Bio 101 Midterm

Convert 0.75 mg to g.

0.00075

How many millimeters (mm) are in 2.5 cm? A 25 B 2.5 C 250 D .25

25

Convert 0.75 g to mg.

750

Which are the most numerous and diverse vertebrates? A. bony fishes B. cartilaginous fishes C. mammals D. reptiles E. lancelets

A

Which of the following can hold about 2 kiloliters of water? A.a coffee mug B.medicine dropper C.a lemonade pitcher D.a pool

A pool

Protista

A protist is any eukaryotic organism that has cells with nuclei and is not an animal, plant or fungus

involves geographic separation of populations from a parent species and subsequent evolution

Allopatric speciation

_______ isolation occurs when the presence or absence of a specific behavior prevents reproduction from taking place.

Behavioral

is species diversity between ecosystems; this involves comparing the number of taxa that are unique to each of the ecosystems.

Beta diversity

A couple has three children, two of which have blonde hair. The third child and both parents have dark hair. What can be determined about the gene for hair color in this family? A. Blonde hair color is an autosomal recessive trait. B. Blonde hair color;conveys a lethal mutation. C. Blonde hair color is a sex-linked dominant trait. D. Blonde hair color is an autosomal dominant trait. E. Blonde hair color is a sex-linked recessive trait.

Blonde hair color is an autosomal recessive trait

The smallest unit of life is a(n) A.species. B.organ. C.cell. D.tissue. E.organism.

Cell

when a few members of a species move to a new geographical area

Dispersal

Which geological timescale contains the greatest number of years? A. periods B centuries C. epochs D. eras E. decades

Eras

Animalia

Eukaryotic (Multicellular) Heterotropic The members of this kingdom can be split into two groups, vertebrates and invertebrates. The diagram below shows the different subsections of the animalis

Plantae

Eukaryotic (Multicellular) Members of the plantae group contain photosynthetic pigment and gain their energy through it and are therefore autotrophic.

Fungi

Eukaryotic (Multicellular) The members of this kingdom don't possess photosynthetic pigments and are therefore heterotrophic. Examples: Mushroom, Mold, Puffball

Analogous structures are always evidence of common ancestry. True or False

False

Members of two different species are never capable of mating. True or false

False

Shared derived traits are found in all members of the in group of a clade. True or False

False

s a measurement of the overall diversity for different ecosystems within a region

Gamma diversity

genotype frequencies can change is ___________ , which is simply the effect of chance. By chance, some individuals will have more offspring than others

Genetic drift

Gregor Mendel is often referred to as the Father of

Genetics

Which is the largest, most diverse group of arthropods? A.crustaceans B.insects C.arachnids D.centipedes E.millipedes

Insects

Protoctista

Mainly small eukaryotic organisms. Many live in aquatic environments. This is usually the kingdom where organisms which aren't animals, plants or fungi go. Examples: Algae, slime moulds and the malaria causing Plasmodium.

Why are green algae placed in the kingdom Protista, while plants are given their own kingdom?

Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant, while green algae do not.

Traits that are controlled by several sets or pairs of alleles, such as skin color and height in humans, are the result of what form of inheritance? A.multiple allele systems B. polygenic C. simple Mendelian inheritance D. codominance E. incomplete dominance

Polygenic

involves speciation occurring within a parent species remaining in one location

Sympatric speciation

Which of the following statements is not true with respect to scientific theory? A.Theories are accepted explanations for how the world works. B.Theories are possible explanations for natural events. C.Theories can help scientists generate new testable hypotheses. D.Theories are supported by many observations and experiments. E.The theory of evolution is considered the unifying concept in biology.

Theories are possible explanations for natural events

Cladograms show the sequence of evolution of the characters in a clade T or F

True

Pseudopodia

a temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding

motile

able to move

Which of the following does not generate genetic variation within a population? A. mutation B. genetic recombination C. independent assortment of alleles D. adaptation E. sexual reproduction

adaptation

the varied demands of their new lifestyles lead to multiple speciation events originating from a single species

adaptive radiation

The filled-in squares of a Punnett square represent the A. examples of some of the offspring that can arise from a one-trait cross. B. all possible combinations of gametes based on a cross between the two parents. C. an exact ratio that must always occur when the same parents have four offspring. D. the gametes from one parent. E. gametes from both parents.

all possible combinations of gametes based on a cross between the two parents

is the rate at which a specific allele appears within a population

allele frequency

The other form of polyploidy occurs when individuals of two different species reproduce to form a viable offspring called an

allopolyliod "allo-" means "other" (recall from allopatric): therefore, an allopolyploid occurs when gametes from two different species combine

sometimes the pairs separate and the end cell product has too many or too few individual chromosomes in a condition called

aneuploidy

Apples, oranges, peanuts, and rice grains are produced by A. gymnosperms. B. charophytes. C. bryophytes. D. angiosperms. E. lycophytes.

angiosperms

Heterotrophic

cannot produce its own food, relying instead on the intake of nutrition from other sources

Which of the following lists the terms from simplest to most complex? A.cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism B.organs, organ system, organism, cells, tissues C.tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, cells D.cells, organs, tissues, organ systems, organism E.organ systems, tissues, cells, organism, organs

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

can be seen as populations of a given species vary gradually across an ecological gradient

cline

Archaea

constitute a domain of single-celled microorganisms. These microbes are prokaryotes, meaning they have no cell nucleus

Hydrangeas are a flowering plant with large showy blooms. When a plant is grown in aluminum-rich soil, it has blue flowers; if the same plant is transplanted into soil that is lacking aluminum, the flowers produced will be pink. This is an example of A. environmental effects. B. polygenetic inheritance. C. monohybrid inheritance. D. codominance. E. incomplete dominance.

environmental effects

Cilia

feature enables the paramecium to move

Scientists were studying temperature selection amongst pregnant big brown bats. What would be the best control group for this study? A.juvenile male bats B.female bats that were not pregnant C.pregnant bats D.male bats E.juvenile female bats

female bats that were not pregnant

The purpose of a control group in an experiment is A.for comparison to the other test groups. B.to prove the hypothesis. C.to prove the prediction. D.to control the dependent variable. E. for comparison to the results of other experiments

for comparison to the other test groups

An event that initiates an allele frequency change in an isolated part of the population, which is not typical of the original population

founder effect

species diverge gradually over time in small steps

gradual speciation

A(n) _____ is an individual animal that possesses both male and female sex organs. A. acoelomate B. hermaphrodite C. deuterostome D. larva E. cephalopod

hermaphrodite

A shared ancestral characteristic used in cladistics is found A. only in the most distant ancestor. B. in two of the outgroups. C. in both the outgroup and the ingroup. D. only in the two most recent ancestors. E. only among the members of the ingroup.

in both the outgroup and the ingroup

A phylogenetic tree A. includes the organism's order and class. B. uses only derived characters. C. indicates common ancestors. D. indicates common ancestors for each family. E. indicates the organism's taxon.

indicates common ancestors

Phenotype

is a description of your actual physical characteristics. This includes straightforward visible characteristics like your height and eye color

Flagellum

is a whip-like structure that allows a cell to move

The theory also connects this change of a population over time

microevolution

Evolutionary relationships between organisms are determined by A. molecular evidence, anatomical analogies, and fossil records. B. molecular evidence and fossil records. C. molecular evidence, anatomical homologies, anatomical analogies, and fossil records. D. molecular evidence, anatomical homologies, and fossil records. E. molecular evidence and anatomical homologies.

molecular evidence, anatomical homologies, and fossil records

Which of these would you expect to thrive in areas with abundant moisture

mosses, ferns, and lycophytes

Which of these would you expect to thrive in areas with abundant moisture? A. mosses only B. lycophytes only C. mosses and ferns but not lycophytes D. mosses, ferns, and lycophytes E. ferns only

mosses, ferns, and lycophytes

In the process of natural selection, individuals that are most fit are the ones that are A. most likely to mutate. B. most likely to reproduce. C. most likely to migrate. D. most likely to be physically fit. E. most likely to survive.

most likely to reproduce

Cold weather can change what aspect of a Himalayan rabbit? A.rate of genetic mutations B. phenotype C. genotype D. alleles E. sex

phenotpye

Which group of organisms are viroids (not viruses) most likely to parasitize? A.cattle B. bacteria C. plants D. fungi E. fish

plants

organisms are viroids (not viruses) most likely to parasitize

plants

Traits that are controlled by several sets or pairs of alleles, such as skin color and height in humans, are the result of what form of inheritance?

polygenic

Skin color is coded for by several different genes which results in a range of skin colors from very dark to very light. This is an example of A. incomplete dominance. B. codominance. C. a multifactorial trait. D. polygenic inheritance. E. pleiotropy.

polygenic inheritance

Fitness refers to A. reproductive success. B. mutations that benefit an organism's survival. C. the physical health of an individual. D. the variation in traits within the population. E. the physical health of a population.

reproductive success

Microevolution

small-scale changes over a short period of time

When hiking high in the mountains, you find fossil marine shells lying about. This provides evidence that A. marine animals are not restricted to living in the ocean. B. the mountain top was once under the ocean and has been uplifted. C. very high ocean waves brought the shells to the top of the mountain. D. shelled marine animals live on the top of mountains. E. someone brought the shells to the top of the mountain.

the mountain top was once under the ocean and has been uplifted

Flounder effect

the reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors.

African sleeping sickness is caused by a A. prion. B. sporozoan. C. trypanosome. D. virus. E. bacterium.

trypanosome

African sleeping sickness is caused by a

trypanosome.

Genetic drift

variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.

gymnosperm

vascular tissue, megaphylls, and seeds, but not flowers plant that has seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit. Gymnosperms include the conifers, cycads, and ginkgo.

is when a natural situation arises to physically divide organisms

vicariance

convergent evolution

where similar traits evolve independently in species that do not share a recent common ancestry

Autosomal recessive trait

you inherit two mutated genes, one from each parent

Lethal mutation

A type of mutation in which the effect(s) can result in the death or reduce significantly the expected longevity of an organism carrying the mutation.

refers to diversity within a particular area, community or ecosystem, and is measured by counting the number of taxa within the ecosystem

Alpha diversity

What feature enables the paramecium to move? A. cilia B. flagella C. contractile vacuole D. pseudopodia E. nucleus

Cilia

When comparing chick and pig embryos, the similar eyes, pharyngeal pouches, and postanal tails are evidence of A. artificial selection. B. biogeography. C. analogy. D. common ancestry. E. convergent evolution.

Common Ancestry

When comparing chick and pig embryos, the similar eyes, pharyngeal pouches, and postanal tails are evidence of A. biogeography. B. common ancestry. C. convergent evolution. D. analogy. E. artificial selection.

Common ancestry

Most dinosaurs became extinct at the end of which of the following periods of the Mesozoic? A. Cretaceous B. Triassic C. Devonian D. Permian E. Jurassic

Cretaceous

You discover a green, filamentous multicellular eukaryote growing at the edge of a pond. How could you determine if the organism is a green alga or a plant?

Determine if the organism protects and nourishes its embryos

Prokaryotes belong to ________ A.Kingdom Animalia. B.Domain Eukarya. C.Kingdom Protista. D.Kingdom Plantae. E.Domain Archaea.

Domain Archaea

Parents with the dominant phenotype cannot have offspring with the recessive phenotype. A. False, because both parents could carry the recessive allele. B. False, because one parent could carry the recessive allele. C. True, because the dominant gene must be passed down from each parent. D. True, because at least one dominant gene will be passed down from each parent. E. True, because both parents have the dominant allele.

False, because both parents could carry the recessive allele

Parents with the dominant phenotype cannot have offspring with the recessive phenotype.

False, because both parents could carry the recessive allele.

The only single-celled organisms are prokaryotes, such as archaea and bacteria.

False, because some eukaryotes, including protista, are single-celled.

The only single-celled organisms are prokaryotes, such as archaea and bacteria. A.False;because some eukaryotes, including protista, are single-celled. B.False because all single-celled organisms are prokaryotes. C.True because all eukaryotes are multicellular. D.False because some prokaryotes are multicellular. E.True because prokaryotes are the simplest cell form.

False;because some eukaryotes, including protista, are single-celled.

is the study of heredity.

Genetics

Pinus strobus is the scientific name for the white pine. Pinus is the A. order name. B. genus. C. family name. D. specific epithet. E. binomial name.

Genus

Which of these is a unique characteristic of mammals? A. endothermic B. extraembryonic membranes C. hair D. four-chambered heart E. cephalization

Hair

Red-green color blindness is a recessive X-linked trait. If a female is red-green color-blind, which of the following is true? A.Both her parents must be color-blind. B. Women cannot exhibit red-green color blindness because they have two X chromosomes. C. Both her parents are carriers of the recessive allele. D. Her mother must be color-blind. E. Her father must be color-blind.

Her father must be color-blind

is the fraction of phenotype variation that can be attributed to genetic differences, or genetic variance, among individuals in a population

Heritability

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

Highest to lowest

Which similarity is not shared between algae and plants? A. Algae are photoautotrophs. B. Most algae have some form of locomotion. C. Algae are eukaryotes. D. Algae are producers. E. Algae were once classified as plants.

Most algae have some form of locomotion

Which similarity is not shared between algae and plants

Most algae have some form of locomotion.

Which of the following would not result in a decrease of genetic variation? A. founder effect B. genetic drift C. bottleneck effect D. natural selection E. mutation

Mutation

Which statement regarding the scientific method is false? A.The control and experimental group are identical except for one variable. B.Experiments need to be repeatable. C.Original hypotheses are formed after an experiment. D.Observations are used to form a hypothesis. E. Inductive reasoning is used to form a hypothesis.

Original hypotheses are formed after an experiment.

Why are green algae placed in the kingdom Protista, while plants are given their own kingdom? A.All plants are vascular, while all green algae are nonvascular. B. The green algae use chlorophyll , while plants use chlorophyll . C. Algae are sporophytes that reproduce only asexually, while plants are gametophytes and reproduce sexually. D. Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant, while green algae do not. E. Green algae have a cell wall of chitin, while plants have cell walls of cellulose.

Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant, while green algae do not.

Scientists were studying temperature selection among pregnant big brown bats. What would the test group be in this experiment? A. Male bats B.pregnant bats C.female bats that were not pregnant D.juvenile female bats E.juvenile male bats

Pregnant Bats

5 Kingdoms

Prokaryotae Protoctista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Robert, an aspiring scientist in a biology class, wanted to conduct a study on the effects of cigarette smoke on the web-building ability of spiders. Which of the following statements is an incorrect use of terms pertaining to the scientific method?

Robert wanted to see if his theory was true that cigarette smoke will influence web-building in spiders.

What do transitional fossils illustrate? A. Natural selection happened long ago just as it does today. B. All life is related. C. All transitional links are now extinct. D. Shared ancestral traits.  E Convergent evolution occurred in the ancient past.

Shared ancestral traits

is the science of classifying organisms to construct internationally shared classification systems with each organism placed into more and more inclusive groupings

Taxonomy

Which is not an important characteristic of the Galápagos Islands in the context of Darwin's theory of evolution? A. The organisms on the islands were different from those observed in South America. B. The organisms on the islands were similar to those observed in South America. C. The organisms on the islands varied from island to island. D. The islands were too far from mainland South America f or most terrestrial plants and animals to colonize. E. The multiple islands all had an identical environment.

The multiple islands all had an identical environment

Given the comparative study of embryology, it is concluded that genes controlling embryonic development are essentially the same. True or false

True

The similarity of the fossil glyptodont to the living, modern armadillo is an example of comparative anatomy T or F

True

Two organisms present in the same genus are usually more closely related to each other than to organisms in other general T or F

True

Prokaryotae

Unicellular and Microscopic. o nuclear membrane, no ER, no mitochondia Examples: Bacteria or Cyanobacteria (photosynthesising bacteria).

Which event was not involved in the Permian mass extinction? A. a decrease in the amount of shallow marine habitat B. dramatic environmental change C. shifting ocean currents D. a large meteor impact E. shifting wind patterns

a large meteor impact

Angiosperm

a plant that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpel. The angiosperms are a large group and include herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses, and most trees.

bryophyte

a small flowerless green plant of the division Bryophyta, which comprises the mosses and liverworts.

lycophyte

any spore-bearing vascular plant that is one of the club mosses and their allies, living and fossil.

Homologous structures A.have identical functions. B. are shared by organisms of the same genus. C. have fully divergent functions. D. are often shared by organisms in the same line of descent. E. are also called analogous structures

are often shared by organisms in the same line of descent

a polyploid individual will have two or more complete sets of chromosomes from its own species in a condition called

autopolyploidy "auto-" means "self," so the term means multiple chromosomes from one's own species

The fact that DNA is the molecule containing the genetic code for all life on Earth is a part of A. evidence of artificial selection. B. biogeographical evidence. C. comparative embryological evidence. D. biochemical evidence. E. comparative anatomical evidence.

biochemical evidence

If a plant has vascular tissue, megaphylls, and seeds, but not flowers, then it is a(n) A. angiosperm. B. gymnosperm. C. bryophyte. D. lycophyte. E. fern.

gymnosperm

Recessive X-linked trait

is a mode of inheritance in which a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome causes the phenotype to be expressed in males

Arthropod

is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages Largest group: insects

Convergent evoulution

is the process whereby organisms not closely related change to have similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches

Genetype

is your complete heritable genetic identity

Macroevolution

large- scale changes over long periods of time

with the processes that gave rise to new species and higher taxonomic groups with widely divergent characters

macroevolution

If the survivors of an original population survived due to specific phenotypes that they possessed, then this event is an example of A. gene flow. B. industrial melanism. C. genetic drift. D. founder effect. E. natural selection.

natural selection.

Bottleneck

occur when a population's size is reduced for at least one generation

polygenic inheritance.

occurs when one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes examples: skin color, height weight

Two species are said to be closely related if they A. can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. B. possess a common ancestor. C. have a shared gene pool. D. can interbreed but not produce fertile offspring. E. are reproductively isolated from each other.

possess a common ancestor

a new species undergoes changes quickly from the parent species, and then remains largely unchanged for long periods of time afterward

punctuated equilibrium

the ability to interbreed, of the two populations.

reproductive isolation

Microevolution is the term that applies to which of the following? A. changes of any scale within microorganisms B. any evolution at any scale C. large-scale changes over a long period of time D. small-scale changes over a long period of time E. small-scale changes over a short period of time

small-scale changes over a short period of time

the formation of two species from one original species

speciation

a group of individual organisms that interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring

species

________isolation, can act as a form of reproductive isolation

temporal

Animals are not A.autotrophic. B.multicellular. C.eukaryotic. D.heterotrophic. E.motile.

Autotrophic

What characteristic is common of both a genetic bottleneck and a founder effect? A. Both are a type of natural selection. B. Both encounter a population crash. C. Both involve a decrease in a population's genetic diversity. D. Both involve a portion of a population becoming isolated. E. Both affect the entire population.

Both involve a decrease in a population's genetic diversity

You discover a green, filamentous multicellular eukaryote growing at the edge of a pond. How could you determine if the organism is a green alga or a plant? A. Determine if the organism protects and nourishes its embryos. B. Examine the cell walls to see if they are composed of cellulose. C. Test for the presence of chlorophylls <i>a</i> and <i>b</i>. D. See if the organism stores its excess carbohydrates in the form of starch. E.Determine if the organism protects its zygotes.

Determine if the organism protects and nourishes its embryos

Which statement is not true about invertebrate animals? A. Many invertebrate species live in a marine environment. B. Most animal phyla are invertebrates. C. Invertebrates lack a nervous system. D. The vast majority of animal species are invertebrates. E. All major invertebrate groups arose from protistan ancestors.

Invertebrates lack a nervous system

Which variable will determine the coat color in Himalayan rabbits? A.both the genetics and environment will determine the coat color B. the genetics will determine it 100% C. neither the environment nor genes will play a role in determining coat color D. the environment will determine it 100%

both the genetics and environment will determine the coat color

A blue-eyed, left-handed woman marries a brown-eyed, right-handed man who is heterozygous for both of his traits. If blue eyes and left-handedness are recessive, how many different phenotypes are possible in their children? A.one B. four C. five D. two E. three

four

the flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration of individuals or gametes

gene flow

Conifers such as pine trees are classified as A. charophytes. B. bryophytes. C. gymnosperms. D. lycophytes. E. angiosperms.

gymnosperm

Wings of insects and birds are results of convergent evolution. This means that A. the insects and birds must be related to possess such similar qualities. B these organisms share a recent common ancestor and so have similar adaptations. C these organisms have different adaptations to different environments. D. insects and birds have each independently evolved structures that serve the same function (flight) but have done so in very different ways. E. insects must have evolved from birds.

insects and birds have each independently evolved structures that serve the same function (flight) but have done so in very different ways.