BIO 105 Chap 2

Stage 3 breast cancer has ______ subcategories.

3

A process that determines the precise order of nucleotides in a segment of DNA is called

DNA sequencing.

What role does normal, unmutated BRCA1 play in a cell?

It produces proteins that look for broken DNA strands at the G1 checkpoint.

Order the stages of transcription

1. RNA polymerase identifies the gene to be expressed. 2.RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA, called the template strand, to produce a complementary RNA molecule. 3.The RNA polymerase and the complementary RNA strand are released along with the DNA, reforming a double helix. 4.RNA polymerase exposes the nucleotide bases of the gene by unwinding the double helix.

In order for cancer to develop, which of the following events must occur? Select all that apply.

A cell malfunctions and unregulated cell division occurs. Genetic mutation causes a cell to lose its normal genetic programming and control mechanisms.

The sister chromatids separate and become individual chromosomes that begin to move toward the poles of the cell.

Anaphase

Which tumor-suppressor gene produces proteins that active at G1 checkpoint to look for breaks in DNA strands?

BRAC1

Which tumor-suppressor gene produces proteins that active at G1 checkpoint to look for breaks in DNA strands?

BRCA1

Which of the following are ways to differentiate between cancer cells and normal cells? Select all that apply.

Cancer cells continue to divide even when they come into contact with other cells., Cancer cells are not regulated because they have lost the ability to control cell division.,

LAB Why does DNA flow toward the positive side of the gel chamber?

DNA has a negative charge and is attracted by the positive side.

Which of the following is/are true about cancer cells? Select all that apply.

Disregard their genetic programming, Lose their specialization,Divide uncontrollably

Which of these is an oncogene associated with cancer?

ERBB2

ERBB2 is

ERBB2 is an oncogene that is associated with cancer.

LAB The electrophoresis buffer is poured over the agarose gel because it charges the DNA samples so they can travel more readily across the chamber.

False

LAB In the gel electrophoresis lab, you determined the ________ of three different DNA samples.

Genotype

As the number of cancer cells _______, they may spread and invade nearby tissues and organs, disrupting their physiological processes and their ability to survive.

Increases

How does the CRISPR system identify the DNA sequence to edit?

It uses an enzyme and an RNA guide.

Changes to the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule are called

Mutation

Stage 4 breast cancer has ______ subcategories.

No

lAB The monomers that make up DNA molecules are called

Nucleotoides

The process of cell division is a highly _______ series of events that produces cells that are genetically identical to each other.

Organized

The procedure that produces multiple copies of a gene of interest is called

PCR

A cell is the smallest unit of biological organization that has all of the characteristics of life. Which of the following are considered characteristics of life?

Passes on genetic information to offspring, Acquires materials and energy to manufacture cellular components, Adapts to changes in its environment

Replicated chromosomes condense and attach to the mitotic spindle.

Prophase

LAB How does the DNA rate of travel differ for small DNA fragments and large DNA fragments?

Small fragments travel father than large fragments

Which of these outcomes is possible using genome editing?

Targeting genetic mutations to change nucleotides sequences, and as a result, reduce tumor size.

Which of the following is most likely to occur when a tumor-suppressor gene is mutated?

The tumor-suppressor gene and resulting protein may lose their function and the ability to slow down the rate of the cell cycle.

How might mutations accumulated by a cancer cell affect its nucleus?

They might increase the size of the nucleus. They might increase the amount of DNA in the nucleus. They might change the shape of the nucleus.

Failing to respond to the signals that control normal cell behavior and growth, cancer cells grow and divide in an uncontrolled manner, invading normal tissues and organs and eventually spreading throughout the body.

True

How do cancer cells get the oxygen and nutrients they require to continuously grow?

Tumors cause blood vessels to grow by releasing growth factors.

Choose the explanations of how cancer affects the normal physiology of the body.

Tumors in organs can block vessels and ducts, disrupting organ function. Cancer in tissues like bone, which help to regulate blood calcium, can contribute to a decrease in blood calcium and lead to coma or death. Cancer interferes with the body's maintenance of homeostasis.

________ cell division is a hallmark of cancer.

Unregulated

the process by which cancer cells move to other locations in the body, forming new tumors.

What is metastasis?

Both stage 0 and stage 1 breast cancers are located in: ____

are located in a very small area.

Cancer cells lose specialization

as they accumulate mutations.

Change at the genetic level of cells leads to disease______starts with changes at the genetic level of individual cells, which may cause some cells to lose control and divide rapidly and uncontrollably.

cancer

If a cell bypasses these regulations, the cell may not be able to stop continuously dividing and it is on its way to becoming _________.

cancerous

For multicellular organisms, this single cell will undergo rapid ______ and divide over and over again until it becomes an adult body.

cell division

Billions of new ____ are produced every day to repair damaged tissues or replace worn out cells.

cells

Cancer is a disease that begins with changes in the body at the _____ level due to abnormal cells dividing in a disorderly manner.

cellular

Cancer is a disease that occurs at the __________ level of biological organization of living things.

cellular

Because this process is so critical, the steps of mitosis are carefully controlled by a number of _______ to ensure that each new daughter cell contains the same genetic information.

checkpoints

At the end of mitosis, the daughter cells are described as clones. For this description to be appropriate, the daughter cells must __________.

contain a set of genetic instructions that are identical to each other and that of the parent cell.

The entire cell physically divides into two daughter cells.

cytokensis

Select the 4 organ systems most closely associated with maintaining homeostasis in the human body.

digestive urinary respiratory cardiovascular

Although there are many different forms of cancer, it is presumed that cancer is a disease caused by the combined effects of both genetic and ____

environmental factors.

he production of cells is closely regulated by a variety of ____ and genetic mechanisms within the cell to ensure that only the correct type and number of new cells are produced.

hormones

lAB The two strands of nucleotides in a DNA molecule are held together by

hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases.

When the genetic programming of a small group of cells becomes faulty, the cells start to ______ their specialization.

lose

The generalized _____ of control over cell reproduction exhibited by cancer cells is the result of accumulated abnormalities and is reflected in several aspects of cell behavior that distinguish cancer cells from their normal cells.

loss

The digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, and urinary systems play a major role in

maintaining homeostasis that allows the body to function properly.

The mitotic spindle aligns the replicated chromosomes at the center of the cell.

metaphase

During ______, a cell duplicates all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form two identical daughter cells.

mitosis

A mutation in a proto-oncogene produces a(n)__that may cause cancer.

oncogenes

Choose the tumor-suppressor genes often associated with cancer.

p53 and BRCA1

As the cells divide, these replicates of the original cell will receive signals from the environment and turn on _________ pathways that instruct the cells to turn on certain sets of genetic instructions and turn off others.

physiological

Because they need oxygen and nutrients from the body to grow, tumor cells

release growth factors that cause capillaries to grow toward them.

In doing so, the cells become ___________, which allows tissues and organs to form and have specific roles within the body.

specialized

Each cell operates a biological factory and is specialized to carry out a _____ set of instructions.

specific

As new chromosomes reach the poles, the nuclear envelopes re-form, and the chromatin decondenses.

telophase

Which element of the CRISPR genome-editing system identifies the specific sequence of DNA to be edited?

the Cas9 enzyme and RNA

Which term describes an overgrowth of abnormal cells that serves no useful purpose?

tumor

Which type of gene is responsible for preventing unregulated cell growth?

tumor-suppressor genes

With no genetic control, the cells start to divide ________ and the cells undergo more rounds of division than they normally would, making cells prone to replication errors.

uncontrollably