scientific studies that are peer reviewed. Mechanism is the description "in detail" of impact on bone, connective tissue and muscle. All the important evaluation criteria are present so you can be tentatively convinced of yoga's effects.

Your cousin is recovering from knee surgery and is still experiencing some mild pain. He doesn't want to use pain killers and so he decides to attend a low-impact yoga class to strengthen the muscles surrounding the knee. After several weeks he reports to you that his knee pain has disappeared, and he attributes it to yoga. You decide to investigate this. You search on the university database and find several peer reviewed scientific papers that describe double-blind studies that quantify improvement in knee pain and stability following a 6-week course of twice weekly yoga classes. All the studies included a robust control group and a doctor or scientist unrelated to the yoga school assessed improvement. Several of the papers also describe in detail how yoga impacts bone, connective tissue and muscle to increase knee stability. Your tentative conclusion based on this research is a) Skeptical, because the mechanism underlying yoga's effects has not been uncovered. b) Skeptical, because there are no credible sources citing yoga's effects. c) Convinced, because evidence, source and mechanism are all present. d) Convinced, because you are certain that new evidence will not contradict the current research.

a,b, and c a-No mechanism because there is no explanation as to how or why acupuncture works b- No sources because there is no reference to a peer-reviewed journal or reliable source such as CDC or AAP

Your cousin wants some company at her appointment at the acupuncture office. While sitting in the waiting room, you read the following in a pamphlet regarding acupuncture:Acupuncture restores your Chi Life Energy, unblocking your meridians, and healing illness and disease. Mayo Clinic, Web MD and Medical News Today all agree that acupuncture can reduce pain caused by a variety of illnesses. You wonder about how acupuncture works and since you don't see any primary literature listed in the pamphlet you ask the acupuncturist about it when your cousin is finished with the session. The acupuncturist says patients report experiencing a reduction in pain following acupuncture sessions. After this dual experience (pamphlet + conversation), you are skeptical of acupuncture as a medical treatment because a) Mechanism has not been explained b) There are no sources given c) There is no evidence given