BIO 1 Study Guide

Alcohol is a waste product produced by yeast in the presence of sugar and the absence of ________.

02

You wake up one morning feeling slightly under the weather. A close family member enthusiastically suggests that you take some Echinacea, an herb commonly used as a cold remedy. You then decide to design an experiment to test Echinacea and see if this claim is true. You think, "If taken at the beginning of a cold, Echinacea will reduce cold symptoms." You decide to test the effects of Echinacea on 100 people who are experiencing similar cold symptoms. Which of the following groups would represent an appropriate control in your experiment?

100 sick people given tablets similar to Echinacea no herb

What is the maximum number of single covalent bonds a carbon atom can form with other elements?

4

Predict how many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced from the mitochondrial "burning" of one molecule of glucose?

6

What does the term "theory" mean to a scientist

A broad hypothesis that has been supported by a large number of experiments

You wake up one morning feeling slightly under the weather. A close family member enthusiastically suggests that you take some Echinacea, an herb commonly used as a cold remedy. You then decide to design an experiment to test Echinacea and see if this claim is true. You think, "If taken at the beginning of a cold, Echinacea will reduce cold symptoms."If you give 100 sick people tablets similar to Echinacea but with no herb, what kind of control would this be?

A negative control

Which of the following is a common energy currency in living cells that powers most living organisms?

ATP

Choose the best explanation as to why both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration

Although they may obtain their sugars in different ways, both consumers and producers rely on cellular respiration to make ATP

How does ATP release energy that can be used by living cells?

By breaking a bond within an ATP molecule

What is the chemical equation for glucose?

C6H12O6

Which is not one of the four atoms that make up the bulk of living organisms?

Calcium

Based on the suffix, a molecule of "maltose" is most likely what type of macromolecule?

Carbohydrate

Which of the following classes of large organic molecules includes table sugar?

Carbohydrates

What are the four classes of large organic molecules important to life on Earth?

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Organic compounds are distinguished by molecules that contain ________ bonded to other elements

Carbon

The chemical name for table salt is sodium chloride, or simply NaCl. What type of chemical is NaCl?

Compound

The bond in which bonded atoms share electrons is called a(n) ________.

Covalent Bond

Gathering information just to add to the knowledge base, such as measuring the beak length of various bird species, is known as ________.

Discovery Science

During which stage of cellular respiration is the majority of the ATP produced?

Electron transport chain

Which stage of cellular respiration requires oxygen that you breathe?

Electron transport chain

What is the unifying or "core" theme of biology?

Evolution

A researcher applies varying amounts of fertilizer (0, 2, 4, 8, 10 units) to 50 potted tomato plants. All other variables that may affect the outcome (watering, temperature, sunlight, plant size, etc.) are kept the same from pot to pot. At the end of the growing season, the tomatoes grown on each plant are weighed to determine which fertilizer level produces the largest tomato yield. Which variable is the independent variable?

Fertilizer amount

For what purpose does a plant use the sugars produced during photosynthesis?

For making cellulose, which makes the bulk of a plant, for storage, for cellular respiration to produce ATP

Identify the stage (or stages) of cellular respiration that occurs entirely outside of the mitochondria.

Glycolysis

Identify the stage of cellular respiration when glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid.

Glycolysis

How do we know green light is not absorbed by chlorophyll?

Green light is the wavelength of light that is reflected instead of absorbed by the chloroplasts

Individual water molecules are held to one another by relatively weak ________ bonds.

Hydrogen

You wake up one morning feeling slightly under the weather. A close family member enthusiastically suggests that you take some Echinacea, an herb commonly used as a cold remedy. You then decide to design an experiment to test Echinacea to see if the claim is true. You think, "If taken at the beginning of a cold, Echinacea will reduce cold symptoms." Your statement, "If taken at the beginning of a cold, Echinacea will reduce cold symptoms," is called a(n) ________.

Hypothesis

What is the role of light in photosynthesis?

It energizes electrons

Identify the role of oxygen in photosynthesis.

It is a waste product in the light reactions

Identify the role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis

It is split to become incorporated

Identify the role of water in photosynthesis.

It is the initial electron releaser when split

Which of the following statements cannot be tested by science?

It is wrong that male lions when taking over a new pride.

What happens to the ATP molecule after it has been used to do work?

It loses a phosphate group and is converted to ADP

Respiration is called aerobic because ________.

It requires Oxygen

What is the sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in your body called?

Metabolism

What is the most common element in your body?

Oxygen

What is another name for the polymers of carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides

Which stage of photosynthesis, if any, can function in the dark?

Stage 2 (the calvin cycle)

The purpose of the Calvin cycle is to produce ________.

Sugar

What molecule(s) link the light reactions (stage 1 of photosynthesis) to the Calvin cycle (stage 2 of photosynthesis)?

The electron shuttles (ATP and NADPH)

Yeast is used to produce beer and wine but can also make bread rise. All of these processes involve the production of alcohol. Explain why you can eat bread and not get drunk.

The heat of cooking bakes out the alcohol

A researcher applies varying amounts of fertilizer (0, 2, 4, 8, 10 units) to 50 potted tomato plants. All other variables that may affect the outcome (watering, temperature, sunlight, plant size, etc.) are kept the same from pot to pot. At the end of the growing season, the tomatoes grown on each plant are weighed to determine which fertilizer level produces the largest tomato yield. Which variable is the dependent variable?

The largest tomato yield

Identify the part of the atom that most determines the chemical properties of the atom

The number of electrons

The bulk of a plant is made from ________.

The sugars made in photosynthesis, which were made from carbon dioxide

Why does yogurt taste sharp?

The taste is from the lactic acid it contains, and acids taste sharp.

Explain how molecules other than glucose can be used as energy sources.

They are modified first and then enter the same metabolic pathway as glucose

Where do the molecules used as the inputs of the Calvin cycles (ATP and NADPH) come from?

They come from the light reactions

What does it mean when we say, "This scientific study was published in a peer-reviewed journal"?

This study published was evaluated by qualified and impartial experts before being published

What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?

To produce ATP

What is the main by-product of cellular respiration?

Water

Where do the electrons that are excited by the energy in sunlight first come from?

Water

What is misleading about commercials that show "scientific proof" that laundry detergent X is better than another leading brand?

We do not know whether the same amount of each detergent was used for washing, we do not know if everything besides the detergents was the same (machine used, type of stains, etc, we are shown only one tee-shirt becoming whiter in each detergent, not 20 tee-shirts in each detergent.

A researcher applies varying amounts of fertilizer (0, 2, 4, 8, 10 units) to 50 potted tomato plants. All other variables that may affect the outcome (watering, temperature, sunlight, plant size, etc.) are kept the same from pot to pot. At the end of the growing season, the tomatoes grown on each plant are weighed to determine which fertilizer level produces the largest tomato yield. Is the study presented above a controlled experiment?

Yes, because only the amount of fertilizer was changed, everything else was kept the same.

Can energy be harvested by the cells from glucose without oxygen?

Yes, but much less than with oxygen

Which processes can be carried out by producers?

both photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Where does cellular respiration occur?

mitochondria