Bio 105 Final Exam

Action potentials move along axons ___________. a) b) by activating the sodium-potassium "pump" c) by reversing the concentration gradients for sodium and potassium ions d) more slowly in axons of large than in small diameter

A

After eating a large meal, which branch of your nervous system is activated? a) enteric b) sympathetic c) somatic (motor) d) sensory

A

Among the following choices, which organisms likely has the highest systolic pressure? a) giraffe b) human c) mouse d) hippopotamus

A

An inactivating mutation in the progesterone receptor gene would likely result in _________. a) the inability of the uterus to support pregnancy b) the absence of secondary sex characteristic c) the absence of mammary gland development d) enlarged and hyperactive uterine endometrium

A

Axons are especially abundant in the _______. a) white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord b) white matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord c) gray matter of the brain and the white matter of the spinal cord d) gray matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord

A

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans would _______. a) the amount of oxygen in the blood as it leaves the heart b) block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers c) have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta d) have a negative effect on peripheral resistance

A

Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids; both digestive processes ________. a) use water molecules when breaking bonds (hydrolysis) b) are catalyzed by the same enzyme c) require ATP as an energy source d) require the presence of hydrochloric acid to lower the pH

A

Fertilization of an egg without activation is most like _________. a) placing the key in the ignition of a car but not starting the engine b) preparing a pie from scratch and baking it in the oven c) resting during halftime of a basketball game d) walking to the cafeteria and eating lunch

A

Filtration takes place at the structure labelled ______. a) A b) B c) C d) E

A

In humans, control of balance and coordinated movements are associated with increased activity in the ___________. a) cerebellum b) spinal cord c) hypothalamus d) cerebrum

A

In humans, identical twins are possible because ____________. a) early blastomeres can form a complete embryo if isolated b) extraembryonic cells interact with the zygote nucleus c) the gray crescent divides the dorsal-ventral axis into new cells d) cytoplasmic determinants are distributed unevenly in unfertilized eggs

A

In many animals, fat is stored in specialized cells in the ________. a) adipose tissue b) muscle c) blood d) bone

A

Increasing the temperature of the human scrotum by 2 degrees celsius and holding it there would most likely ___________. a) reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis b) increase the fertility of the affected man by enhancing the rate of steroidgenesis c) reduce the fertility of the man by impairing the production of gonadal steroid hormones d) reduce the man's sexual interest

A

Interstitial fluid is _______. a) a site of exchange between blood and body cells b) found only in the lumen of the small intestine c) identical to blood in composition d) the internal environment inside animal cells

A

Mature human sperm and ova are similar in that they _________. a) both have the same number of chromosomes b) are approximately the same size c) are produced from puberty until death d) each have a flagellum that provides motility

A

Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having _______. a) a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells b) a cell wall imperable to acid c) a high level of secretion of enzymes by chief cells d) a sufficient colony of H. pylori

A

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed as _______. a) homeostasis b) balanced equilibrium c) static equilibrium d) physiological chance

A

The point of connection between 2 communicating neurons is called _________. a) synapse b) axon hillock c) dendrite d) cell body

A

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule _________. a) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus b) transfers large molecules as easily as small ones c) is very selective as to which sub-protein-sized molecules are transferred d) results from active transport

A

Two contraceptive methods that are considered permanent and that block the gametes from moving to a site where fertilization can occur are _________. a) vasectomy and tubal ligation b) the male condom and female condom c) the diaphragm and subcutaneous progesterone implant d) the male condome and oral contraceptives

A

What happens when a resting neuron's membrane depolarizes? a) The neuron's membrane voltage becomes more positive. b) The cell's inside is more negative than the outside. c) There is a net diffusion of Na+ out of the cell. d) The equilibrium potential for K+ becomes more positive.

A

When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rise. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is the result of ____________. a) negative feedback b) catalytic feedback c) protein-protein interactions d) positive feedback

A

When used appropriately, antibiotic treatment can effectively reduce bacteria populations and help fight infections. However, antibiotic treatments can have unintended effects. What is one concern when using antibiotics? a) Antibiotics may also kill the beneficial bacteria of the microbiome, thereby disrupting digestive health. b) Antibiotics cause viruses to become more effective at infecting cells. c) Antibiotics also damage animal cells, so they can be more harmful than a bacteria infection. d) Each antibiotic is only effective against one type of bacteria, so effects on infection are limited.

A

Where are neurotransmitter receptors located? a) the postsynaptic membrane b) the nodes of Ranvier c) the nuclear membrane d) synaptic vesicle membranes

A

Which of the following is not a major activity of the stomach? a) nutrient absorption b) storage c) HCl production d) enzyme secretion

A

Among mammals, it is generally true that ________. a) after leaving the oral cavity, the bolus enters the larynx b) the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea c) the trachea leads to the esophagus and then to the stomach d) all types of foods begin their enzymatic digestion in the mouth

B

Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to their parent. What type of cell process occurs to generate this type of offspring? a) cell fusion b) mitosis c) meiosis d) fertilization

B

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the _________. a) left ventricle b) left atrium c) right atrium d) right ventricle

B

Connective tissues typically have ________. a) the ability to shorten upon stimulation b) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix c) little space between the membrane of adjacent cells d) the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses

B

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize _________. a) active transport b) diffusion c) osmosis d) blood pressure

B

Environmental cues that influence the timing of reproduction generally do so by _________. a) providing access to water for external fertilization b) direct effects on hormonal control mechanisms c) increasing the body temperature d) increasing ambient temperature most favorable for sex

B

In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are received by ____________. a) the presynaptic membrane b) dendrites c) cell bodies d) axon hillocks

B

In multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged and demyelinations results. How does this disease manifest at the level of the action potential? 1. Action potentials move in the opposite direction on the axon. 2. Action potentials move more slowly along the axon. 3. No action potentials are transmitted. a) only I b) only II c) only III d) only II and III

B

In the digestive system, peristalsis is ________. a) the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vessel b) smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus c) voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation d) a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine

B

Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is likely after _________. a) blood pressure becomes abnormally high b) sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity c) drinking lots of pure water d) eating a small sugary snack

B

Neurotransmitters categorized as inhibitory are expected to _______. a) act independently of their receptor proteins b) hyperpolarize the membrane c) open sodium channels d) close potassium channels

B

Peaks of LH and FSH production occur during _________. a) the secretory phase of the uterine cycle b) the period just before ovulation c) the beginning of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle d) the menstrual flow phase of the uterine cycle

B

Sexual reproduction ________. a) is better suited to environments with relatively contant conditions b) results in over hald of the offspring being female c) is completed more rapidly than asexual reproduction d) produces offspring of greater genetic variety compared to offspring resulting from asexual reproduction

B

The activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is associated with __________. a) increased metabolic rate b) resting and digesting c) release of epinephrine into the blood d) intensive aerobic exercise

B

The archenteron of the developing sea urchin eventually develops into the __________. a) blastocoel b) digestive tract c) brain and spinal cord d) heart and lungs

B

The embryonic precursor to the human spinal cord is the ____________. a) archenteron b) neural tube c) notochord d) mesoderm

B

The force driving simple diffusion is __________, while the energy source for active transport is __________. a) the concentration gradient; ADP b) the concentration gradient; ATP c) phosphorylated protein carriers; ATP d) transmembrane pumps; electron transport

B

The metabolic rate of an animal is most accurately determined by ________. a) the amount of food consumed during a meal b) the amount of energy used by an animal in a given time c) the amount of work done by an animal d) the amount of carbon dioxide produced by an animal in a given time

B

The thin horizontal arrows in the figure above show that the ________. a) warmer venous blood transfers heat to the cooler arterial blood b) warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood c) arterial blood is always cooler in the abdomen, compared to the temperature of the venous blood in the feet of the goose d) warmer arterial blood can bypass the legs as needed, when the legs are too cold to function well

B

Which of the following characterizes parthenogenesis? a) An individual may change its sex during its lifetime. b) An egg develops without being fertilized. c) Specialized groups of cells grow into new individuals. d) An organism is first a male and then a female.

B

Which of the following correctly displays the sequence of developmental milestones? a) gastrula-blastula-cleavage b) cleavage-blastula-gastrula c) blastula-gastrula-cleavage d) cleavage-gastrula-blastula

B

Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function? a) pancreas- enzyme production b) large intestine- bile production c) small intestine- nutrient absorption d) stomach- protein digestion

B

Why are the renal aretery and vein critical to the process of osmoregulation in vertebrates? a) The kidneys require higher than normal levels of hormones. b) The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys. c) The kidneys require constant and abnormally high oxygen supply to function. d) The renal artery and vein are the main pathways regulating how much is produced by the kidneys.

B

A relatively long cecum is characteristic of animals that are __________. a) omnivores b) autotrophs c) herbivores d) carnivores

C

After narrowly escaping a mountain lion attack, which of the following reactions would your nervous system initiate? a) constriction of airways b) decreased heartbeat c) increased heartbeat d) constriction of pupils

C

Among human males, both semen and uring normally travel along the __________. a) seminal vesicles b) ureter c) urethra d) vas deferens

C

An examination of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in saltwater would likely show that _________. a) high amounts of salt had diffused into the fish's cells, causing them to swell and lyse b) the gills became encrusted with salt, resulting in inadequate gas excahnge and a resulting asphyxilation c) loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure d) the kidneys were not able to keep up with the water removal necessary in this hyperosmotic environment, creating an irrevocable loss of homeostasis

C

At the time of implantation, the human embryo is called a _________. a) fetus b) zygote c) blastocyst d) gastrula

C

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid __________. a) is readily soluble in water b) can be reused by birds as a protein source c) requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass d) is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products

C

Blood cells that function to fight infection are called __________. a) thrombi b) erythrocytes c) leukocytes d) platelets

C

Circulatory systems compensate for ________. a) the need to cushion animals for trauma b) the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system c) the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances d) temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue

C

Control of respiration and circulation are associated with the ________. a) A b) B c) C d) E

C

During human gestation, rudiments of all organs develop __________. a) in the third trimester b) during the blastocyst stage c) in the first trimester d) in the second trimester

C

During metamorphosis, a tadpole's tail is reduced in size by the process of _______. a) redifferentiation b) oxidative phosphorylation c) apoptosis d) regeneration

C

Evolutionary adaptations that help some animals directly exchange matter between the cells of their body and the environment include ____________. a) a gastrovascular cavity, a two-layered body, and a torpedo-like body shape b) a large body volume, a long, tubular body, and a set of wings c) an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body d) an unbranched internal surface, a small body size, and thick covering

C

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by ________. a) skeletal muscle b) cardiac muscle c) smooth muscle d) striated muscles

C

In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm __________. a) expends more energy per kilogram of body mass than does the endotherm b) maintains a higher basal metabolic rate c) invests little energy in temperature regulation d) has greater insulation on its body surface

C

In an open circulatory system, blood is _________. a) always inside of vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems b) not always confined to blood vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems c) not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems d) always inside of vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems

C

In close comparisons, external fertilization often yields more offspring than does internal fertilization. However, internal fertilization typically offers the advantage that ________. a) it permits the most rapid population increase b) it requires less time and energy to be devoted to reproduction c) the smaller number of offspring produced often receive a greater amount of parental investment d) it requires expression of fewer genes and maximizes genetic stability

C

In excreted urine, a reliable "marker" that a pregnancy has initiated is _________. a) progesterone b) follicle-stimulating hormone c) human chronic gonadotropin (hCG) d) estrogen

C

Most types of communication between cells utilize __________. a) the movement of cells b) the exchange of DNA between the cells c) chemical or electrical signals d) the exchange of cytosol between the cells

C

The "threshold" potential of a membrane is the ___________. a) peak amount of depolarization seen in an action potential b) lowest frequency of action potentials a neuron can produce c) minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels d) minimum hyperpolarization needed to prevent the occurrence of action potentials

C

The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic, or opposing, actions are __________. a) central nervous system and peripheral nervous system b) motor and sensory neurons c) sympathetic and parasympathetic systems d) presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

C

The process of obtaining food is known as _______ and requires specialized feeding mechanisms. a) digestion b) absorption c) ingestion d) excretion

C

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the ________. a) liver b) subcutaneous layer of the skin c) hypothalamus d) thryoid gland

C

To maintain homeostasis, freshwater fish must _________. a) consume large quantities of water b) excrete large quantities of electrolytes c) excrete large quantities of water d) take in electrolytes through simple diffusion

C

What makes sexually reproduced offspring genetically different from their parents? a) genetic recombination during mitosis b) crossing over during mitosis c) genetic recombination during mitosis d) Sexual reproduction does not produce genetically different offspring.

C

Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms? a) urea b) ammonium ions c) uric acid d) ammonia

C

Which of the following structures or regions is correctly paired with its function? a) medulla oblangata-emotional memory b) cerebellum-homeostatic control c) corpus callosum-communication between the left and right cerebral cortices d) limbic system-motor control of speech

C

Which organ system is responsible for protection against injury, infection, and dehydration? a) Reproductive system b) Skeletal system c) Integumentary system d) Excretory system

C

Why do the cells of the digestive system secrete proteolytic enzymes, such as pepsin, in their inactive forms? a) By secreting inactive enzymes, the catalytic activity of the enzymes is maintained for a longer time. b) Inactive pepsin and trypsin are more easily transported across the cell membrane. c) These proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the very tissues that synthesize them. d) The stomach is too acidic to maintain these enzymes in their active form.

C

After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of ____________. a) increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule b) increased aldosterone production c) increased blood pressure d) inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

D

All animals, whether large or small, have _______. a) a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac b) a body surface covered with hair to keep them warm c) an external body surface that is dry d) most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium

D

An electrocardiogram (ECG) provides information about _________. a) the amount of oxygen in the blood as it leaves the heart b) the speed of blood flow through the blood vessels c) the pressure of blood in the heart chambers d) the rhythm of heart contractions

D

During fertilization, the acromosomal contents _________. a) help propel more sperm toward the egg b) trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm c) block polyspermy d) digest the protective jelly coat on the surface of the egg

D

Hummingbirds are small birds that require a regular food supply. When hummingbirds are faced with a situation that decreases their food supply, such as a storm, which of the following adaptations would be most useful for the bird to survive such an unpredictable and short-term absence of food resources? a) burrowing into soil b) shivering c) hibernation d) torpor

D

In the figure, which letter points to the vas deferens? a) A b) B c) C d) D

D

In the figure, which structure is the site of embryo implantation? a) B b) C c) D d) E

D

Increases and decreases of the heart rate result from changes in the activity of the _________. a) pituitary b) thalamus c) cerebellum d) medulla oblangata

D

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes? a) secretion b) excretion c) filtration d) reabsorption

D

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with _______. a) smooth muscle cells b) neural tissue c) connective tissue d) epithelial tissue

D

Preparation for the fight-or-flight response includes activation of the _________ nervous system. a) somatic b) central c) parasympathetic d) sympathetic

D

Pulse is a direct measure of ________. a) cardiac output b) blood pressure c) stroke volume d) heart rate

D

Stem cell transplants may someday be used to treat Parkinson's disease. Researchers are hopeful that these cells would alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease by ___________. a) preventing temporal lobe seizures b) replenishing missing ion channels c) repairing sites of traumatic brain injury d) secreting the neurotransmitter dopamine

D

The concentrations of ions are very different inside and outside a nerve cell due to ____________. a) diffusion b) symptoms and antiports c) osmosis d) sodium-potassium pumps

D

The highest rate of nutrient absorption occurs at location ________. a) 5 b) 1 c) 8 d) 4

D

The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact __________. a) medulla b) corpus callosum c) cerebellum d) spinal cord

D

The operation of the sodium-potassium pump moves ___________. a) sodium and potassium ions out of the cell b) sodium and potassium ions into the cell c) sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell d) sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

D

The panting responses observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate excess heat by _________. a) countercurrent exchange b) vasoconstruction c) acclimation d) evaporation

D

The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the ___________. a) axon hillock b) dendrite c) glia d) synapse

D

The primary function of the corpus luteum is to _________. a) nourish and protect the egg cell b) support pregnancy in the second and third trimesters c) stimulate the development of the mammary glands d) maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred

D

The three stages of information processing in animals include _________. a) a presynaptic cell, neurotransmitters, and a postsynaptic cell b) chemical senses, mechanoreception, and vision c) dendrites, a cell body, and an axon d) sensory reception, an integrating center, and effectors (motor neurons)

D

Urea is ________. a) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic vertebrates b) insoluble in water c) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds d) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans

D

Which part of the brain, if damaged, would lead to a decrease in the release of brain derived hormones, such as oxytocin? a) only B b) only E c) both B and E d) both A and D

D

Which process in the nephron is least selective? a) reabsorption b) active transport c) secretion d) filtration

D