BI169: Nutrition: CHP 3

dairy foods include

milk and products made from milk that retain (keep) their calcium content after processing, such as yogurt and hard cheeses.

Dairy foods are also excellent sources of

protein, phosphorus (a mineral), and riboflavin (a B vitamin). Most of the milk sold in the United States is fortified with vitamins A and D, so it is a good source of these vitamins

exchange system

a diet planning tool in which exchanges, or portions, are organized according to the amount of carbohydrate, protein, fat, energy, and Calories in each food

Fruits include

fresh, dried, frozen, sauced, and canned fruit, as well as 100% fruit juice

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs)

indicate ranges of carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes that provide adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals and may reduce the risk of diet-related chronic diseases.

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

is the average daily energy intake that meets the needs of a healthy person who is maintaining his or her weight.

Daily Value (DV)

recommended daily amount of a nutrient; used on food labels to help people see how a food fits into their diet

enrichment

replaces some of the nutrients that were lost during processing.

Nutrient requirement

smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains a defined level of nutritional health can be defined as the smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains a defined level of nutritional health

As required by law, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) and the USDA publish the

Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Dietary Guidelines), a set of general nutrition-related lifestyle recommendations that are intended for healthy people over 2 years of age

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

Estimated amount of a nutrient per day at which the needs of 50% of the population will be met.

fortification

The addition of nutrients that are not naturally present

The adult DV for a nutrient is based on

a standard diet that supplies 2000 kcal/day.

MyPlate (www.choosemyplate.gov) includes

a variety of food, nutrition, and physical activity resources for consumers that are based on the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines. MyPlate differs from the Food Guide Pyramid and the MyPyramid Plan in that it no longer has six food groups shown in boxes or stripes within a pyramid

Heart disease, cancer, hypertension (chronically elevated blood pressure), and diabetes mellitus (commonly referred to as diabetes) are

among the leading causes of disability and death among Americans.

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)

are standards for recommending daily intakes of several nutrients. RDAs meet the nutrient needs of nearly all healthy individuals (97 to 98%) in a particular life stage/sex group.

Protein-rich foods include

beef, pork, lamb, fish, shellfish, liver, and poultry. Beans, eggs, nuts, and seeds are included with this group because these protein-rich foods can substitute for meats.

Sugary foods ("sweets") include

candy, regular soft drinks, jelly, and other foods that contain high amounts of sugar added during processing or preparation. Sugary foods and beverages typically supply energy but few or no micronutrients. The alcohol in alcohol-containing beverages is another source of empty calories.

Oils include

canola, corn, and olive oils, as well as other fats that are liquid at room temperature. Certain spreadable foods made from vegetable oils, such as mayonnaise, soft or "tub" margarine, and salad dressing, are also classified as oils.

Solid fats (unhealthy fat)

fats that are high in saturated fat and usually not liquid at room temperature. Some common solid fats include butter, beef fat, chicken fat, pork fat, stick margarine, coconut oil, palm oil, and shortening.

MyPlate focuses on

five different food groups: fruits, vegetables, protein foods, grains, and dairy

Vegetables include

fresh, cooked, canned, frozen, and dried/dehydrated vegetables, and 100% vegetable juice.

To reduce the risk of birth defects, women who are capable of becoming pregnant should

obtain 400 mcg of folic acid each day by consuming fortified foods and/or taking supplements that contain the vitamin.

Grains include

products made from wheat, rice, and oats. Pasta, noodles, and flour tortillas are members of this group because wheat flour is their main ingredient.

The Dietary Guidelines are designed to

promote good health and reduce the risk of major nutrition-related chronic health conditions, such as obesity and cardiovascular disease. These guidelines are updated every 5 years.

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (Upper Level or UL)

the highest level of nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for almost all individuals in the general population, as intake increases above the upper level, the risk of adverse effects increases

Carbohydrate (starch) and protein are

the primary macronutrients in grains

A structure/function claim describes

the role a nutrient or dietary supplement plays in maintaining a structure, such as bone, or promoting a normal function, such as digestion.

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

various energy and nutrient intake standards for Americans encompass a variety of daily energy and nutrient intake standards that nutrition experts in the United States use as references when making dietary recommendations.

Standard Dietary References

(EAR) Estimated Avg Requirement (RDA) Recommended Dietary Allowance (AI) Adequate Intake (UL)Tolerable Upper Intake Level (AMDRs) Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges