BIO 102 Practical

Dominant

- Allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote - Typically denoted by a capital letter

Recessive

- Allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed inna heterozygote - Typically denoted by a lowercase letter

In an angiosperm, what is the function of roots?

- Anchor the plant in place - Uptake of water, minerals, and inorganic molecules - Sometime storage

What is the magnification of each lens?

4x, 10x, 40x, 100x

Why are Punnett Squares useful?

Diagrams used to predict the likelihood of inheritance of certain traits

Why don't scientists use common names for everything?

Different for certain areas and not typically accepted world-wide

Genes

Discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)

Taxonomy order

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Primary literature

First-hand research and analysis (empirical studies)

Heterozygous

Having 2 different alleles for a given gene

Homozygous

Having 2 identical alleles for a given gene

Function of ground tissue system

Metabolic functions

2 divisions exist among plants

Monocots and dicots

How are plants and animals similar?

Multicellular and eukaryotes

What program did we use in class to visualize our population of rabbits?

Netlogo

Gene flow (AKA: Migration)

The transfer of alleles from one population to another, resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes

2 divisions exist among plants, what are they?

angiosperms and gymnosperms

3 plant tissues

dermal, vascular, ground

What parameters were available for adjustment?

model speed, number, birth-threshold, grass-grow-rate, grass-energy, weeds-grow-rate, weed-energy

What is Evolution?

- A change in allele frequency in a population over time - Mechanisms of Evolution: mutation, gene flow (migration), genetic drift, non-random mating, natural selection

Mutation

- A change in nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA - The ultimate source of all genetic variation - Must occur in the germ-line or sex cells of the organism in order for a mutation to be manifested within a population

Control group

- A group where the condition being tested is not applied - Serves as a standard for comparison

Genetic Drift

- A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next - Effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small populations

What is a Dichotomous key? How do you use one to identify objects?

- A tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world based on the items characteristics - Dichotomous keys always give 2 distinct choices in each step, often they are opposites

Ecosystem diversity

- At the ecosystem level, we look at the various types of ecosystems all over the planet. Species in an ecosystem tend to interact with other species within the ecosystem. The extinction of one species can have a negative impact on the species richness (the number of species in a biological community) of the entire ecosystem. - Ex: forest, coral reef, desert, open ocean

Genetic Diversity

- At the genetic level you look at diversity within populations of the same species and between populations - Genetic diversity helps to keep a species robust because the larger the amount of variation, the better the chance for the fittest allele in a population whereas organisms with the same genetic make-up will be susceptible to the same diseases which can lead to the extinction of a species. - Ex: different breads of domestic dogs, differences between people

Species diversity

- At the species level, scientists consider the number of species in an area, typically an ecosystem. Some ecosystems may have many different species thriving within while others may only support a few very specialized organisms. As more species are lost to extinction, species diversity decreases.

Bar graph

- Comparing different groups - Ex: Comparing protein content in various foods - Also for tracking changes over time (typically larger intervals of change) - Ex: Change in average temperature over time due to global warming

Pie chart

- Comparing parts of a whole - Ex: Percent population of each species in an ecosystem

What are Punnett Squares?

- Diagrams used to predict the likelihood of inheritance of certain traits - Named after geneticist Reginald Punnett - 1910: Co-founder of the Journal of Genetics - Wrote Mendelism: one of the first public books discussing genetics

Reproductive parts

- Function: site of gamete production and fertilization - Stamen: male portion, made of anther and filament - Carpel: female portion, made of stigma, style, and ovary - Petals: attract pollinators - Fruits (ovary): attract seed dispersal agents - Seeds (ovules): protect and nurture offspring - Aid in dispersal of young

How are scientific names formatted when writing?

- Genera is capitalized and the specific epithet is lower case - Always either italicized or underlined

Law of Independent Assortment

- Genes for different traits are passed independently to offspring - Did not know at the time that some genes are linked

Habitat loss

- Habitat loss is the single greatest threat to biodiversity. Habitat loss can be caused by many factors including agriculture, forestry, mining, pollution, and urban development. Global warming is also to blame for habitat loss. Habitat loss almost always leads to extinction.

Who is Gregor Mendel, and what did he accomplish?

- He is the founder genetics - Created the laws of Mendelian inheritance in the 1800s - Studied pea plants in a monastery

Law of Segregation

- Individual organisms possess a pair of genes for each trait that is randomly passed to their offspring - These offspring then have their own pair of genes which is expressed based on dominance

Cotyledons

- Monocot: 1 cotyledon (embryonic seed leaf) - Dicot: 2 cotyledons (embryonic seed leaves)

Reproductive structures

- Monocot: multiples of 3 - Dicot: multiples of 4 or 5

Leaf venation

- Monocot: parallel - Dicot: net-like

Vascular bundle arrangement

- Monocot: scattered - Dicot: arranged in rings

Roots

- Monot: fibrous - Dicot: taproot present

Why are plants important?

- Outweigh all other organisms ten-fold - Created oxygen atmosphere - Basis of most food chains and life - Pharmaceuticals - Building materials - Cloth, dyes - Money - Communication: "Say it with flowers," Throwing tomatoes - Ecosystem services: erosion and flood protection, filtering, shade, aesthetics, pleasure and recreation

Over-exploitation

- Overexploitation is when humans harvest organisms at rates exceeding the ability of the populations of those species to rebound. This typically has a greater effect on organisms with restricted habitats or those with low intrinsic reproductive rates.

Why is the peer review process important?

- Serves to help verify that experiments and their resulting data are actual honest results - It impacts the entire scientific community and can set legitimate research in a horrible light - Helps scientists strengthen their results

Introduced species

- Species that are not native to an area typically moved there by humans either accidentally or purposefully. Introduced species are typically free from their native predators, pathogens, and parasites and may spread rapidly in new regions. They may also prey upon native species or just outcompete the native species for resources. This can also lead to species extinction

Pleiotropy

- The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects - Ex: Sickle cell anemia

Dependent variable

- The variable that you are measuring - This variable responds to the independent variable

In an angiosperm, what is the function of flowers?

- To ensure pollination - provide protection for the ovule and developing embryo

Line graph

- To track changes over time (typically smaller intervals of change) - Ex: Changes in population size, changes in heart rate due to the addition of different doses of caffeine

Controlled experiment

An experiment designed to compare an experimental group or groups with a control group

In an angiosperm, what is the function of stems?

- Transport, support, height - Node: area of a plant's stem from which the leaves grow - Internode: area between nodes on the stem - Apical (terminal bud: a bud at the tip of a plant stem - Axillary bud: a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch. The bud appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem

What are the main 2 formulas that we utilize in HWE questions?

- p + q=1 - p^2 + 2pq + q^2=1

What do "p" and "q" represent?

- p: the frequency of the "dominant" allele - q: the frequency of the "recessive" allele

Sections of a lab report and what goes in them

1. Title page: indicate what study is about and include variables under the investigation 2. Abstract: provides a concise and comprehensive summary of research; brief 3. Intro: explain where hypothesis comes from; start broad and become more specific 4. Method: participants, design, materials, procedures 5. Results: descriptive stats followed by inferential stats, talk about appropriate stats 6. Discussion: outline findings and relate results to hypothesis; compare results to background materials from intro; acknowledge limitations; suggest ways to improve; say what your findings mean; suggest further research; finish with findings and key points

Haploid

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n)

Diploid

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent

Chromosomes

A cellular structure carrying genetic material that consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins

Pedigree

A diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations

Karyotypes

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape

Experimental group

A group/groups that are exposed to the different conditions being tested

Homologous chromosomes

A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci

Natural Selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

Locus (plural: Loci)

A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located

Hypothesis

A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning

Epistasis

A type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene

What is the common ancestor for a specific clade?

All the lineages on that branch form a clade

Why is histology important?

Allows for the visualization of tissue structure and characteristic changes the tissue may have undergone

How are plants and animals different from one another?

Animals: - Centrosomes - Flagella - Lysosomes - Volume ratio - Mobile - Consume Plants: - Cell wall - Chloroplasts - Central vacuole - Plasmodesmata - Surface area - Immobile - Producer

Alleles

Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects

Control variable

Any variable that you are keeping constant throughout the experiment

Simple leaves

Axillary bud and petiole

What are the factors that affect population density?

Birth, immigration, population, death, emigration

Who began binomial nomenclature

Carolus Linnaeus

Who is Charles Darwin, and what did he accomplish?

Developed the theory of evolution and natural selection

Compound leaves

Leaflet, Axillary bud, petiole

Doubly-Compound Leaves

Petiole, Axillary bud, leaflet

In an angiosperm, what is the function of leaves?

Photosynthesis, gas exchange, sometimes storage

Non-random Mating

Preference of a certain phenotype in mates

Function of dermal tissue system

Protects the plant

Secondary literature

Review article

Rationale

The fundamental reason or reasons explaining either support for or refuting of a hypothesis

Genotype

The genetic makeup

Phenotype

The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup (genotype)

Incomplete dominance

The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele

Co-dominance

The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

What is Genetics?

The study of heredity and hereditary variation

What is histology?

The study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of both plants and animals

Independent variable

The variable you are manipulating

How do plants obtain food? What is needed for this process to occur?

Through photosynthesis, carbon atoms from CO2 in the air are combined into sugar

Function of vascular tissue system

Transports water and and nutrients

Which species are most distantly related?

Whoever has the most amount of nodes separating each other

Which species are most closely related?

Whoever has the most common recent ancestors