Bio 110

Number rad that can reduce number of spermatozoa

10 rad

How many general types of cells are there ?

2

Number of rad that produces temporary infertility

200 rad

What radiation dose to small area of body can cause skin erythema ?

200 rads or more

What is the latent period for radiation induced leukemia ?

4-7 years

Number of radiation dose that produces permanent sterility

500 rad

What will a main chain scission of a macromolecule result in ?

A breakdown into smaller molecules

Cell proliferation

Act of single cell or group of cells to reproduce and multiply in number

Somatic cells

All other cells

Mean survival time

As whole body dose increases, average time between exposure and death decreases survival time is dose dependant with the hematologic syndrome

What group has provided greatest wealth of knowledge about radiation induced leukemia in humans ?

Atomic bomb survivors

Whats the most sensitive cell layer of the skin ?

Basal cell layer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Channel or a series of channels that allows the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm

Macromolecules having small, spor-like structures that extend off the main chain are seen what type of radiation effect on macromolecules ?

Cross-linking

Four main components within cell

Cytoplasm Nucleus DNA RNA

Whats the most radiosensitive molecule ?

DNA

What type of effects usually follow high dose exposure and early response ?

Deterministic

Fractionated

Dose delivered at same dose rate but in equal fractions

Protacted

Dose delivered continuously at a lower dose rate

When are ovaries most radiosensitive ?

During fetal growth and early childhood

When is embryo most radiosensitive to radiation damage ?

During first trimester

What are the least sensitive cells in hematopoietic system ?

Erythrocytes

Cytoplasm

Fluid substance comprising bulk of cell

Whats the period of cell growth between divisions ?

Interphase

Nucleus

Large, central structure contained by nuclear membrane and is the control center of cell; contains DNA

What are radiation protection guidelines based on ?

Late effects

What law states that radiosensitivity of living tissues varies with maturation and metabolism ?

Law of bergonie and tribondeau

Whats the dose response relationship called when measured effect increases in direct proportion to the radiation dose ?

Linear

What is a measure of rate at which energy is transferred from a beam of radiation to the tissue through which it travels ?

Linear energy transfer

What type of dose response relationship does leukemia follow ?

Linear; non-threshhold

What type of dose response relationship is described when dose threshold is greater than zero and is required to produce a proportional response ?

Linear; threshold

What are most radiosensitive cell in the hematopoietic system ?

Lymphocytes

Threshold

Measured effect does not occur below a certain dose level

Nonthreshold

Measured effect occurs at all dose levels including zero dose, zero origin on graph

Are cells more or less radiosensitive when irradiated in the oxygenated state ?

More radiosensitive

Spermatagonia

Most radiosensitive phase of the male gonadal cell maturation cycle

Mature follicle

Most sensitive phase of female gonadal cell maturation cycle

Relative biological effectiveness

Name given to the means of measuring the amount of damage caused by equal amounts of different types of radiation

Are radioprotective agents used for human application ?

No, they must be given at a lethal dose to be effective

Whats the dose response relationship called when the measured effect occurs at all dose levels including zero dose ?

Non-threshold

Dose response relationship called when the measured effect increases disproportionally to the dose

Nonlinear

Where is DNA primarily located ?

Nucleus

What biological factor is used in the planning of radiation therapy and is described by the OER ?

Oxygen effect

Which mitosis subphase does the nucleus swells and DNA begin to take structure ?

Prophase

Whats name given to severe nonmalignant changes that result from chronic irradiation of skin ?

Radiodermatitis

Which chromosome aberration requires a karyotype for detection ?

Reciprocal translocation

Genetic cell

Sex cells, reproduction cells

Manifest illness

Stage of acute radiation syndrome which signs and symptoms are apart

Potential for radiation damage during pregnancy depends on ?

Stage of pregnancy

What type of effects usually follow low radiation exposure and appears as late radiation response such as cancer or genetic effects ?

Stochastic

Which mitosis subphase is the final segment of mitosis where structural chromosomes disappear into a mass of DNA ?

Telophase

Why is high pressure oxygen used in radiation oncology ?

To enhance the radiosensitivity of nodular, avascular tumors

Linear energy transfer is measured in what type of unit ?

keV/µm

Double stranded helix

·DNA ·Replication and controlling cellular activity

Point lesions

·Disruption of single chemical bonds ·Causes malfunction within cell

What are the two general type of cells ?

·Genetic ·Somatic

Two cell proliferation processes

·Meiosis ·Mitosis

What are the four sub phases under mitosis phase ?

·Prophase ·Metaphase ·Anaphase ·Telophase

What are the three types of multi-hit chromosomes aberrations ?

·Ring chromosome ·Dicentrics ·Reciprocal translocation

Law of bergonie and tribondeau

·Stem cells are radiosensitive ·Mature cells are radioresistent