BIO 101 Phenology and Species

arthropods; birds

"Caterpillars count" is a phenology project examining ___________, which are a food source for _________. -arthropods; birds -leaf emergence; birds -arthropods; caterpillars

False

Dr. Hadley's main argument is that we can protect biodiversity loss from humans by having large protected areas like Yellowstone.

Phylogenic species concept -it defines species as smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor and thus form one branch not the tree of life. You can trace phylogenetic history of a species by comparing characteristics (morphology, DNA, biochemical pathways) and distinguish groups smaller yet different enough to be different species, so an extinct organism could be classified by this.

Extinct organisms... which of the four species concept(s) might work and why?

oaks and other sexually reproducing, extant (currently living) trees -The biological species concept can be applied to extant, sexual organisms.

For which of the following groups would the biological definition of species be useful? -oaks and other sexually reproducing, extant (currently living) trees -fossil dinosaurs, which are known to have reproduced sexually -fossil bacteria, which are known to have reproduced asexually -asexually reproducing plant and animal species that live in the present

Buffalo, NY

From 2017-2018 from April through September, let's look at only caterpillars on ALL tree types (minimum size default is 5 mm). Which has the greater density of caterpillars recorded, the Botanical Gardens in Chapel Hill or Buffalo, NY? -Buffalo, NY -Botanical Gardens of NC in Chapel HIll

A warming climate can eventually cause a species to go extinct if it is not able to adapt and survive in hotter temperatures.

Give an example of a phenological consequence plants might experience as a result of average global temperatures increasing.

finding ways to integrate biodiversity habitats into human habitats.

A main point of this article is that conservation advocates feel the solution to biodiversity loss will be: -creating more protected areas, like national marks and marine reserves. -building a new kind of world bank somewhere on the planet that houses the frozen eggs and pollen of all of earth's current species. -finding new habitats for the most endangered species. -finding ways to integrate biodiversity habitats into human habitats.

-The probability of hatching failure will be higher in large clutches. -The probability of hatching failure will be lower at higher latitudes. -The probability of hatching failure will be higher later in the spring season.

A population's life history consists of its schedule of reproduction and survival, including age at first reproduction, number of offspring, frequency of reproduction, and amount of parental care. In birds, clutch size (the number of eggs per brood) is an important life history trait, and variation in clutch size is the subject of extensive ecological research. Eastern bluebirds are small songbirds that are widespread across eastern North America. Bluebirds nest in natural tree cavities such as abandoned woodpecker holes or in nest boxes provided by bird lovers. Eastern bluebird females usually lay two or three clutches of 3-6 eggs each per breeding season, which is in the spring. Late-season clutches are typically smaller than early-season clutches. Clutch size also displays a geographical gradient -- larger clutches are laid at higher latitudes. What accounts for these seasonal and geographic differences in clutch size? One hypothesis -- the egg-viability hypothesis -- proposes that the variation in clutch size results from reduced viability of eggs in warm temperatures. Observations that led scientists to develop this hypothesis include: -Birds typically lay one egg a day until the clutch is complete. At that time, they begin incubating all the eggs together, resulting in an equal pace of development. -As long as the surrounding temperature is below 24-26°C (75.2-78.8°F) , the temperature that triggers development, the earlier-laid eggs "keep." -However, when eggs are exposed for an extended period to a temperature range between the trigger temperature and the optimum incubation temperature, 36-39°C (96.8-102.2°F), development goes awry. What prediction(s) can researchers make based on the egg-viability hypothesis? Select all that apply. -The probability of hatching failure will be higher in large clutches. -The probability of hatching failure will be lower at higher latitudes. -The probability of hatching failure will be higher for eggs laid later within a clutch. -The probability of hatching failure will be higher later in the spring season.

April 1

A woody plant that was leafing around April 18 in Thoreau's time (1850's) would leaf out around what date today? -April 18 -March 15 -April 15 -April 20 -April 1

-crop production -grazing for animals -human habitat

About half of our planet has been transformed for:

Biological

According to the ________ species concept, a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring.

Morphological

Alternatively, the _______ species concept identifies species based on physical traits or body form.

is a means of understanding resource availability and usage.

An ecological footprint: -is a means of determining increases in populations that lived in the past. -is a means of understanding resource availability and usage. -will estimate population movements. -measures dispersion and adaptability.

human-caused

Anthropogenic climate change is the same as saying: -human-caused -volcano-induced -meteor-caused

Hybrid

But in some cases, distinct species can occasionally interbreed, producing _______ offspring.

more than 3,000

How many different surveys were done at the Botanical Garden in Chapel Hill? -less than 3000 -more than 3,000

pollinated apple flowers by hand

In response to bee loss in Maoxian County, humans in the area: -changed from apple-farming to beetle -pollinated crops -changed from apple farming to wind-pollinated crops -pollinated apple flowers by hand

Ecological

In the _________ species concept, species are defined by their niche--the role they play in the environment.

Observe them together under natural conditions to see if they interbreed to produce fertile offspring. -The biological species concept defines a species as a population whose members interbreed successfully to produce viable, fertile offspring under natural conditions. The members of one species do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other species in most conditions.

Lake Victoria is home to a group of related fishes known as cichlids. Hundreds of forms are present, differing slightly in their color patterns, habitat use, and feeding behavior. What is the best method for scientists to determine conclusively whether the fish are members of a population that has a lot of variation or whether they are members of entirely different species? -Scientists compare DNA sequences because the DNA of members of the same species should be identical. -Observe them together under natural conditions to see if they interbreed to produce fertile offspring. -Conduct studies on comparative anatomy to find morphological differences between the species. -Keep them together in aquariums to see if they will interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Recording when a plant flowers for 15 consecutive springs

Phenology requires what kind of data? -Recording the temperature when a leaf emerges. -Recording when a plant flowers one spring -Recording when a plant flowers for 15 consecutive springs -Recording when a plant flowers and a pollinator first visits it one spring

-A reasonable prediction with these data is that peak flowering date for the Kyoto cherry blossoms will be in late march in 2028. -Peak cherry blossom blooming in DC in current times can vary from late-march to early/mid april.

Many tourism destinations around the world are characterized by spring blossom festivals or events. For example, the national cherry blossom festival in Washington, DC, USA, attracted more than 1.5 million tourists in recent years.More than 1.18 million people visited Beijing Botanical Garden, China to attend the peach blossom festival in 2017. Since these blossom festivals are culturally and economically important events, they should be timed around flowering dates of the trees. Examining the data below, which of the following statements are supported by the data presented below? -A reasonable prediction with these data is that peak flowering date for the Kyoto cherry blossoms will be in late march in 2028. -The earth's increasing temperature is causing early peak flowering of cherry blossoms around the world. -Peak cherry blossom blooming in DC in current times can vary from late-march to early/mid april. -There has been a shift towards earlier peak bloom of about a month for cheery blossoms around the world. -Organizers of the Kyoto Cheery Blossom festival would be wise to start 2020's festival around April 20th.

speciation -Speciation produces new lineages that evolve independently of existing species.

New branches form on the tree of life through the process of __________. -microevolution -speciation -genetic drift -natural selection

American beech

Of the caterpillars found at the Botanical Gardens, the majority were found on what kind of tree? -American beech -spicebush -sour wood -sugar maple

Biological species concept

Prokaryotes and some eukaryotes are asexual. Which species concept(s) would NOT work? -Biological species concept -Morphological species concept -Ecological species concept -Phylogenetic species concept

morphological -Physical characteristics of fossils can be compared.

The _____ species concept is the most applicable to classifying species from the fossil record. -phylogenetic -morphological -biological -ecological

phylogenetic

The __________ species concept defines species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor and form one branch on the tree of life.

Clutch size on the y axis and female plumage ornamentation on the x axis

Researchers next focused on the one prediction that was not supported by their data -- Prediction #3. That prediction said that hatching failure would be higher in large clutches because the earlier eggs would have to wait longer for incubation to begin. However, the data showed a U-shaped curve with a equally high probability of hatching failure at both small and large clutch sizes. The researchers developed a hypothesis to explain this result -- small three-egg clutches were laid more often by lower-quality females. (Lower-quality females might produce lower-quality eggs or be less skilled at incubating their eggs, resulting in a higher probability of hatching failure.) How can researchers test the hypothesis that lower-quality females produce smaller clutches? Researchers can assess the quality of an Eastern bluebird female by her plumage. Specifically, it is known that high-quality bluebird females have more ornamented blue plumage. What data should the researchers collect and graph, and what result would support their hypothesis?

responsible for the diversity of life

Speciation, or the formation of new species, is: -a form of microevolution. -necessary for natural selection and adaptation. -responsible for the diversity of life. -an event that has occurred only a few times in the history of the planet.

sometimes difficult to put into practice even for present sexual organisms and useless for asexual organisms and fossils.

The biological species concept is: -applicable to all forms of life, past and present. -sometimes difficult to put into practice even for present sexual organisms and useless for asexual organisms and fossils. -applicable to all present life-forms but not to fossil organisms whose reproductive behavior cannot be observed. -easy to apply to all present sexually reproducing organisms but harder to apply to asexual organisms and fossils.

isolation and a lack of corridors for wildlife to migrate

The most pressing problem with protected areas for biodiversity as the climate continues to change is: -isolation and a lack of corridors for wildlife to migrate -the size of protected areas

The emergence of new leaves

The scientists identified a new area of research that needed a great deal more data, this was the study of what? -How birds migrate and begin courtships -The emergence of new leaves -How hibernating mammals come out of their dens -How plants move sugars from roots to leaves in the springtime.

Reproductive

The separation between species is maintained by _______ isolation, which prevents gene flow between species

areas not suitable for farming

The tan areas on the map represent what in Dr. Hadley's discussion? -areas not suitable for farming -areas that are mostly for land-grazing animals supporting meat production -areas where rainfall is highest -areas that humans do not live

False

The temperatures predicted 100 years from now have not been experienced by humans before, but have been a part of mammalian evolutionary history.

-asexual -extinct

This species concept can be applied to __________ and _________ species and it is the way most of the 1.8 million named species have been identified.

-Prediction #1: The probability of hatching failure will be lower at higher latitudes (because temperatures remain cooler at higher latitudes). SUPPORTED -Prediction #2: The probability of hatching failure will be higher later in the season (because temperatures are warmer later in the season). SUPPORTED -Prediction #3: The probability of hatching failure will be higher in larger clutches (because in a larger clutch, the earlier eggs have to wait longer for incubation to begin). NOT SUPPORTED (Three-egg clutches also showed a high rate of hatching failure.) -Prediction #4: The probability of hatching failure will be higher for eggs laid earlier within a clutch (because eggs laid earlier in a clutch have to wait longer for incubation to begin). COULD NOT BE TESTED

To test the egg-viability hypothesis, researchers set out to determine whether its predictions were borne out. Predictions of the egg-viability hypothesis include: -Prediction #1: The probability of hatching failure will be lower at higher latitudes (because temperatures remain cooler at higher latitudes). -Prediction #2:: The probability of hatching failure will be higher later in the season (because temperatures are warmer later in the season). -Prediction #3: The probability of hatching failure will be higher in larger clutches (because in a larger clutch, the earlier eggs have to wait longer for incubation to begin). -Prediction #4: The probability of hatching failure will be higher for eggs laid earlier within a clutch (because eggs laid earlier in a clutch have to wait longer for incubation to begin).

Roxybury Park

Use the maps and data visualization tools at Caterpillars count to answer these questions: The site closest to Charleston is called: -Roxybury Park -BBS-800-75 -NC Botanical Garden

It can't be applied to fossil species or any species that reproduce asexually or through free hybridization.

What is the main limitation of the biological species concept?

biological; different species -If you apply the biological species concept to this situation, the only conclusion is that horses and donkeys are separate species because their offspring are infertile.

When a horse and a donkey mate, they produce infertile hybrids called mules. According to the __________ species concept, horses and donkeys are __________. -ecological; the same species -biological; the same species -ecological; different species -biological; different species

-Examine both sides of the leaf and twigs in your survey area -Name all the arthropods you see

When conducting a visual survey, which of these should you do? -Examine both sides of the leaf and twigs in your survey area -Record only caterpillars -Name all the arthropods you see -Examine 50 random leaves from anywhere in your proximity

production is significantly higher with humans.

When we compare apple production between bee-pollinated apple flowers vs. human-pollinated apple flowers: -there is no significant difference between bees and humans. -production is significantly higher with humans. -production is significantly higher with bees.

-Number of species per square mile -The genetic diversity among plants -How many predators, herbivores, parasites and decomposers there are per square mile

Which of the following could be used to measure the biodiversity of an area?

increasing meat production -Using more plants to produce more meat would decrease the amount of calories available to humanity. Meat production is a much less efficient process.

Which of the following would likely decrease the Earth's human carrying capacity? -reducing fossil fuel consumption -delaying the age of first reproduction -improving agricultural technology to increase sustainable crop yields -increasing meat production