Behavioral Development 625

methodological behaviorism

Associated with Watson. This view states that private events may exist but due to difficulty directly measuring these, they are not appropriate subject matter of investigation in behavior analysis.

Skinner 1981

Behavior changes processes can accomplish any topography of behavior change and yet remain the same processes no matter what topographies they accomplished Development is a process of individualization - the individuals behavior ultimately is accounted for by the interplay of phylogeny contingencies of survival and ontogenic contingencies of reinforcement and punishment

Multiple Determination

Behaviors result from multiple determinants. Even the simplest behavior is the function of the combination of many factors

Levels of Development

1. Basic Processes - development is seen as a set of basic processes and components ... the dots of paint on a canvas 2. Patterns of Behavior - units (personality, intelligence, creativity) are organized and reorganized .... emergence of figures from dots 3. Social interactions: bidirectional interactions (motherese) ... analyzing relationship of the figures to each other in the painting 4. Society & Culture: effects of society & culture on child ... societal and cultural implications of the art

Theory

A set of statements describing the relation between an observed set of phenomena and factors assumed to affect those phenomena -theories help organize thinking about factors affecting the phenomena being studied, and also can stimulate further research to advance that thinking

Time sampling data recording methods

1. partial interval recording 2. whole interval recording 3. momentary time sampling

behavioral systems theory

A natural science approach incorporating Dynamical Systems Approach with Behavior Analysis, that considers reciprocal interactions between behavior and environment

Behavioral Systems Theory

A natural science approach to development that combines dynamical systems approaches with behavior analysis and emphasizes constant, reciprocal, and nonlinear interactions between behavior and environment development is a complex interchange and interaction of many factors and variables including: genetics/ inherited factors, structural and functional aspects, current environment and learning history

circular logic

A pitfall in reasoning in which a phenomenon or behavior is described or defined by aspects of the behavior or phenomenon itself, which is then used to explain the phenomenon, but really offers nothing new.

Standard Celeration Chart

A semi logarithmic chart that enables the standardized charting of celeration Chart created to depict the slope or rate of a celeration or celeration of a behavior or skill Celeration describes the function or purpose of the graph to depict the rate of change of behavior

Functions of behavior

All behavior occurs because there is a reinforcer maintaining it which is also known as the function of the behavior Possible functions of behavior - access to a desired stimulus or event or to stop or prevent something from happening that is usually undesired or a burst of for the child when conducting a functional assessment Once enough information is gathered a hypothesis statement about factors believed to be responsible for the behavior is developed and written

Genome

All the genetic information in an organism; all of an organism's chromosomes.

Heritability

Amount of variability in individual characteristics that can be attributed to genes (such as IQ)

dynamical systems approach

An approach based upon the idea that the person and environment are in continuous, reciprocal interaction

Perception

An integrated response to a stimulus It is an integration of sensation with the activation of appropriate response systems Naitvism: perception is innate- hardwires and present at birth Empiricism: perception is acquires through experience

Behavioral cusps

An interaction or complex interactions that's enables access to new reinforcers, new contingencies, and new communities of reinforment and contingencies- and thus to new behaviors A developmental cusp is a special instance of change ... can range from quite large to quiet small cusps

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations, inherited endowment Refers to inherited traits or characteristics of an individual

Research Designs

Cross sectional: individuals who differ in age are studies at the same point in time Longitudinal: same group of people followed and studied repeatedly over time Sequential: combinations of cross-section & longitudinal

Genes

DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission. Genes do no the directly cause behavior Genes must interact with the environment to produce the physical structure of the person These physicals structures (brain / other organs) must then interact with the physical and social environment to produce behavior

Circular v. True Explanations

Circular explanations (talking in circles): why do preschoolers look away after a short period of time? because they have short attention spans. How do you know they have short attention spans? because they look away after a brief period of time.

Development - complex transactions

Genetics History of interactions Current physiological conditions Current environmental conditions Behavior dynamics Ours behaviors react to, evoke and actively select the environments. These behaviors are the result of our genes, our history, and our current environment Multiple genes affect behavior indirectly, by enabling physical characteristics that interact with the environment to determine behavioral outcomes

Influence that transact to produce development

Genetics: genetic inheritance and the resulting physical characteristics of the individual Previous interactional history: Learning is determined by the environment. Once learning has occurred the history of interactions are a part of the organisms history which makes him/ her more or less vulnerable to ongoing environment influences Current physiological conditions: nutrients, stimulation, etc Current environmental conditions: the functional environmental surround is the part of the environment that comes into contact and actually affects the child (fallopian tubes)

Rubber band hypothesis

Genotype can. E different types of rubber bands (short/ thick/ long/ thin) and the environment stretches the range of the rubber band ... the rubber band is the interaction between the genotype and the environment

Universal behaviors

Hard wired responses to stimuli that all normal human infants posses at birth. They are the result of genetic and prenatal environmental variables Reflexes: sucking and swallowing Stimulus draws out or brings forth the reflexive response At birth nearly all person environment interactions are reflexive ones May develop into behaviors that are sensitive to the changes they produce in their environment: newborn cries as a reflex to pain and calm child ... child learns that's crying results in being picked up by parent

Extinction or Punishment

Extinction may result in a temporary increase in rate of behavior which could be dangerous to the person and or others in the vicinity Punishment does not remove the reinforcer that shaped and maintained the behavior to begin with and may result in aggression (the subject receiving punishment will attack when's punishment is applied)

Radical Behaviorism

Developed by B.F. Skinner, this is a philosophy of the science of behavior attributing the causes of behavior to environmental events and includes effects on internal processes

Developmental Processes

Developmental Phylogenesis: the study of behavioral changes within a species over phylogenic (or evolutionary time) Developmental ontongenesis: study of changes in individuals over their lifetime

Schedules of differential reinforcement

Differential reinforcement schedules are used to reduce, increase, or maintain rates of particular behavior depending on the desired outcome for the individual and significant others This approach uses interresponse times - they can be increased to reduce frequency of behavior or decreased to increase the frequency of the behavior

Four-term contingency

MO/SE-A-B-C Help determine the environmental factors involved in maintaining the behavior being identified for reduction

Design a PBS plan

Once the function of behavior is determined and other antecedent and contextually and ecological variables are identified step 3 is to devise an intervention plan using the principles of ABA (Plan/ intervention/ antecedent)

Basic Paradigms

Pavlovian conditioning (classical conditioning) - a response occurs as a result of events of using prior to the behavior B.F. Skinner identifies and researched operant conditioning where behavior is affected by events that's occur immediately after the behavior

structure

Pertains more to the components of behavior -what comprises the behavior, what it looks like and how it is displayed or expressed by the individual. It may also pertain to factors related to the physiology and anatomy of the person.

Skinner 1969

Phylogenic contingencies are responsible for the fact that's men respond to stimuli, act upon the environment, and change their behavior under contingencies of reinforcement Ontogenic contingencies are responsible for the fact that a man reacts to only some of the stimuli to which he is sensitive, makes only some of the things response of nature which he is capable, and do so with given probabilities upon given occasions

Phenotype

Refers to how the individual expresses genetic traits or characteristics, and is observable and measurable

hypothetical construct

Refers to inferred structures inside the person that cannot be directly observed and measured (Freudian concepts of "Id," "Ego," and "Superego," and "Conscience" are all examples of hypothetical constructs and are another type of concept to be aware of and cautious about in explaining any behavioral phenomenon.

parsimony

Refers to stringency. In research it refers to the most logical and simple explanation of a phenomenon based on the available data

Behavioral cusps

Rosales & Baer, 1994; Baer & Rosales-Ruiz, 1998): A behavior analytic concept that certain behaviors or skills have a significant influence on the development of many other behaviors and skills. For example, walking permits many new activities and skills such as socialization, accessing various events and activities in the community or home, and soon. A persons enviroment interactions that enable multiple new interactions

Differential reinforcement methods

Increase, decrease, or maintain rates of behavior extinction and punishments

Functional assessment strategies

Indirect, direct, environmental manipulation Least to most intrusive (Review record and conduct interviews about the Childs behavior and most intrusive to conduct environmental manipulations such a state functional analysis with the person directly

Behavioral intervention

Unwanted behavior can be weakened in a number of ways - Extinction - Teach replacement behavior - response blocking - punishment Punishment is not a preferred method and results in an a problematic approach as well as ethically inappropriate

Organismic Model

Views the individual as a whole being who cannot be studied by taking apart its responses. Active in their environment. Change follows a series of discontinuous stages. Maturation is the main process that triggers developmental change. Organisms are active in their development and progressing through discontinuous stages ( Piaget, Erikson, Kohlenberg)

Quiz 2 overview

The Behavioral Systems Approach, along with Dynamical Systems Theory, Equifinality, and Contextualism, propose that child and adolescent development is a complex interchange and interaction of many factors and variables, including genetics/inherited factors, structural and functional aspects, current environment, learning history, and so on.

Functional behavior assessment

The purpose of conducting a functional behavioral assessment is to gather information about the conditions, situations, and environmental variables responsible for problem behavior

Experimental Analysis of Behavior

The science of behavior, considered to have formally begun with Skinner's book The Behavior of Organisms (1938). This is the study of how environmental variables affect behavior, and is how principles of behavior and operation of stimuli such as schedules of reinforcement, shaping, discrimination, generalization, respondent conditioning processes, and many othersare discovered and clarified for developing the basic science on which behavior analysis is founded. Skinner founded the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior in 1958.

Behavior-Analytic Psychology

The scientific study of the interactions between behavior of individuals and the events in their environment.

Nominal and Ordinal Data

discrete and are not in any logical continuum

Learning

basic process in human development, crucial for ontogenic development ... relatively permanent change in behavior in relation to the environment that is due to experience (reinforcement / punishment) 1. learning is change in the behavior-environment relationship 2. the change is relatively permanent 3. learning is due to experience with the environment - maturation describes physical and behavioral changes due to biological growth

Time sampling

dividing time into short segments usually ten or twenty second intervals and recording data from direct observations of the behavior of the person or persons

Contextualistic Model

behavior development is the product of dynamic interplay between an individual and the environment

Theory

broad set of statements describing the relation between an observed set of phenomena and the factors assumed to affect those phenomena

Shared environmental influences

non-genetic influences that make individuals living in the same family / household similar to each other - same environmental influences

Development

change over time, it is built on what has come before development changes in a person over time and pertains to all aspects of a persons functioning, such as motor, emotional perceptual, intellectual, social, moral, psychological, and behavioral changes

Development

changes in a person over time, and pertains to all aspects of a person's functioning such as motor, emotional, perceptual, intellectual, social, moral, psychological, and behavioral changes

Dynamical systems theory and behavioral systems approach

child development is the result of a complex set of interactions that uniquely affix each child in a different way - can see similar functioning, knowledge, skills, and competencies in a child but as a result of various contributing factors (Equifinality)

Realistic View of Science

even basic observations are colored by scientist's own views .... science is not perfect, but influenced by the imperfect human beings who conduct it

Preferred Methodologies

experimental methodologies - enable us to control over variables under investigation - allows us to conduct more precise assessment of the functional relationship between environmental stimuli and individual's responses Designs: ABAB reversal, multiple/ alternating treatments, multiple-baseline, changing-criterion

Genetics

genotype: inherited traits or characteristics of an individual phenotype: how the individual expresses genetic traits, characteristics and is observable and measurable. heritability: amount of variability in individual characteristics that can be attributed to genes, such as IQ.

Behavior

an action of a living thing in relation to events in the environment

Functional analysis

an analysis of the purposes (functions) of problem behavior, wherein antecedents and consequences representing those in the person's natural routines are arranged within an experimental design so that their separate effects on problem behavior can be observed and measured

Contingency

an if-then relationship - any event of force that depends on behavior

Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA)

application of behavioral principles to treat problem behaviors and teach skills that have socially significant impact on the life of the individual, his or her family, friends, coworkers, and others with whom the person has contact in his or her community and elsewhere

Development

comprised of changes in behavior effected by consequences that combine and build on each other refers to those progressive, orderly changes in the organization of stimulus-behavior relations

Prenatal period

conception to birth 3 periods: 1. Ovum: day 2 to day 14 2. Embryo: 2nd throughout 8th week 3. Fetus: 9th week until birth 26th week Is know as age of viability - the Child's tri tire isn't sufficiently developed to sustain life outside the womb The progressive interactions between the person and environment that characterize behavior starts immediately at conception

Behavior Analytic View

contextualize approach to human development considering the dynamic interchange between behavior and environment and how that interchange or interaction affects behavior and development based upon past history and current environment. Current behavior patterns are shaped and determined by our past history of reinforcement as a result of those interchanges

Mechanistic Model

human beings operate like machines, as a collection of parts (responses) that can be separated or taken apart

Problem with design

knowing the average group performance changes in a given direction will tell you a little about performance of each individual subject

Reification

locating the cause of behavior inside the child .... makes it easy to describe the child as the originator of his/her actions which leads to behavior being more easily attributed to mental activities

Behaviorism (Skinner)

personality (response tendencies) is developed through rewards and punishments Behavior is focused on discovering the functional relationship between the environment and behavior

Universal Behaviors

reflexes and basic perceptual abilities (detecting light from dark) are highly determined by a child's genetics other universal behaviors such as walking and talking, take longer to develop and are much more highly influenced by environmental effects Non-universal behaviors are unique to individuals which have a genetic component, but are largely the result of environmental processes

Development using the Scientific Method

reliance on systematic observations made under well-specified condition (ex: FBA - observe environment) using special techniques for organizing and summarizing the descriptions of those observations (data collection/ writing FBA)

Applied Behavior Analysis & Experimental Analysis of Behavior

the individual or subjects behavior must be directly observed and measured

Behaviorism (Watson)

the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only

Empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

Dynamical System Approach

the person and environment are in continuous, reciprocal interaction

Determinism

the philosophy that holds that every event, action, and decision results from something independent of the human will

Behavior Changes

accounted for by the increasing complexity of the stimulus patterns that acquire control over behavior to understand behavioral development, analyses are required for: 1. changes in the complexity of the controlling environment 2. Early experiences as potential determinants of later behavior systems 3. contextual variables involved, and their interplay in interactions among stimulus and response functions

Punishment

Punishment is a procedure in which an event presented or removed after behavior results in the reduction of that behavior There are many forms of punishment In behavior analysis we do not identify the procedure by its method of implementation but by its effect on behavior

nonshared environment effect

The effect the environment has on the individual 2 people living in the same house have different environments because no things can occupy the same space. The physical environment appears similar but their functional environment should may be very different

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated and controlled to observe the effects of these manipulations on the dependent variable; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Behaviorism

The philosophy of the science of human behavior (initiated by J.B Watson in the early 20th Century, and later was the major focus of B.F. Skinner)

Positive behavior support

a three-tiered model of support with progressively more intensive levels of intervention Legislated into IDEA - used in school systems Steps used to implement a positive behavior supports plans include conducting a functional assessment to identify antecedent and consequences responsible for the behavior developing a hypothesis based on the assessment, designing a support plan based on the results of the assessment and evaluating the effectiveness of the plan and modifying I think as needed Additional steps: teacher parent staff training, obtaining parental and student consents for the assessment and intervention data collection and graphing to determine progress and how monitoring will proceed as part of step one of the PBS

Ratio and Interval Data

on a continuum and should be displayed as a line graph (such as a simple frequency curve or cumulative frequency curve and a standard acceleration chart)

Equifinality

situations in which similar outcomes are the result of different interactions Refers to situations in which similar outcomes are the result of different interactions. In Developmental theory, this applies to various combinations of inherited traits, reinforcement histories, maturational factors , current environment (home environment, parenting practices, and so on) contribute in different ways to the functioning, competencies and skills of the child and how they will "turn out" in adult life.

cusp

1. I see often difficult, tedious, subtle, or otherwise problematic to accomplish 2. If not made, means that little or no future development is possible in its realm but 3. Once it is made, a significant set of subsequent developments suddenly becomes easy or otherwise highly probable which 4. Bring the developing organism into contact with other cusps crucial to further development

Data Collection & Graphing Systems

1. Nominal 2. Ordinal 3. Ratio 4. Interval Behavior occurs in space and time repeatably and some combination of these factors

Data Graphs

1. sample bar graph 2. sample line graph

Contextualism

A theory pertaining to a dynamic interaction between behavior and environment. Regarding human development, this view is applied to how such interactions influence future behavior and development of the individual.

Interactional View

Both hereditary and environment affect behavioral development The environment affects development and the changes in development then affect the environment

Behaviorism (Pavlov)

Classical Conditioning = The learning process in which a meaningful stimulus (such as the smell of food to a hungry animal) is connected with a neutral stimulus (such as the sound of a tone) that had no special meaning before conditioning.

Occham's Razor

States that the "simplest explanation is usually the best." Do not read more into the available data than what is there. Relates to "parsimony"

Teaching new behavior

The basic operant principles of learning are that the consequences of behavior need to one occur only when the behavior occurs and two must occur at point five seconds after the behaviors occur for the specified behavior In the case of learning new behavior or maintaining behavior This concept applies to delivery of reinforcement and to reduce or eliminate behavior It applies to use of punishment Keep in mind that other more preferred approaches should Be attempted before and if punishment is to be used Many believe punishment is unnecessary and inappropriate as a teaching tool is specially advocated of positive behavior supports and the individual with disabilities education act

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. *The behavior being studied Primary behavior in the experimental analysis of behavior and applied behavior analysis

Developmental Psychology

The study of progressive changes in the relationships between an organism and its environment, over the lifespan of the organism (womb to tomb approach)

single subject design

The subject serves as his/her own control, rather than using another individual/group

Radical Behaviorism

The type of behaviorism promoted primarily by B.F. Skinner. Radical behaviorism is different from prior views such as Watson's which was methodological behaviorism. Radical behaviorism acknowledges that private events or "covert events" such as thoughts, feelings, memory, etc. exist and are appropriate for study in behavior analysis. This is vastly different view than methodological or structural behaviorists who do not believe private events are appropriate for study in behavior analysis, and furthermore the structuralists deny the existence of private events. Also, Skinner had maintained that private events are subject to the same principles of behavior as overt, directly observable behavior which would allow for the study of private events.

Extinction

The use of extinction to eliminate undesired behavior is problematic as it results in initially higher rates of behavior known as an extinction burst and persistence of subsequent days with gradually reduced rates and weaken behavior until the behavior stops known as a spontaneous recovery

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

This is the application of principles of behavior to treating socially significant behaviors and is the basis of much current work in areas such as autism, education, ADHD, and a host of problem behaviors. It is based upon the science of behavior and operant, as well as respondent, learning principles. This approach is primarily attributed to B.F. Skinner who conducted animal research on learning and was the leading proponent of "Radical Behaviorism" in the 20thCentury.

Strucuralism

This is the view that private events do not exist (i.e. they are hypothetical constructs) and thus not appropriate for study in behavior analysis

function

This pertains to how the behavior evolved or developed based upon a variety of possible influences including immediate and past environmental events, genetics, the effects of the behavior on the environment and on others.

Behavioral Cusps

describes changes in person-environment interactions that enable multiple new interactions Cusps are behaviors that have significant and far-reaching implications for further developmental changes - a behavioral cusp is a new behavior, such as walking, that because is has occurred, enables the explosive development of many new interaction, such as social behaviors, exploratory behaviors, ect.