Behavior change procedure quizzes for test 2

Punisher assessments

-Are conducted similarly to preference assessments, except they measure suppressive, negative, and avoidance behaviors associated with the aversive stimulus. -Make it possible for practitioners to more quickly identify and apply appropriate punishers to a problem behavior.

Which statement is included in the procedural guidelines for the use of punishment?

-Conduct a punisher assessment. -Consider using varied punishers. -Record, graph, and evaluate the data daily.

When using exclusion time-out, the time-out room should be

-Devoid of potential reinforcers. -Constantly monitored and supervised.

Desirable aspects of nonexclusion time-out include

-Its ease of application. -Its acceptability to the general public. -The rapid suppression of behavior.

Which are factors that influence the efficacy of punishment?

-The punisher is delivered immediately after the target behavior. -Each occurrence of the target behavior is followed with the punisher. -The intensity of the punisher is high.

The term motivating operation is roughly synonymous with

-abolishing operation. -setting event. -establishing operation.

Stimulus salience

-can affect the development of stimulus control. -refers to the prominence of the stimulus in the person's environment. -can depend on the sensory capabilities of the learner.

Select the necessary term(s) involved in shaping

-differential reinforcement -successive approximations -response differentiation

Describe stimulus generalization?

A response occurs in the presence of a specific stimulus and in the presence of stimuli similar to the specific stimulus.

Stimulus prompt

After closing the lid, Mary turns the dial to the correct cycle by aligning two red arrows that had been painted on the washer and dial before the session. Mary successfully sets the dial to the correct setting without additional assistance.

A phenomenon in which the change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by the response rate changing in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule.

Behavioral contrast

Involves removing a specific amount of reinforcers from the individualâ s noncontingently provided supply

Bonus response cost

When the amount of clothes in your dirty clothes hamper reaches a specific height, you wash clothes the next day. Otherwise, if the amount of dirty clothes gets too high, you have to wash more than one load, which requires spending several hours over the weekend at the crowded laundromat. In relation to washing the clothes, the dirty clothes going above a specific height in the hamper is a

CMO-R

Your dog sits at the front door indicating he wants to go outside. You immediately begin looking for the dogâ s leash, so you can take him for a walk. In relation to looking for the leash, your dog sitting at the front door is a

CMO-T.

A stimulus that acquires aversive properties due to being paired with other aversives

Conditioned punisher

Involves allowing the individual to observe ongoing activities, but they are unable to participate or access reinforcers

Contingent observation

Involves removing the individual from the reinforcing environment contingent on problem behavior.

Exclusion time-out

Involves removing a specific amount of reinforcers from the individualâ s current supply of previously earned reinforcers

Existing cache response cost

A time-out procedure is still called time-out when it does not result in a decreased level of problem behavior.

False

An abolishing operation has a behavior-altering effect which decreases the reinforcement efficacy of a stimulus

False

Behavior-altering effects refer solely to the change in frequency or rate of a behavior.

False

Both existing cache response cost and bonus response cost are likely to be equally aversive to an individual

False

Conditional discriminations operate at the level of a three-term contingency.

False

Delayed behaviors using the topography of an imitative behavior, by definition, are imitative.

False

In discrimination training, the S-delta is specifically used to show the condition of zero reinforcement or extinction.

False

In order for video-modeling to be effective, the model must be an individual other than the learner.

False

Mavis has been working with a child to shape his handwriting. When Mavis started working with the child, he could hold his pencil and write the letters of his name, but the marks were so faint that one could hardly see them. Over time, Mavis taught the boy to press his pencil hard enough so people could easily see the marks he had made. The shaping procedure Mavis used is an example of shaping across a response topography.

False

Negative reinforcement and positive punishment are interchangeable terms.

False

Operant and respondent antecedent stimulus control function in the same manner.

False

Positive punishment has occurred when the removal of an aversive stimulus increases the future occurrence of the behavior.

False

Typically developing children and children with developmental disabilities initially acquire many skills by imitating planned and unplanned models.

False

With response cost, individual reinforcer withdrawals should be as large as possible to ensure they properly function as effective punishers.

False

A young child living on a farm is learning about cows. When the child sees a black and white Holstein cow, the child says "cow" . When the child sees a brown Jersey cow, the child does not say cow. When the child sees a dalmatian dog, the child says "cow" . This is an example of

Faulty stimulus control.

Shaping? Teaching someone to sign, "please" by

First reinforcing lifting the hand, then reinforcing lifting the hand to the chest, then reinforcing lifting the hand to the chest and moving it slightly, and finally - lifting the hand to the chest and moving it in a circular motion.

The behavior altering effect of an EO for both reinforcers and punishers results in an increased frequency of behavior.

Flase

To be considered imitation, a model and the behavior it evokes must have

Formal similarity.

Contingent observation involves the

Individual remaining in the setting but not participating for a short period of time.

An antecedent stimulus that evokes the imitative behavior is

Model

The contingent engagement of an effortful task that has some relevance to the specific problem behavior

Overcorrection

Involves obstructing the view of the individual while they remain in the time-in setting

Partition time-out

Involves turning away from the learner while withholding social reinforcers contingent on problem behavior

Planned ignoring

An increase in behavior following the removal of the punishment contingency recovery from punishment

Recovery from punishment

With contingent exercise, the individual is

Required to perform a response that has no topographical relation to the problem behavior. Answers:

Preventing the completion of a problem behavior by physically intervening as soon as the individual starts to engage in it

Response blocking

A procedure that involves interrupting stereotypic problem behavior and redirecting the individual to engage in high probability behaviors

Response interruption and redirection

After dumping the contents of his glue container on the floor, Matthew not only has to clean up his workspace. He must also clean the entire classroom floor. This procedure exemplifies

Restitutional overcorrection

Which best exemplifies positive punishment?

She was eating a sandwich when a seagull flew over and pooped on her head. The next day, She stayed away from the boardwalk.

Gretchen has been trying to teach Glen, a preschooler, to pull up his pants by himself via shaping. She began by delivering reinforcement for bending over and touching his waistband. Glen is now doing that consistently. Next, Gretchen targeted Glen pulling his pants up a little bit. However, Glen continues to simply touch his pants instead of pulling them up a bit.

Should add a prompt to pull up the pants to help make the shaping process more efficient.

Laura would like to shape her roommate's tidiness. The roommate tends to leave her clothes strewn around the house instead of putting them in the clothes hamper in the laundry room. Laura begins by providing praise and cooking dinner when her roommate puts her clothes in the laundry room instead of on the floor around the house. Now, the roommate is consistently piling her clothes on the laundry room floor. Next, Laura plans to praise and cook dinner only when her roommate sorts the laundry into whites and colors into the appropriate laundry basket

Should proceed in more gradual steps to increase the likelihood of her roommate's success. More likely to receive little to no reinforcement for quite some time.

Which of the following is an example of stimulus shape transformation?

Taking a line drawing of a bed and slowly changing it into the letters b-e-d to help a child learn to read the word bed.

Involves terminating an activity for a specific amount of time contingent on problem behavior

Terminate specific reinforcer contact

An individual with disabilities was being taught to pour milk into a cup. Which of the following constitutes a response prompt?

The staff demonstrated pouring a small amount of milk into a cup and then set the milk carton in front of the individual.

Is a reinforcer rich setting and its removal is a conditioned aversive.

Time-in

A controlling relation between the behavior of a model and the behavior of the imitator is inferred when a novel model evokes a similar behavior in the absence of a history of reinforcement.

True

A decrease in the frequency of the behavior must be observed before a consequence-based intervention qualifies as a punishment procedure.

True

All conditioned motivating operations (CMOs) are motivationally neutral prior to their relation with another MO or stimulus.

True

An imitative repertoire is required for modelling to be an effective prompt.

True

Concept development requires discrimination between stimulus classes and generalization between stimulus classes.

True

Negative punishment has occurred when the removal of an event decreases the future occurrence of a behavior

True

Overcorrection procedures must include either or both positive practice and environmental restitution

True

Response cost is likely to suppress problem behavior to an acceptable level when there are a small number of omission and commission errors.

True

Stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination are opposite operations.

True

The controlling function of an antecedent is acquired from pairing with stimulus changes following the behavior in operant behavior and pairing with antecedent stimuli in respondent behavior.

True

The greater the reinforcing value of the time-in setting, the more effective the time-out procedure.

True

The more similar two stimuli are, the more likely stimulus generalization will occur.

True

The process of differential reinforcement during shaping results in response differentiation.

True

Value-altering and behavior-altering effects are described as the defining features in the original definition of an establishing operation.

True

When the topography of a previous imitation occurs in the absence of the model it is not imitative behavior.

True

With fading, behavior is changed by gradually changing the antecedent stimulus. Whereas, with shaping, behavior is changed by gradually changing the response requirement.

True

You are driving in your car on a sunny clear day when the sun starts to shine in your eyes. You immediately reach for your sunglasses and put them on. In relation to putting on the sunglasses, the sun shining in your eyes is a

UMO

A stimulus whose aversive properties are the product of evolutionary history

Unconditioned punisher

You are scrolling through a news app and stop to read an article that says flu season is here and it will be particularly bad this year. After reading the article, you immediately head out to buy a pack of disposable masks and some hand sanitizer. In relation to buying masks and hand sanitizer, the news article is

a CMO

An abative effect refers to

a decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been associated with a particular consequence.

You are scrolling through a news app and stop to read an article that says flu season is here and it will be particularly bad this year. After reading the article, you immediately head out to buy a pack of disposable masks and some hand sanitizer. Heading out to the store after reading the article exemplifies

an evocative behavior altering effect.

An evocative effect refers to

an increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been associated with a particular consequence.

If progress breaks down while conducting imitation training, the practitioner should

back up and move ahead slowly.

A discriminative stimulus or SD is a stimulus in the presence of which a response will

be reinforced.

Observational learning can be differentiated from imitation because observational learning includes observing the

consequence of the model.

A teacher was sitting with a student while they were eating their snack. The teacher rubbed their nose and sniffed. Within one second the student rubbed their nose and sniffed in the same way. Since the studentâ s nose rubbing and sniffing was physically the same as the teacherâ s, they shared

formal similarity.

When learners do what the model does regardless of the behavior modeled without direct training, ____________ has been demonstrated.

generalized imitation

Teaching learners to do what the model does regardless of the behavior modeled is the major objective of what?

imitation training

Observational learning may or may not involve

imitation.

Operant stimulus control has been achieved when a response occurs

more frequently in the presence of a specific stimulus but rarely occurs in the absence of that stimulus.

A BCBA was coaching a mother through a clean-up activity with her daughter. At one point, the mother instructed the daughter to give her an item and the daughter dropped to the floor and began crying. The BCBA asked the mother to get up, walk a few steps away from her daughter, and turn her back to the child. The mother did as asked and resumed interacting with her daughter after her daughter got up from the floor and stopped crying. This procedure most closely exemplifies

nonexclusion time-out, planned ignoring.

A BCBA was recruited to work with a young boy who climbed on top of all the furniture at his home. The BCBA trained the young boy's mother on the following procedure. When the boy climbs on top of any piece of furniture, immediately pull him down. Tell him, "No climbing" and gently lead him to the chair at the corner of the room with the booster seat attached and sit him in the chair for 2 min. Do not talk to or look at him while he is sitting in the chair. Do not allow his siblings or others to interact with him. Also, turn off the television while he is in the chair. When 2 minutes have passed, the child may get up from the chair and resume his previous activities. The boy's rate of furniture climbing decreased shortly after his mother began implementing the procedure. This procedure most closely exemplifies

nonexclusion time-out, select space time-out.

Two people are walking into a building with their hands full. The first person hits the door with their hip, and the door swings back and hits them in the face. The second person does not hit the door with their hip. This is an example of

observational learning.

Which group of stimuli exemplify those making up an arbitrary stimulus class?

photographs of a banana, watermelon, strawberry, and pineapple, which all evoke the word "fruit"

When implementing response cost, the practitioner makes note of the individual's engagement in problem behavior each time while removing the relevant amount of the reinforcer. This may

reinforce the behavior with attention

Throughout the shaping process, the instructor provides reinforcement when the learner emits a response that is slightly different from others within the response class and places other response topographies on extinction until the learner emits another slightly different response. These slightly different responses exemplify

response differentiation

A man is helping his son memorize a poem for class. The son must first correctly recite the first line from memory in order to receive his father's praise. Once the son can recite the first line without error, the father tells him to add on the next line of the poem. This process continues until the son can recite the entire poem by heart. This is an example of

shaping across response topographies.

A swim coach gradually increases the amount of time swimmers must hold their breath under water before signaling them to come up. This is an example of

shaping within response topography.

The presence of minor lapses in treatment fidelity are likely to result in the response cost procedure

still being effective

In order for the withdrawal of a stimulus to successfully suppress an individual's behavior, the

stimulus must be a reinforcer.

All antecedent stimuli with the capacity to evoke imitation are potentially

unplanned models.

You are scrolling through a news app and stop to read an article that says flu season is here and it will be particularly bad this year. After reading the article, you immediately head out to buy a pack of disposable masks and some hand sanitizer. The particularly bad flu season has a

value altering establishing effect on having masks and hand sanitizer.

Conditioned motivating operations have

value-altering effects that are a function of a learning history

Unconditioned motivating operations have

value-altering effects that are unlearned.

Which must-have feature would need to be included in order for a fowl to be in the feature stimulus class of "duck"?

webbed feet

The key difference between nonexclusion and exclusion time-out is

with nonexclusion time-out the individual remains at least partially in the instructional area, and with exclusion time-out the individual is removed from the area.

Negative punishment involves a decrease in the future rates of behavior due to the

withdrawal of an appetitive stimulus contingent on behavior.