Behavior Pathology Midterm Unit 1
Biochemical Oversimplification
"FACT": Serotonin availability (turnover) in the synapse is a good thing. FACT: SSRIs (and TCAs) bind with serotonin transporter molecules (67% occupancy) FACT: SS gene reduces the transcription (density) of transporter molecules. Logical Inference?: Shouldn't both be functionally equivalent in increasing serotonin availability (turnover) Questions: Why is the SS allele a risk (isn't serotonin good)? Why do antidepressants take weeks to work? Answer: SS and SSRI effects probably occur as a function of postsynaptic receptor changes that alter neuronal communication gradually and differentially across pathways and brain sites over time. Remember: Postsynaptic receptor densities gradually altered by transmitter synaptic availability
Libido (Freud)
(psychoanalysis) a Freudian term for sexual urge or desire
genital stage (age 13)
(puberty on) maturation of sexual interests systematic satisfaction of sexual needs
Diathesis
(vulnerability/risk/predisposition) Trait Nature Internal Biogenetic
Direct Effect of Factor A
(with or without covariance controls) A → C
Phallic stage (girls)
- Electra complex - girls realize they have no penis, blame the mother - penis envy - identify with mother - femininity develops
Humanistic-Existential Theory
- Free Will and Choice (with personal responsibilty) - Natural Prosocial Tendencies - people are born with the natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative, and constructive - Uniqueness and Changeability - no laws of nature we are all unique Strong Heterostatic Motives (self actualization) - we are driven by seeking high levels of purpose and satisfaction Anticomparative Focus Holism versus Elementalism - no way to break personality in categories Emphasis on Subjective Emotional Experience - must be in touch with emotions Phenomenology (here and now experiencing) - we live in the moment
displacement (defense mechanism)
- The transfer of feelings from one target to another that is considered less threatening or that is neutral. "I'm gonna make that guy who turned me in pay!" "I'm going to go to the press and damage the reputation of this firm!" "I'm going to get an attorney and sue everyone involved in this attack!" "You're either with me or against me!"
Physiological
- measurable ACT biological (arousal)
Psychosis
- non-functional ego probably organic in nature
Depression
- object dependency - object loss - repressed rage Object Dependency (extreme closeness to mom) Object Loss (mom smokes, drinking, and eats too much leading to an early death) Repressed Rage (shown in displaced anger toward others) - "anger turned inward"
Classical Conditioning
- respondent learning, pavlovian conditioning, S-S learning - type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.
Descriptive Approach - Psychological Approach
-Abnormality defined by consequences •quantitative differences assumed, disorders differ in dimensional degree, referred to as adjectives
Authoritative Approach - Medical (DSM-V) Approach
-Experts define normality/abnormality •qualitative differences assumed, disorders classified categorically (all or none), referred to as nouns
DSM-III
10. Which of the following DSM iterations published in 1980 represented the most dramatic change (e.g., multiaxial, atheoretical, less authoritative approach) in diagnostic philosophy thus far in psychiatry and clinical psychology?
weeds
12. While working in her garden one day, Petra pulled a weed and was promptly stung by a bee that had been resting on one of its leaves. Since this incident, whenever Petra pulls a weed, she feels anxious and stiff. In this case of apparent classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is the:
operant conditioning
13. People act the way they do because of the direct consequences of their own past actions. This premise provides the foundation of:
exposure to a CS in the absence of the UCS
14. Which of the following essentially defines "extinction" in classical conditioning?
Hull
1940's reinforcement is drive stimulus reduction
Humanistic-existential
2. Thomas Szaz, the political libertarian, best adheres to the fundamental assumptions of which of the following theoretical models?
creationism
3. Cognitive and behavior therapist share a common and popular belief that maladaptive response tendencies are acquired through learning. There are major differences of opinion, however, regarding assumptions about the precise nature of the maladaptive learning. A good illustration of this distinction might be drawn from B.F. Skinner's farewell address to APA just days before his death when he compared cognitive psychology to:
the marshmallow test
4 year old given choice take marshmallow now or wait 10 minutes, until researchers returns, and have 2. at age 18, group who took marshmallow was more irritated, had more fights, still couldn't delay gratification. second group, ones who waited, had 210pt advantage on SAT's, more popular, could still delay gratification
social learning theorist
4. Billy N. Evitable is a 18-year-old young man who grew up listening, watching and experiencing violence through music, television and abusive and alcoholic parents. Billy recently killed a neighbor's child while re-enacting a scene from a violent movie that he had watched the night before. His friends watched and egged him on as he began to perpetrate the act. Assume that you were Billy's attorney. An expert witness from which of the following theoretical perspectives would probably be most prepared to identify the violent movie as a mitigating (explanatory) factor to account for his criminal act?
Focused Anxiety
5-HT insufficiency PTSD - phobias
cause clinically significant distress or impairment on social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
5. For most DSM-5 diagnoses, evidence must be provided that the identified symptoms:
are created or at least agreed to by a majority of the DSM task force members which results in modifications of criteria (including some additions and remissions) over the years
6. Disorders identified and described in the DSM system:
etiology
7. Causative factors that lead to the development and expression of a psychological disorder (e.g., why a disorder begins) are referred to by which of the following terms?
diathesis stress model
8. Which of the following terms represents an etiology model which hypothesizes that maximum risk of psychopathology occurs among genetically predisposed individuals who have been exposed to some major form of life adversity?
cortisol
9. Which of the following is not a neurotransmitter?
interpersonal therapy (IPT)
A brief, psychodynamic psychotherapy that focuses on current relationships and is based on the assumption that symptoms are caused and maintained by interpersonal problems. treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions
covalent bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
amygdala
A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.
GABA
A major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia.
Behavioral Backlash
A relatively permanent change in response as a result of experience
gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait/protein
Nomenclature
A system of naming is term for the language used to describe the conditions
chromosome
A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
Indirect (Mediation) Effect of Factor A
A → B → C (partial versus complete mediation) unless A can alter B - C will not occur (visa versa) A alters B leading to C
Interactive (Modulated) Effect of Factor A
AB → C when the effects of one variable depend on the effect of the other variable
Symptoms + Consequences
Abnormality
nucleotide bases
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
idiographic
An approach to studying personality that focuses on individual case studies.
protein
An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells
abnormality
Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm themselves or others, or interferes with their ability to function in daily life.
social learning process
Attention Retention (mental rehearsal) Motor Reproduction (skills and competencies) Motivation (incentives, vicarious RE, expectancies) Self Regulation (performance standards, self-RE, self-efficacy)
nucleotides
Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases
B.F. Skinner
Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats 1970's reinforcment defined by consequences. Not what it is, but what it does.
Walter Mischel
Believes human behavior is largely determined by the situation rather than traits recognized that traits are not necessarily consistent across various situations, but often vary depending upon the circumstances the marshmallow test
modeled aggression
Bobo doll experiment Aggression a major problem in society Aggression not biologically inevitable Aggression not a irreversible trait Aggression not a sign of evil or moral failure Aggression driven by situational determinants Aggression as an acquired behavior taught by maladaptive (including media) role models.
amino acid
Building blocks of protein
the fully functioning person
Carl Roger's term for a healthy, self-actualizing individual, who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent with reality. 1.Openness to Experience 2.Congruence 3.Self-Evaluation 4.Unconditional Self-Regard 5.Existential Living 6.Harmony with Others (acceptance/tolerance) 7.Subjective Freedom 8.Creativity Expression
oral sadistic character
Character type that results from a fixation at the late oral stage. Such a person is orally aggressive and may be a fingernail biter and sarcastic. A person who is often verbally abusive and uses "biting" sarcasm
personality congruence
Comfortable with Self & Others Caring/Tolerant/Accepting of Self & Others Spontaneous & Natural Absence of Pressure / Nothing to Prove Warm and Emotionally Expressive Funny and Joyful
Approach-Approach
Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives (decision to move toward only one of two attractive goals) deciding between two classes that you want to take but have to choose one
Avoidance-Avoidance
Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives (decision to move away from only one of two unattractive goals) two classes that you do not want to take but there are no other options
Fixed Ratio
Consequence based on set number
Fixed Interval
Consequence delivered for first response after a set time interval elapses after last reinforced response.
Variable Interval
Consequence delivered for first response after an average time interval elapses after last reinforced trial
Variable Ratio
Consequences vary around an average number
Adjustment
Coping skills and response tendencies that generate favorable/effective consequences in response to environmental stressors/demands/challenges.
Psychosis
DA2 receptor super sensitivity to many messages
Antagonistic/Disruptive Mechanisms
Decrease neurotransmitter precursor Disrupt enzyme(s) in synthesis process Synaptic vessicle leakage Increase enzyme(s) involved in degradation Receptor blockage
antagonists
Drugs that block or interfere with neurotransmitter and receptor bonding (transmission) across the synapse are referred to as:
Uniform Consequences
E. Symptoms are clinically significant as evidenced by either: (1)marked distress in excess of what would be expected from exposure to the stressor; (2)Significant impairment in social or occupational (or academic) functioning
Serotonin (5-HT)
Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in sleep, mood, anxiety, and appetite
emotional model
Focus on ability to understand and regulate emotions expectancies
developmental model
Freud's model of how children develop, defined by his psychosexual stages
phallic stage (3-5)
Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure libido manifests to lust
hydraulic model
Frustrations lead to anger, and anger builds up inside a person like steam inside a pressure cooker, until it is vented. If anger isn't vented, the person will eventually "explode" in an aggressive rage. ALL ABOUT RESPONSES AND EMOTIONS NOT SITUATIONAL FACTORS Anger is a personality
Determinism
Fundamental Assumption of Science There are forces of nature that cause all human events to occur Humans think, feel and act the way we do for complicated, but understandable, reasons
Generalized Anxiety
GABA insufficiency
synapse
Gap between neurons A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.
Two Factor Theory
Hobart Mowrer shows the underlying mechanisms UCS - strong stimulus that triggers our nervous system to respond Operant (active avoidance) conditioning - any stimulus that is unpleasant will trigger an active avoidance response
Agonistic/Facilitative Mechanisms
Increase neurotransmitter molecule itself Decrease enzyme(s) involved in degradation Increase neurotransmitter precursor Inhibit reuptake (transporter molecules)
Behavioral Assumptions
Learning is gradual, often unconscious or predisposed (prepared learning) by genetics, and more readily acquired at critical (earlier) periods in life with occasional one-trial acquisition (i.e., trauma or provocation)
Classical & Operant Conditioning Paradigm Assumptions
Learning is gradual, often unconscious or predisposed (prepared learning) by genetics, and more readily acquired at critical (earlier) periods in life with occasional one-trial acquisition (i.e., trauma or provocation)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Mainly excitatory; involved in arousal and mood Brain arousal and other functions like mood, hunger, and sleep adrenaline
Stanley Milgram Experiment
Milgram recruited subjects for an experiment to see how far people will go to obey authority figures. An experiment that tested the compliance of an individual to an authority figures by having them administer different levels of (fake) electrical shocks to another individual. Results showed that 2/3 of subjects were compliant throughout the entire experiment. Example: Teacher gave learners electric shocks when they answered a question wrong on a memory test at the command to a "doctor."
Depression
NE or 5-HT insufficiency need more
Mania
NE or DA receptor super sensitivity to many messages
enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
The Cognitive Approach Social Learning Theory
RE/Pun not Essential for Learning (Imitation) RE/Pun can be vicariously experiences Role models provide powerful learning sources Higher mental processes, expectancies, and cognitive standards of evaluation are critical
psychology
Science or study of human and animal responses to internal and external stimuli
Stress Model
State Nurture External Environment
Psychopathic deviate (Pd) 4
Subscale of MMPI antisocial, dishonest, possible drug abusers
Schizophrenia (Sc) 8
Subscale of MMPI confused, disorganized, possible hallucinations
Depression (D) 2
Subscale of MMPI dysphoric, possibly suicidal
Masculinity-Femininity (Mf) 5
Subscale of MMPI exhibit lack of stereotypical masculine interests, aesthetic and artistic
Paranoia (Pa) 6
Subscale of MMPI exhibit psychological turmoil and discomfort, extreme anxiety
Psychasthenia (Pt) 7
Subscale of MMPI exhibit psychological turmoil and discomfort, extreme anxiety
Hysteria (Hy) 3
Subscale of MMPI highly reactive to stress, anxious, and sad at times
Mania (Ma) 9
Subscale of MMPI manic, emotionally labile, unrealistic self-appraisal
Hypochondriasis (Hs) 1
Subscale of MMPI somatizers, possible medical problems
Social introversion (Si) 10
Subscale of MMPI very insecure and uncomfortable in social situations, timid
Rogerian Theory
The client-oriented psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the therapist tends to be supportive, nondirective, and empathetic, and gives unconditional positive regard. Fundamental Motive: Actualizing Tendency - seeking success and doing meaningful things Guiding Force: Organismic Valuing Process - if it feels right do it, instinct, what feels natural Obstacles to Growth: Need for Positive Regard (not Conditions of Worth) - we care about the opinions of others we need to be acknowledged and accepted Potential Outcomes: Congruence vs Incongruence Real Self (personal values) versus Idealized Self (imposed values) - develop in terms of our self
protein synthesis
The creation of a protein from a DNA template.
Extinction (classical conditioning)
The weakening of a conditioned response in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus. Exposure to CS in absence of the UCS Exposure to CS with relaxation (counterconditioning) CS - UCS → UCR CS → CR
Superego
Unconscious impulses (anticatexes) inhibit a range of possible response options to avoid shame (conscience) while encouraging (cathecting) energy into prosocial activities (superego ideal) Conflict/Hydraulic Model
Ego
Unconscious impulses (anticathect) serve to inhibit Id wishes and desires (defense mechanisms) and engage the environment via executive functions (cathexes) to effectively attain goals within the limits of the superego. Conflict/Hydraulic Model
ID
Unconscious tension states draw (cathect) conscious attention to goal objects that will reduce the pressure and retain homeostasis (subcortical mediating substrate?) Conflict/Hydraulic Model
Equifinality
a basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one symptom can have many causes •The etiology of psychological disorders will ultimately involve the complex interaction of a variety of physical and psychological factors. •There is reason to expect finite but multiple pathways that lead to the same psychopathology symptom clusters.
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
a blend of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic strategies
Humanistic and Existential Therapies
a broad class of therapies whose purpose is to emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is inherently positive and can deal with disorders on its own
Approach-Avoidance
a choice must be made about whether to pursue a single goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspects weigh the cues (pro/con list)
diathesis-stress model
a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event an inherited risk factor the biological initial risk
neuron
a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
cognitive therapy
a treatment method designed to identify and correct distorted thinking patterns that can lead to feelings and behaviors that may be troublesome, self-defeating, or self-destructive
behavior therapy (BT)
a treatment process that focuses on changing unwanted behaviors through rewards and reinforcements
opedius complex
according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
ego defense mechanisms
according to psychoanalytic theory, strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse Repression Displacement Sublimation Reaction Formation Projection Rationalization Intellectualization Undoing
Social Learning maladaptive reaction tendencies
acquisition of response tendencies though imitation and modeling (sometimes in absence of direct RE/PUN) with expectancies and higher mental processes directing our actions
situational (learning) model
all about the situation emphasis on relationships and interactions with others in order to build understanding. Students learn by making connections to their prior knowledge. And third, works to develop the role of the individual within the greater community.
Spontaneous Recovery
an "extinguished" S-R bond will recover some if retested at a later date. Complete extinction requires unreinforced pairs over time.
Extinction
an S-R bond grows weaker every unreinforced trial
Acquisition
an Stimulus-Response bond grows stronger every trial
intermittent or partial reinforcement
an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement RE/PUN follows response less than 100% of time
too much or too little gratification in anal stage
antisocial compulsive temper tantrums messiness destructiveness cruelty excessive cleanliness stinginess coldness distant disorganization perfection control
response
any measurable action. All scientists study one sort or another. Some are inanimate in nature and involve the physical movement of objects in space
multidimensional integrative approach
approach to the study of psychopathology that holds psychological disorders as always being the products of multiple interacting causal factors • Biological - genetic predispositions, neurochemistry, brain structure • Behavioral - learning, situational cues • Cognitive & Emotional - expectancies • Sociocultural - environment, conformity pressures • Developmental/Psychodynamic - covert motives, historical traumas & conflicts
Thomas Szasz
argues that abnormal behavior usually involves a deviation from social norms rather than an illness the myth of mental illness
Psychoanalytic Theory
attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
John B. Watson
behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat
Psychopathology
breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning that produces distress or impairment\ Coping skills and attributes that are ineffective in responding to particular cultural or environmental demands and expectancies study of mental health abnormality/disorders Coping skills and response tendencies that generate favorable/effective consequences in response to environmental stressors/demands/challenges.
sublimation (defense mechanism)
channeling socially unacceptable impulses into constructive, even admirable, behavior reborn, rehabilitated, transformed "My new job as fraud detection agent serves a very important role for the betterment of society." "The things I learned as a broker are essential to know if you want to fix the fraud problem in the stock market today. "We need to lobby our legislatures to draft new laws to crack down on crime."
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
Humanistic/Existential
choice and free will
Secondary RE (Approach) Gradient
classical - every response is awarded secondarily operant - trauma or anxiety
Nosology
classification and naming system for medical and psychological phenomena
5-HTLPR
code for Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphisms
nomathetic
concepts that can be applied universally
predisposition
condition of being susceptible to disease
positive punishment operant conditioning
consequence (stimulus) that, when presented, decreases response probability introducing an adverse stimulus to decrease the likelihood of future behavior. ex: putting a shock collar on a dog so they get a shock every time they bark child is put into time out for disruptive behavior teen receives undesired "joking" from parent over a romantic interest
positive reinforcement operant conditioning
consequence (stimulus) that, when presented, increases response probability introducing a positive stimulus that will increase the likelihood of future behavior. ex: giving chocolate cake for every good grade you get child is given money to reward good grades parent laughs when child curses his computer out of frustration
negative punishment operant conditioning
consequence (stimulus) that, when withdrawn, decreases response probability the removal of a good stimulus after a behavior to decrease its likelihood in the future. ex: taking away your allowance when you get a bad grade teen car privileges removed due to a speeding ticket teen share less details about life to parents when family suppers are discontinued
negative reinforcement operant conditioning
consequence (stimulus) that, when withdrawn, increases response probability the removal or avoidance of a bad stimulus after a behavior so you increase the likelihood of future behavior. ex: getting your veggies taken off your plate when you get a good grade child gets headache relief after taken an aspirin child goes to room to escape hearing parental conflict
Cognitive
covert, unobservable THINK how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
counterconditioning
desensitization Exposure to CS with relaxation behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning
DA
dopamine
superego
ego ideal moral guardian
Conflict/Hydraulic Model
emotion as biological side effects of unconscious and conflicted neurological impulses (inherent human ambivalence)
too much or too little gratification in latency stage
excessive modesty
Repression (defense mechanism)
excluding source of anxiety from awareness sense of denial and justification "You worry way too much." "I don't have time for this discussion." "Auditors are idiots who will never detect my shortcuts." "The boss is not strong-willed enough to fire me." "No one will reprimand me cause I know too much." "I'm doubling-down on my sales pitch just to show my concern." "I'm winning!"
Etiology
factors that caused the disorder to develop; note that correlation is not causation
Imaginal
fantasies all the things that run through mind train of thought THINK
projection (defense mechanism)
focusing on the motives of everyone around him "Everybody cheats!" "Maybe you should look in the mirror at your own practice!" "You and the other brokers are just jealous of my success!" "This is a conspiracy to take me down!" "I'm not going to take your character assassination attempts!"
Deviance
from normative expectations
Operant Conditioning maladaptive reaction tendencies
habit acquisition controlled by consequences producing short-term reward at high long-term cost
too much or too little gratification in oral stage
histrionic dependency paranoid avoidant too trusting distrusting smoking nail-biting chewing gluttony obesity talkativeness dependence gullibility dependent on others alcoholism sarcasm
too much or too little gratification in genital stage
hypersexuality homosexuality
Differential Sensitivity Model
in addition to greater sensitivity to maladaptive environments and subsequent emerging behavior problems, susceptibility traits may show greater sensitivity to supportive environments and thus greater susceptibility to adaptive outcomes, such as pro-social skills and competencies
Distress
in excess of what would be expected from exposure to stressors
free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing talking "O" requires time as time passes the client will eventually drop their guard against therapist leading to remembering events that impacted them
Disability/Impairment
inability to meet responsibilities
Neurosis
ineffective ego development
Dissociation
ineffective ego development further compromised by trauma
transference (defense mechanisms)
insight sourcse patient emotion is directed to therapy/therapist in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
short-term psychodynamic therapy (STPT)
insight therapy that is time limited and focused on trying to help clients correct the immediate problems in their lives
Scalloping
is a predictable outcome of fixed interval schedules no studying all semester then right before exam rapid increase in exam then after an exam no studying
cathexes
learned association between objects and drive states. (Certain foods drive hunger) the concentration of mental energy on one particular person, idea, or object
Cognitive
learned expectancies
behavioral model
learning situation cues
anticathect
libido's charge of energy. When the ego blocks such efforts to discharge one's cathexis by way of regression, i.e. when the ego wishes to repress such desires, Freud uses the term "anti-cathexis" or counter-charge.
Prognosis
likely course with or without treatment
Sociocultural
media/cultural pressures Social interaction and the cultural determinants of behavior and mental processes
microbial contagions
medicalizing mental illness - needs medical treatment - Electro shock therapy and anit-psychotic meds
biological model
model of explaining behavior as caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body genetic predispositions neurochemistry brain structure
Partial or Intermittent Reinforcement Effect
more difficult to learn contingency, but once habit is acquired, extreme resistance to extinction
Secondary Reinforcement
music - lottery - win joy CS - UCS → UCR win lottery while a certain song is playing - joy - every time you hear that song you feel joy that music gave you such joy you listen to while exercising because it motivates you
too much or too little gratification in phallic stage
narcissistic passive-aggressive confused sexual identity jealousy masturbation egocentric sex sexual conquests problems with parents
pre-synaptic
neuron sending the signal
Classical Conditioning maladaptive reaction tendencies
neutral stimuli take on power to elicit emotional reactions
Psychotherapy
non-pharmacologic methods of altering aberrant cognitive, emotional or behavioral reaction tendencies
NE
norepinephrine
Incidence
number of new cases over a specified time period
Rationalization (defense mechanism)
offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions allow the person to engage in the behavior "My bookkeeping is technically correct." "I have been literally honest with my clients." "It all depends on the definition of . . ." "If concerns are raised I could always pay back the transaction." "I'm not doing anything different than all of the other brokers." "I'm actually doing my clients a favor by showing the risks of the market." "There are a lot of firms who would take me if the boss doesn't like my approach."
alleles
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome
phallic stage (boys)
opedius complex Boy wishes to please mother and becomes aware of anatomical differences fatuation with love object - mom lust erotic in nature jealous of dad Concludes that he could love his mother completely Castration anxiety
Behavioral
overt, observable ACT
Prevalence
percent with disorder in a specified population
anal stage (age 2)
pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control bodily manipulation
ID
pleasure principle unconscious urges and desires unconscious: well below the surface of awareness irrational
resistance and countertransference
primary obstacles in the process analysis is never comfortable the ego and superego kick in patient may stop coming to sessions because it isn't working -happens...can be valuable -the therapist has reactions toward the client that interfere with his or her objectivity -you share your life experiences if ONLY its going to help the client *therapist losing objectivity* ex. therapists' mom diagnosed with cancer 6 months before consultation with client
homeostasis
process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Social Learning
process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others vicarious conditioning, imitation learning, modeling, cognitive psych.
Continuous Reinforcement Effect
produces fastest acquisition but rapid extinction
receptor
protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response on or in a cell, a specific protein to whose shape fits that of a specific molecular messenger, such as a hormone
latency stage (age 6-12)
psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious instead focus is on rough housing, physical play, athletics ego very strong
congruence
real self ( how you see yourself) how it measures to your ideal self - natural authentic individual comfortable
Dopamine (DA)
regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal
Thorndike
reinforcement is any pleasurable consequence that "stamps in" behavior (Law of Effect)
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs - RE/PUN follows response 100% of time
albert bandura
researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment
ego
self reality principle conscious: ideas, thoughts, feelings of which we are aware preconscious: material that can be easily recalled rational
5-HT
serotonin
Behavioral
situational contingencies
Developmental Trajectory
slope of symptom development
psychosexual stages of development
stages of child development in which a child's pleasure-seeking urges are focused on specific areas of the body called erogenous zones sigmund freud
Secondary Punishment
store - termination - anxiety CS - UCS → UCR you work at a store - fired from store- avoid store itself
Emotional
subjective FEEL Shame pride guilt
Intellectualization (Defense Mechanism)
take the emotions out of it - it is not about him he is just the scape goat it is not personal "The current political climate has a lot to do with this." "It's necessary to cheat to succeed." "Only fools relinquish their edge to ethics." "These so-called victims are all wealthy or have insurance." "This challenge has only just begun." "My attorneys will drag this out forever and then settle in my favor."
Discrimination
the extent to which the organism extinguishes responding to all but the original S
castration anxiety
the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers
oral stage (age 1)
the first psychosexual stage, in which experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed stems from lust
insight via interpretation
the goal is to learn the root of the problem
Operant Conditioning
the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses trial-and-error learning, Skinnerian conditioning, instrumental learning, S-R learning
post-synaptic
the neuron on the receiving end of the synapse
catharsis
the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions.
synaptic transmission
the process through which neurotransmitters are released by one neuron, cross the synaptic gap, and affect adjoining neurons
Generalization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
psychopharmacology
the use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders
cognitive model
the view that emphasizes thinking as the key element in causing psychological disorders expectancies
cathect
to invest with mental or emotional energy
Undoing (Defense Mechanism)
trying to correct statements or actions repent fell better about yourself by fixing it "I didn't realize my actions broke the law." "Time to settle this issue - I'll pay whatever penalty is required". "I probably should have known better." "It will never happen again."
incongruence
trying to live our lives in the image of those around them expects (unhappy always seeking approval)
Psychodynamic
unconscious conflicts
psychodynamic model
unconscious conflicts and motives underlying abnormal behavior model that views disorders as the result of childhood trauma or anxieties and that holds that many of these childhood-based anxieties operate unconsciously
Infrequency (F)
validity scale of MMPI Exhibit randomness of responses or psychotic psychopathology
Lie (L)
validity scale of MMPI dishonest, deceptive, and/or defended
Correction (K)
validity scale of MMPI person is very guarded and defensive
reaction formation (defense mechanism)
warding off an uncomfortable thought by overemphasizing its opposite "You know, this is the best thing that ever happened." "I can't hold the courageous whistle-blower responsible." "My boss fired me and turned me in to police but he was actually a nice guy." "I just want to do what's right for my clients who I care so much about." "I need to let this matter rest and move on without malice."
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
was developed in the late 1930s and early 1940s and first published in 1943 (Hathaway & McKinley, 1943). In stark contrast to projective tests, which rely heavily on theory for an interpretation, this and similar inventories are based on an empirical approach, that is, the collection and evaluation of data. The administration of is straightforward. The individual being assessed reads statements and answers either "true" or "false."
Avoidance (Neg RE/PUN) Gradient
you walk/avoid the event/place that causes you anxiety or neg emotion which is neg reinforcement with every step away you feel relief
Response Modalities
•Cognitive - covert, unobservable THINK •Imaginal •Behavioral - overt, observable ACT •Physiological - measurable •Emotional - subjective FEEL
taxonomy
•Many strategies can be used to organize and classify objects based on their similarities and differences
Mental Illness Pathophysiology
•Neurotransmitter and receptor molecules briefly bond •Receptors can be supersensitive or insensitive as a function of membrane density and/or covalent bonding affinity) •Neurons can synthesize and release insufficient or excessive neurotransmitter amounts •Transmitter-Receptor bonding ultimately excites or inhibits the receiving neuron's firing rates •Problems in receptor sensitivity levels and/or neurotransmitter synaptic availability can occur ("biochemical imbalance theories") •Structural Brain Abnormalities (e.g., prefrontal lobe activation) Agonistic drugs facilitate transmission Antagonistic drugs disrupt transmission
