BIO 101 - 35 Chapter 11 and 12

Biologist W.D. Hamilton stated that the more closely related two individuals are:

the more likely they are to act altruistically towards each other.

The more asymmetric the parental investment is between the sexes:

the more radical we expect the sexual dimorphism, both physically and behaviorally.

An animal will preferentially feed on:

the prey that provides the most energy relative to effort.

"Establishing a phylogeny for bacteria is more difficult than establishing a phylogeny for plants or animals." This statement is:

correct because bacteria can engage in lateral gene transfer.

The __________________________ propelled the flowering plants to an explosive adaptive radiation.

evolutionary innovation of the flower

The adaptive radiation of the insects was most probably triggered by:

evolutionary innovations.

In birds, after fertilization but prior to emergence of the chicks, the development of the fertilized egg is:

external.

The taxonomic rank that includes genera but not orders is:

family

The plural of genus is:

genera

Altruistic behavior in animals may be a result of kin selection, a theory maintaining that:

genes are more likely to persist within a population when they cause behaviors that assist other animals who share those genes.

Which of the following best illustrates an instinctive behavior in cats?

hunting and killing

Although beneficial, group living also has many costs. Which of the following is NOT a cost to an individual of living in a group?

increased opportunity for reciprocal altruism

An honest signal:

is a signal, given when both the signaler and responder have the same interests, that cannot be faked.

Most apparent acts of altruism in the animal kingdom have proved, on closer inspection, to be not truly altruistic. Instead, they have evolved as a consequence of either _____________________ or _____________________.

kin selection; reciprocal altruism

Prokaryotes are classified into _________ domain(s).

2

Plant species A has a diploid chromosome number of 18. Plant species B has a diploid chromosome number of 10. A new species C arises as an allopolyploid of species A and B. What is the most likely diploid chromosome number of species C?

28

The oldest prokaryotic fossils have been dated:

3.5 billion years ago

Life arose from non-life around _________ years ago.

4 billion

What is the approximate age of Earth?

4.6 billion years

Polygamy and monogamy are two types of:

mating systems.

The sex with the greater energetic investment in reproduction will be ___________________ when it comes to mating.

more discriminating

Of the approximately 10,000 species of birds, ______________________ appear to be monogamous.

more than 90%

Exclusive male parental care is much more prevalent in fish than in mammals because:

most fish reproduce by external fertilization while most mammals do not.

males maximize reproductive success by mating with as many females as possible.

A comparison of the graphs in the figure shows that:

Which of the following is an example of a female mating with a male only after submitting him to a courtship ritual?

A female bower bird will mate with a male only after inspecting the small thatched structure he has built for her.

What are the taxonomic categories?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup)

Which of the following is NOT a prezygotic barrier to interbreeding between different species?

Hybrids between the two species are infertile.

Which of the following is the best way to distinguish male from female?

Males produce motile gametes.

wheat

One plant species that has evolved in the manner depicted in the figure is:

__________________ isolating mechanisms include hybrid mortality and hybrid infertility.

Postzygotic

Populations of Larus gulls around the North Pole show an unusual pattern of reproductive isolation. Each population is able to interbreed with its neighboring populations, but populations separated by larger geographic distances are not able to interbreed. This type of species complex is known as a:

Ring species

_________________ produces new species and _________________ takes them away.

Speciation; extinction

an older female in the colony in which she was born.

The Belding's ground squirrel giving off an alarm signal in the figure would most commonly be:

speciation events.

The dots along the trunk of this evolutionary tree figure represent both common ancestors and:

Usually the female is more discriminating than the male when it comes to mating. However, in bush crickets, the opposite is the case. Why is this?

The male contributes a massive amount of energy to the female during mating—his ejaculate makes up about one-fourth of his body weight.

Which of the following has/have had strong effects on the evolution of mating systems in animals?

The males certainty of paternity and the amount of care required by the young

What scientist(s) first demonstrated in the laboratory that organic compounds could be synthesized in an abiotic environment?

Urey and Miller

crocodiles and birds

Using the phylogenetic tree in the figure, determine which of the following constitutes a monophyletic group.

Which of the following pairs of structures most likely represents homology?

a lion's paw and a chimp's hand

Which of the following is a goose MOST LIKELY to retrieve first if found just outside her nest?

a model egg that is larger than any other object near the nest

Horses and donkeys can breed and produce sterile offspring known as mules. Horses and donkeys remain separate species because of this hybrid sterility, which is:

a postzygotic barrier to reproduction.

The method of speciation that has led to the production of wheat, bananas, potatoes, and coffee is called:

allopolyploidy.

In a set of classic experiments performed in the early 1950s, Urey and Miller subjected an experimental system composed of H2, CH4 (methane), and NH4 (ammonia) to electrical sparks. A few days later, they found ________________ in their system.

amino acids

Polygynous species:

are usually sexually dimorphic, with males larger and more highly ornamented

Interacting systems of molecules enclosed in compartments called __________ evolved 3.8 billion years ago in living organisms.

cells

Kin selection theory would lead us to predict that:

children in step-families are injured more frequently than those living with their biological families.

Homo sapiens is the name of a species. Homo is the name of a genus. Hominidae is the name of a family. Primate is the name of an order. Mammal is the name of a:

class

______________________ is an action or signal on the part of one organism that alters the behavior of another organism.

communication

Gestational diabetes is thought to be the consequence of:

conflict between the mother and the fetus with respect to how much food the fetus should be given.

Wolves and bears are placed in the same taxonomic order. Therefore, they must also be classified in the same:

phylum

Two types of polygamy are:

polygyny and polyandry

A single breeding male red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) may mate with several females, but each female usually mates with only one male. This type of mating system is known as:

polygyny.

In a species such as elephant seals, in which males are significantly larger than females, the most likely mating system is:

polygyny.

In one sense, microevolution is ___________________ and macroevolution is _________________.

process; result

The pace of evolution in which there is little change for long periods of time interrupted by short periods with major changes is called:

punctuated equilibrium.

Mate guarding is a reproductive tactic that functions to:

reduce paternity uncertainty.

Though you were not on earth at the time, if you had to predict the method of reproduction utilized by the earliest organisms on this planet, which of the following choices would you select?

reproduction by duplicating their DNA material and dividing in two

The energy that a parent puts into the growth, feeding, and care of offspring is called:

reproductive investment.

If formerly interbreeding organisms are prevented from the production of fertile offspring, ____________ has occurred.

reproductive isolation

The biological species concept is primarily based on:

reproductive isolation.

Kin selection is defined as:

selection for a behavior that lowers an individual's own chances of survival or reproduction, but raises those of a relative.

When the sexes of a species differ in size or appearance, it is called:

sexual dimorphism.

he classic experiments performed in the 1950s by Harold Urey and Stanley Miller, were the first to show that:

simple organic molecules, such as amino acids, could form spontaneously in the laboratory under chemical conditions mimicking those of primitive Earth.

Speciation without geographic isolation is called:

sympatric speciation.

Phase 3 of the creation of life on earth was:

the development of a membrane, enabling metabolism and creating the first cells

To which one of the following is the bat's wing NOT homologous?

the dragonfly's wings

In the "Ultimatum Game," one player (the proposer) proposes a way to split $100 and the other player (the decider) either accepts it—in which case both players get the amount proposed for them—or rejects it and neither player gets any of the cash. Deciders will nearly always reject offers of $90 for the proposer and $10 for them because:

the evolution of reciprocal altruism has led to human brains being very sensitive to detecting and punishing stingy/selfish people.

Phase 2 of the creation of life on earth was:

the formation of self-replicating, information-containing molecules

Phase 1 of the creation of life on earth was:

the formation of small molecules containing carbon and hydrogen

When one vervet monkey grooms another, the monkey being groomed has its fitness improved because:

the groomer is removing parasites.

Sexual dimorphism refers to:

the situation in which males and females differ physically and/or behaviorally.

Systematics is:

the study of the diversity of life to understand its evolutionary history.

In polygynous mating systems:

there is usually greater variation in reproductive success among males than among females.

At the time life first evolved on earth:

there was less oxygen and more methane in the atmosphere than there is today.

Vampire bats:

will sometimes regurgitate blood into the mouth of an unrelated individual that is close to starving.

Female Belding's ground squirrels have evolved to follow a simple rule that translates into:

"if I am an older female, I should behave as if I have many close relatives around me."

Archaea and bacteria diverged:

About 3 billion years ago

What is the ultimate explanation for modern human preference for fatty foods?

Ancestral humans that preferred fatty foods were less likely to starve, leaving more offspring to the next generation.

Which of the following BEST explains the finding that the nuclear DNA of house cats and African wild cats has a very high degree of similarity?

House cats and African wild cats share a recent common ancestor.

The idea of "punctuated equilibrium" suggests that species will show little to no evolutionary change throughout their history. When evolution does occur, according to this idea, it happens sporadically and relatively quickly compared to the species' full duration on earth. This idea of evolution in spurts challenges which of the components of Darwin's theory of evolution?

Both a) and b) are correct.

In Belding's ground squirrels, why are females much more likely than males to engage in altruistic behavior by sounding alarm calls?

Females tend to remain in the area in which they were born, so the females that call are warning their own kin.

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about fixed action patterns?

Fixed action patterns are an example of prepared learning.

Among Natterjack toads in northern Europe, males produce booming calls to attract females. Females desire large males and the size of the male determines the volume of the call. Why is the Natterjack's call considered an "honest signal"?

because the call of a large Natterjack male cannot be faked by a smaller Natterjack male

Archaea and bacteria diverged:

before archaea and eukarya diverged

Monogamy, a relatively rare system outside of the birds, evolves when:

both males and females have high and equal parental investment.

The taxonomic rank that includes species but not families is:

genus.

The morphological species concept:

groups species based on similar phenotype.

Because it is possible for a female to mate with multiple males, any of whom could be the father, male mammals and birds will always:

have some degree of paternity uncertainty.

When a male fish defends his nest:

he increases the percentage of eggs in the nest that he will fertilize.

All mammals have hair because they inherited that trait from a common ancestor. Features that are inherited from a common ancestor are called:

homologous features.

Cross-cultural studies are important in studying behavioral biology because:

they allow us to evaluate the hereditary component of behaviors by revealing behaviors that persist throughout different cultures.

Analogous features are problematic when constructing evolutionary trees because:

they are the result of natural selection rather than common ancestry.

When individuals of any species find themselves in an environment that differs from the environment to which they are evolutionarily adapted, we observe that:

they engage in behaviors better fit to the environment the species evolved in than the environment the individual organisms find themselves in.

The difference between macroevolution and microevolution is that:

they take place on different time scales.

Sequencing DNA from different organisms has been a breakthrough for phylogenetics because:

we now have a method to determine the relatedness of organisms that leave no fossils.