Bio 101 Spring Final Exam

Humans have ___ pairs of autosomes a. 22 b. 23 c. 45 d. 46 e. none

a. 22

The oxidizing agent at the end of the electron transport chain is a. O2 b. NAD+ c. ATP d. FAD e. ubiquinone

a. O2

In the intestine, Na+ and an amino acid bind to the same transport protein that moves the two substances in the same direction. This type of active transport is called a. a symporter b. an antiporter c. secondary active transport d. facilitated transport e. a diffusion mechanism

a. a symporter

In bright light, the pH of the thylakoid lumen a. can become more acidic b. can become more alkaline c. stays the same; the pH of the thylakoid lumen never changes d. can become neutral e. none of the above

a. can become more acidic

Osmosis is a specific form of a. diffusion b. facilitated diffusion c. active transport d. secondary active transport e. movement of water by carrier proteins

a. diffusion

Segregation of alleles occurs a. during gamete formation b. at fertilization c. during mitosis d. during the random combination of gametes to produce the F2 generation e. only in monohybrid crosses

a. during gamete formation

In both photosynthesis and respiration, protons are pumped across a membrane during a. electron transport b. photolysis c. CO2 fixation d. reduction of O2 e. glycolysis

a. electron transport

The first and third reactions of the glycolytic pathway result in consumption of ATP. This is an example of a(n) a. endergonic reaction b. allosteric reaction c. metabolic pathway d. oxidation reaction e. redox reaction

a. endergonic reaction

Mendel concluded that each pea has two units for each character, and each gametes contains one unit. Mendel's "unit" is now referred to as a a. gene b. character c. trait d. genotype e. phenotype

a. gene

In all cells, glucose catabolism begins with a. glycolysis b. fermentation c. pyruvate oxidation d. the citric acid cycle e. chemiosmosis

a. glycolysis

NADH a. is a key electron carrier in redox reactions b. requires O2 to function c. is found only in prokaryotes d. binds with an acetyl group to form acetyl CoA e. detoxifies hydrogen peroxide

a. is a key electron carrier in redox reactions

The main control point of glycolysis is the glycolytic enzyme a. phosphofructokinase b. acetylfructokinase c. oxaloacetate convertase d. isocitrate dehydrogenase e. kinase

a. phosphofructokinase

A small dye molecule injected into a plant cell can pass into adjacent plant cells because of the presence of a. plasmodesmata b. a cell wall c. the endoplasmic reticulum d. nuclear pores e. vacuoles

a. plasmodesmata

A general function of all cellular membranes is to a. regulate which materials can enter or leave the cell b. support the cell and determine its shape c. produce energy for the cell d. produce proteins for the cell e. move the cell

a. regulate which materials can enter or leave the cell

If a cell in G2 has 1.6 picograms (pg) of DNA, it had ___ of DNA in G1 a. 0.4 pg b. 0.8 pg c. 1.6 pg d. 3.2 pg e. 1.6 pg if it is a plant cell and 3.2 pg if it is an animal cell

b. 0.8 pg

Chromatin consists of a. DNA and histones b. DNA, histones, and many other proteins c. RNA and DNA d. RNA, DNA, and non-histone proteins e. DNA only

b. DNA, histones, and many other proteins

The parents of individuals in the F2 generation are members of the ___ generation a. P b. F1 c. F2 d. F3 e. M

b. F1

One-fourth of all human breast cancers have been found to have an increased amount of the oncogene a. p21 b. HER2 c. Cdk d. Cyclin e. RB

b. HER2

During photorespiration, rubisco uses ___ as a substrate a. CO2 b. O2 c. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate d. 3-phosphoglycerate e. NADPH

b. O2

During meiosis, the sister chromatids separate during a. anaphase 1 b. anaphase 2 c. S phase d. telophase 1 e. telophase 2

b. anaphase 2

If endocytosis of integrin were blocked, epithelial cells would be unable to a. communicate with other cells b. change location within a tissue c. bind heterotypically d. form tight junctions e. allow passage of molecules between cells

b. change location within a tissue

Centrosomes a. are constricted regions of phase chromosomes b. determine the plane of cell division c. are the central region of the cell d. are the region where the membrane constricts during cytokinesis e. are part of cilia

b. determine the plane of cell division

An organism that produces either male gametes or female gametes, but not both, is called a. monoecious b. dioecious c. heterozygous d. homozygous e. parthenogenic

b. dioecious

ATP can phosphorylate many different molecules. This means that ATP can a. receive phosphate groups b. donate phosphate groups c. convert molecules to nucleic acids d. release a large amount of energy when hydrolyzed e. all of the above

b. donate phosphate groups

The enzyme sucrase increases the rate at which sucrose is broken down into glucose and fructose. Sucrase works by a. increasing the amount of free energy of the reaction b. lowering the activation energy of the reaction c. decreasing the equilibrium constant of the reaction d. supplying energy to speed up the reaction e. changing the shape of the active site

b. lowering the activation energy of the reaction

Which of the following organelles were once independent prokaryote organisms? a. mitochondria and lysosomes b. mitochondria and chloroplasts c. chloroplasts and peroxisomes d. Golgi apparatus and nucleus e. nucleus and lysosomes

b. mitochondria and chloroplasts

The physical appearance of an organism is called its a. genotype b. phenotype c. merotype d. allele e. gene

b. phenotype

If two strains of true-breeding plants that have different alleles for a certain character are crossed, their progeny are called a. the P generation b. the F1 generation c. the F2 generation d. F1 crosses e. F2 progeny

b. the F1 generation

During the fermentation of one molecule of glucose, the net production of ATP is ___ molecule(s) a. one b. two c. three d. six e. eight

b. two

How many moles of high-energy phosphates are generated in converting one mole of glucose to lactate? a. one b. two c. three d. four e. thirty six

b. two

What is the membrane property that helps ensue the diffusion of glucose into a cell that has a high energy need? a. glucose pump b. specific carrier proteins found in large muscle cells c. a high number of carrier proteins specific for glucose d. an extracellular environment high in glucose e. additional pores through which water can flow, carrying dissolved glucose

c. a high number of carrier proteins specific for glucose

The surface area-to-volume ratio of a cell a. increases with increasing volume of the cell b. decreases with decreasing surface area of the cell c. accounts for the size limit of cells d. is of little significance in maintaining cell homeostasis e. affects how molecules are distributed across the cell

c. accounts for the size limit of cells

For the citric acid cycle to proceed, it is necessary for a. pyruvate to bind to oxaloacetate b. CO2 to bind to oxaloacetate c. an acetyl group to bind to oxaloacetate d. H2O to be oxidized e. none of the above

c. an acetyl group to bind to oxaloacetate

Which of the following is an enzyme? a. manganese dioxide b. hemoglobin c. catalase d. hydrogen peroxide e. malathion

c. catalase

The semirigid structure that supports the plant cell and determines its shape is the a. capsule b. flagellum c. cell wall d. cytosol e. cytoplasm

c. cell wall

The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy in the universe is a. decreasing b. increasing c. constant d. being converted to free energy e. being converted to matter

c. constant

Which of the following is NOT one of the events required for cell division? a. segregation b. cytokinesis c. crossing over d. DNA replication e. all of the above are required for cell division

c. crossing over

People with familial hypercholesterolemia have very high levels of cholesterol because of a. hyperactive aquaporins b. the inability to hydrolyze ATP c. deficient LDL receptor proteins d. malformed gap junctions e. defective ion channels

c. deficient LDL receptor proteins

Chromosomes contain large amounts of interacting proteins known as a. pentanes b. hexosamines c. histones d. protein hormones e. cyclins

c. histones

The role of cellular organelles is to a. provide structural support for the cell b. decrease the flow of materials into and out the cell c. increase the efficiency of cellular activities d. provide a means of cellular reproduction e. regulate the flow of traffic inside the cell

c. increase the efficiency of cellular activities

The delta G of ATP hydrolysis is negative and the change in entropy is positive. The reaction, therefore, a. requires energy b. is endergonic c. is exergonic d. will not reach equilibrium e. decreases the disorder in the system

c. is exergonic

Which of the following statements about necrosis is true? a. it requires ATP b. it does not cause inflammation c. it may occur when cells are damaged by toxins d. It produces nucleosome-sized pieces of chromatin e. it results in fragmentation of the cell

c. it may occur when cells are damaged by toxins

The site on the chromosome occupied by a gene is called a(n) a. allele b. region c. locus d. type e. phenotype

c. locus

What type of membrane protein would likely be removed most easily from a cell membrane in a laboratory experiment? a. integral proteins b. channel proteins c. peripheral proteins d. transmembrane proteins e. gated channels

c. peripheral proteins

Which type of membrane protein would be likely be removed most easily from a cell membrane in a laboratory experiment? a. integral proteins b. channel proteins c. peripheral proteins d. transmembrane proteins e. gated channels

c. peripheral proteins

In thermodynamics terms, water held back by a dam represent ___ energy a. electrical b. irrigation c. potential d. kinetic e. heat

c. potential

The exchange of genetic material between chromatids on homologous chromosomes occurs during a. interphase b. mitosis and meiosis c. prophase 1 d. anaphase 1 e. anaphase 2

c. prophase 1

Steroids are synthesized by a. chloroplasts b. lysosomes c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum d. the Golgi apparatus e. mitochondria

c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Protein movement within a membrane may be restricted by a. glycolipids and glycoproteins b. cell fusion c. the cytoskeleton d. cell adhesion e. peripheral membrane proteins

c. the cytoskeleton

Most ATP produced in our bodies is made a. by glycolysis b. in the citric acid cycle c. using ATP synthase d. from photosynthesis e. by burning fat

c. using ATP synthase

The O2 gas produced during photosynthesis is derived from a. CO2 b. glucose c. water d. ATP e. bicarbonate ions

c. water

The process of programmed cell death is called a. necrosis b. lysis c. cell displacement d. apoptosis e. chiasmata

d. apoptosis

A set of cells in the intestinal epithelium divides continually in oder to replace dead cells. A microscopic examination of this population of cells would show that most of them a. have condensed chromatin b. are in meiosis c. are in mitosis d. are in interphase e. both a and d

d. are in interphase

Which of the following statements about the nuclear envelope is true? a. it contains pores for the passage of large molecules b. it is composed of two membranes c. It contains ribosomes on the inner surface d. both a and b e. all of the above

d. both a and b

In plant cells, cytokinesis is accomplished by the formation of a(n) a. aster b. membrane furrow c. equatorial plate d. cell plate e. spindle

d. cell plate

Which of the following is an example of an exergonic reaction? a. the beating cilia of a protozoan b. receptor-mediated endocytosis c. phagocytosis d. cellular respiration e. The Na+-K+ pump

d. cellular respiration

The main photosynthetic pigments in plants are ___ and ___ a. chlorophyll s; chlorophyll a b. chlorophyll x; chlorophyll y c. retinal pigment; accessory pigment d. chlorophyll a; chlorophyll b e. carotenoids; phycobilins

d. chlorophyll a; chlorophyll b

Which of the following statements about enzyme is FALSE? a. enzymes do not affect equilibrium b. enzymes lower activation energy c. enzymes are highly specific d. enzymes can convert an endergonic to an exergonic reaction e. enzymes can be recycled

d. enzymes can convert an endergonic to an exergonic reaction

A bacterial cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells by a process known as a. nondisjunction b. mitosis c. meiosis d. fission e. fertilization

d. fission

In mitotic metaphase, a cell with eight sister chromatids has ___ centromeres a. none b. one c. two d. four e. eight

d. four

Before starch can be used for respiratory ATP production, it must be hydrolyzed to a. pyruvate b. fatty acids c. amino acids d. glucose e. oxaloacetate

d. glucose

How does the second law of thermodynamics apply to living organisms? a. as energy transformations occur, free energy increases and unusable energy decreases b. all of the reactions in an organism require an input of energy c. the potential energy of ATP is converted to kinetic energy, as with muscle contractions d. living organisms require a constant input of energy to maintain complex structures and order e. it does not apply to living organisms; the complexity of organisms contradicts the second law

d. living organisms require a constant input of energy to maintain complex structures and order

The ___ of a prokaryote is/are its most primitive feature a. cell wall b. internal membranes c. flagella d. nucleoid e. cytoskeleton

d. nucleoid

The DNA of prokaryotic cells is found in the a. plasma membrane b. nucleus c. ribosome d. nucleic region e. mitochondria

d. nucleoid region

An active site is the a. part of the substrate that binds with an enzyme b. site where enzymes are found in cells c. site where energy is added to an enzyme catalyst d. part of the enzyme that binds with a substrate e. none of the above

d. part of the enzyme that binds with a substrate

Regulation of the cell cycle is dependent on cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. The key that allows a cell to progress beyond the restriction points is a. the presence of cyclin b. the absence of cyclin c. the presence of cyclin and Cdk d. phosphorylation of RB by Cdk e. the presence of external signals from growth factors

d. phosphorylation of RB by Cdk

Which of the following factors does not affect the rate of diffusion of a substance? a. temperature of the solution b. concentration gradient c. distance traveled d. presence of other solutes in the solution e. molecular diameter of the diffusing material

d. presence of other solutes in the solution

Which of the following organelles does NOT contain DNA? a. nucleus b. chloroplast c. mitochondria d. ribosome e. all of the above

d. ribosome

The chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by a. osmotic movement of H2O into an area of high solute concentration b. the addition of protons to ADP and phosphate via enzymes c. oxidative phosphorylation d. the proton-motive force e. isocitrate dehydrogenase

d. the proton-motive force

What is the transition state in a chemical reaction? a. the place where a substrate molecule binds to an enzyme b. a reactant with potential energy that is higher than the product's c. the combination of a substrate and an enzyme d. the state at which the bonds of reactants are unstable e. the active site where reactants are oriented

d. the state at which the bonds of reactants are unstable

If white-eyed flies are crossed with other white-eyed flies from the same strain, the offspring will all have white eyes. This trait can thus be said to be a. dominant b. recessive c. filial d. true breeding e. heterozygous

d. true breeding

Which of the following does NOT occur during mitotic pro metaphase? a. disappearance of the nuclear envelope b. initial movement of chromosomes toward the equatorial plate c. adhesion of chromatids at the centromere d. synapsis of homologous chromosomes e. disappearance of the nuclei

d.synapsis of homologous chromosomes

HeLa cells are: a. viruses which were isolated from Henrietta Lacks and have been implicated in cancer b. an abbreviation for the scientist who isolated the viruses at John Hopkins University c. immortal cancer causing viruses which were isolated from Henrietta Lacks at John Hopkins d. immortal cancer cells which were isolated from breast cancer cells belonging to Henrietta Lacks e. immortal cancer cells which were isolated from the cervix of Henrietta Lacks

e immortal cancer cells which were isolated from the cervix of Henrietta Lacks

Which of the following phases of the cell cycle is NOT part of interphase? a. S b. G0 c. G1 d. G2 e. M

e. M

Pyruvate oxidation generates a. acetyl-CoA b. NADH + H+ from NAD+ c. a change in free energy d. CO2 e. all of the above

e. all of the above

The end product of glycolysis is a. pyruvate b. the starting point for pyruvate oxidation c. the starting point for the fermentation pathway d. a and b only e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following represents potential energy? a. chemical bonds b. concentration gradient c. electric charge imbalance d. both a and b e. all of the above

e. all of the above

The sodium-potassium pump found in animal cells is a(n) a. uniporter b. carrier protein c. symporter d. peripheral membrane protein e. antiporter

e. antiporter

Caspases play a role in the process of a. autopolyploidy b. allopolyploidy c. aneuploidy d. necrosis e. apoptosis

e. apoptosis

The source of electrons for the electron transport chain is a. FADH2 b. the NADH-Q reductase complex c. NADH d. ubiquinone e. both a and c

e. both a and c

Cells arrange themselves into tissues through a. cell-to-cell communication via gap junctions b. the stability provided by desmosomes c. homotypic and heterotypic binding d. the orientation maintained by tight junctions e. cell recognition and cell adhesion

e. cell recognition and cell adhesion

Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP is endergonic, whereas the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is exergonic. The two reactions are therefore said to be a. substrates b. endergonic c. kinetic d. activated e. coupled

e. coupled

Lysosomes are important to eukaryotic cells because they contain a. photosynthetic pigments b. starch molecules for energy storage c. their own DNA molecules d. cell waste materials e. digestive enzymes

e. digestive enzymes

Which of the following statements about metabolic pathways is true? a. complex chemical transformations in the cell occur in a single reaction b. each reaction of the pathway requires O2 c. in eukaryotes, the pathways exist in the cytoplasm d. the pathways vary from organism to organism e. each pathway is regulated by specific enzymes

e. each pathway is regulated by specific enzymes

Which of the following molecules can function as a recognition signal for interactions between cells? a. RNA b. phospholipids c. cholesterol d. fatty acids e. glycolipids

e. glycolipids

Interleukins and erythropoietin are a. intracellular signaling molecules b. Cdk's c. cyclins d. antitumor agents e. growth factors

e. growth factors

A human male carrying an allele for a trait on the X chromosome is a. heterozygous b. homozygous c. holozygous d. monozygous e. hemizygous

e. hemizygous

Chemical equilibrium a. is a dynamic state b. represents a state of negative energy change c. represents a state of positive energy change d. is essential for normal cell functions e. is a state in which delta G=0

e. is a state in which delta G=0

Biological membranes are composed of a. nucleotides and nucleosides b. enzymes, electron acceptors, and electron donors c. fatty acids d. monosaccharides e. lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

e. lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

The enzyme a-amylase increases the rate at which starch is broken down into smaller oligosaccharides by ___ of the reaction a. decreasing the equilibrium constant b. increasing the change in free energy c. decreasing the change in free energy d. increasing the change in entropy e. lowering the activation energy

e. lowering the activation energy

Biological membranes can control the internal composition of a cell or cell compartment by controlling a. membrane lipid composition b. the concentration gradient of a solute c. active transport d. movement of water by carrier proteins e. membrane selective permeability

e. membrane selective permeability

The sum total of all the chemical reactions in a living structure is called its a. energetics b. activity c. digestive power d. entropy e. metabolism

e. metabolism

Which of the following structures is NOT involved in the breakdown of food particles by the cell? a. phagosome b. primary lysosome c. secondary lysosome d. Golgi apparatus e. mitochondria

e. mitochondria

Which of the following is NOT a component of the endomembrane system? a. rough endoplasmic reticulum b. smooth endoplasmic reticulum c. Golgi apparatus d. lysosomes e. plastids

e. plastids

Ribosomes are not found in a. mitochondria b. chloroplasts c. the rough endoplasmic reticulum d. prokaryotic cells e. the Golgi apparatus

e. the Golgi apparatus

Epistasis refers to a. a group of genes that are close together b. intermediate dominance c. the expression of two alleles of the same gene in an individual d. the linear oder of genes on a chromosome e. the expression of one gene masking the expression of another

e. the expression of one gene masking the expression of another

Nearly all male wasps in natural populations of the species Nasonia vitripenis have small wings. The trait of small wings in this species is thus considered a. polymorphic b. dominant c. codominant d. a genotype e. the wild type

e. the wild type

When ATP is hydrolyzed, the reaction can make all of the following products EXCEPT for a. AMP b. ADP c. phosphate ions d. pyrophosphate ions e. water

e. water