Bio 110 finaaal
Animal cells that had been growing in an incubator at 37 degrees C are suddenly cooled to 20 degrees C. In response to being cooled, which of the following is most likely to happen?
Initially, the plasma membrane of the cells becomes less fluid.
Are plant cell walls chemically similar to prokaryotic cell walls? How are they the same or different?
No, plant cell walls are made of cellulose and bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan.
Which of the following is true concerning the diagram above?
Photoautotrophs may participate in process #1 and #2
What statement below best describes polar molecules?
Polar molecules are hydrophilic and can mix with water molecules
All cells fall into one of two broad categories. What are they?
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
You arrive late to biological seminar. However, just as you enter the room you hear the speaker say that the macromolecules are "single stranded". Using that information, you conclude that the speaker is probably talking about
RNA
What is true about reduction and oxidation reactions?
Reduced molecules gain an electron, oxidized molecules lose an electron, and reduction/oxidation reactions are always coupled together.
Consider the electronegativity values shown above. Which of the following bonds is nonpolar?
Se2
Refer to the figure above. Which structure labeled in the figure above (A, B, or C) best represents a primary lysosome?
A
As the radium of a spherical cell ___#1___, its volume increases ___#2___ its surface area, and the ability of the cell to successfully support its metabolism ___#3___.
#1 = increases, #2 = more quickly than, #3 = decreases
Which of the following represent an example of kinetic energy?
*None of the above -ATP -glucose -a stored concentration gradient of a molecule -A and B
Which of the following are components of an ecosystem?
*all of the above -water -producers -light
What would the net electrical charge of an atom with 5 protons, 5 neutrons, and 4 electrons be?
+1
The second law of thermodynamics states that
-no energy transformation is 100% efficient -usable energy in the universe is continuously decreasing -unusable energy in the universe (entropy) is continuously increasing.
The efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels is about
10%
At a pH of 5, the concentration of protons in solution is
100 times higher than it is at a pH of 7
Because of inefficient energy transfer from trophic level to trophic level, what is the maximum number of trophic levels an ecosystem can have?
4
One water molecule can hydrogen bond with a maximum of ____ other water molecules.
4
Refer to the figure above. What best describes this molecule:
A DNA nucleotide
What is the definition of a Bronstead-Lowry acid?
A molecule that donates a proton into solution
Refer to the figure above. What best describes the part of the molecule labeled 'C'?
A nitrogenous base
Refer to the figure above. What best described the bond labeled A?
A nonpolar covalent bond.
Refer to the figure above. What best describes the part of the molecule labeled 'A'?
A pentose sugar
Refer to the figure above. What best describes the part of the molecule labeled 'B'?
A phosphate
Refer to the figure above. What best describes the bond labeled B?
A polar covalent bond.
Refer to the figure above. based on the degree of branching in the three polysaccharides illustrated above (labeled A,B, and C) what is most likely true?
A represents strach, B represents glycogen, C represents cellulose
Which of the following is true concerning the light reactions of photosynthesis?
ATP and NADPH are produced
Which of the following is not a function associated with proteins?
All of the above are functions associated with proteins.
Which of the following are in physical contact with the plasma membrane of cells?
All of the above are in physical contact with the plasm membrane of cells the extracellular matrix the cytoskeleton integral proteins
What characteristics do red blood cells (RBcs) have that led Every Gorter to use them in his experiment?
All of the above. RBCs are easy to count under a microscope. RBCs are easy to obtain from animals A large quantity of RBCs can be obtained from an animal without harming it. Within an individual organism all RBCs are the same size
Refer to the figure above. What best describes the chemical attraction illustrated above?
An ionic bond
Which option below shows the correct order from smallest to largest in size (left to right)?
Atoms, macromolecules, viruses, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells
Refer to the figure above. the formation of which structure labeled in the figure above (A, B, or C) is blocked by the Tuberculosis bacteria>
B
Once the blood-brain barrier is bypassed, how are substances able to enter the brain tissue?
By moving through the gaps between capillary wall cells.
Refer to the figure above. Which structure labeled in the figure above (A, B, or C) best represents an endocytic vesicle?
C
How are cows able to digest cellulose for energy?
Cows contain microorganisms in their digestive system that make the enzymes necessary to digest cellulose.
Refer to the figure above. Which structure labeled in the figure above (A, B, C, or D) best represents a hydrophilic area of the plasma membrane?
D
Refer to the figure above. If plasma membranes were phospholipid monolayers, which of the following results would best represent the result that Dr. Gorter would have gotten in his experiment.
D. 1 m^2. 1m^2
Which of the following is true of the cell membrane fluidity?
Fluidity can be regulated by varying the length and degree of saturation in the fatty acid chains of membrane phospholipids
Which of the following is true concerning the dark reactions of photosynthesis?
Glucose is produced
Histones are proteins that bind to chromosomal DNA in the nucleus. Based on that knowledge, which of the following is true?
Histone proteins will be synthesized by ribosomes in the cytoplasm and not associated with the rough ER.
Refer to the figure above. The hydrogen atoms above are numbered 1-4. Which hydrogen atom would most likely be able to participate in a hydrogen bond?
Hydrogen #4
Which of the following is true about osmosis?
In the case of a cell, the direction of osmosis may be predicted of the s inside and outside of a cell is known. Osmosis refer to the movement of water molecules across a semi permeable barrier
Refer to the figure above. Assume that the carbon atom in the circle has no net charge. What is certainly true of the carbon atom?
It has the same number of neutrons as electrons.
What is true about the first electron carrier (EC) in an electron transport chain (ETC)?
It will have less affinity for electrons than any of the other ECs in the ETC.
Refer to the figure above. If enzymes made a polysaccharide the size of the one labeled C in the illustration above, what would be true?
It would require 12 condensation reactions and produce 12 molecules of water
Which of the following characterize a single water molecule?
Its oxygen atom has a partial negative charge.
Refer to the figure above. You are doing an experiment to determined whether a membrane transport protein is a channel protein or a carrier protein. You measure how the rate at which the protein transports a solute across the membrane changed in response to increasing concentrations of the solute that the protein transports. If you get the results indicated by 'B' are an example of
Linear kinetics
What do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion have in common?
Neither required the expenditure of cellular energy
Cellulose and strach are both polymers of glucose. How are they different?
Starch is an energy storage molecule and a polymer of a-glucose, while cellulose is mainly a structural polysaccharide and a polymer of B-glucose.
Animal cells that had been growing in an incubator at 37 degrees C are suddenly cooled to 20 degrees C. In response to being cooled, which of the following is most likely to happen?
The cells will respond by generating membrane phospholipids with fatty acid chains that have more unsaturations.
Animal cells that had been growing in an incubator at 37 degrees C are suddenly cooled to 20 degrees C. In response to being cooled, which of the following is most likely to happen?
The cells will respond by generating plasma membrane phospholipids with shorter fatty acid chains.
The photo-bleaching experiments we discussed in class demonstrated
The fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane
Which of the following is true concerning the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis?
The light reactions occur at the thylakoid membrane and the dark reactions occur in the stroma.
Refer to the figure above. You are doing an experiment to determined whether a membrane transport protein is a channel protein or a carrier protein. You measure how the rate at which the protein transports a solute across the membrane changed in response to increasing concentrations of the solute that the protein transports. If you get the results indicated by 'A' you can conclude that
The transport protein is a carrier protein (curved line)
Refer to the figure above. You are doing an experiment to determined whether a membrane transport protein is a channel protein or a carrier protein. You measure how the rate at which the protein transports a solute across the membrane changed in response to increasing concentrations of the solute that the protein transports. If you get the results indicated by 'B' you can conclude that
The transport protein is a channel protein (Straight line)
Refer to the figure above. You are doing an experiment to determined whether a membrane transport protein is a channel protein or a carrier protein. You measure how the rate at which the protein transports a solute across the membrane changed in response to increasing concentrations of the solute that the protein transports. If you get the results indicated by 'B' you can conclude that
The transport protein is a channel protein demonstrating linear kinetics
What is most likely true of phospholipids that will become part of a eukaryoric cell's plasma membrane?
They are synthesized in the smooth ER and placed into the membrane by exocytosis.
What best describes exergonic reactions
They can be spontaneous
Which of the following is true of secondary lysosomes?
They contain enzymes that hydrolyze polymers
What is true of chemoheterotrophs?
They get their carbon and their energy from organic molecules
Refer to the figure above. Which of the following is true about the molecule illustrated above?
This molecule serves as an important part of cell membranes.
ATPase is an enzyme complex made out of many individual proteins. ATPase generated ATP in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Based on that knowledge, which of the following is true about the proteins that the ATPase enzyme is made out of?
Those proteins are synthesized by ribosomes in the cytoplasm and not associated with the rough ER.
All prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have all of the following except
a cell wall
What best describes the nature of the nuclear membrane?
a double phospholipid bilayer
Refer to the figure above. The part of the molecule labeled A could best be described as
a glycerol
Refer to the figure above. If the covalent bonds in a methane molecule were polar, what for would methane likely take at room temperature?
a liquid
Refer to the figure above. What form would a collection of these molecules likely take at room temperature?
a liquid
One unique characteristic of Eukaryotic cells is the presence of
a membrane bound nucleus
What term below best describes an ATP molecule?
a nucleotide
What best describes the part of the ATP molecule labeled B above.
a pentose sugar
Refer to the figure above. The macromolecules above is best described as
a triglyceride
Which of the following element/s can be found in every type of macromolecule (nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates)?
carbon and oxygen
In the figure above, what term best describes process #2?
cellular respiration
The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP + Pi is coupled to
endergonic reactions
Refer to the figure above. What are the covalent bonds that hold the monomers of the above molecule together?
ester bonds
What are the monomers of a triglyceride?
glycerol and fatty acids
Which option below represents a macromolecule bonded together by a-linkages?
glycogen
Which option(s) below represent an energy storage polymer made only by animals?
glycogen
Breaking macromolecules back down into their individual monomers requires
hydrolysis reactions
Lowering the activation energy of a reaction will
increase the rate of the reaction
Catalysts such as enzymes
increase the rates at which reaction occur by lowering the activation energy of the reactions
In the picture above the square represents a cell surrounded by a plasma membrane. Arrows indicate the areas inside and outside of the cell. The small circles represent sucrose molecules that are dissolved in the water (solutes). If you measured s inside and outside of the cell, which area would have the highest s? Based on your conclusion about s do you predict that the water would flow into the cell or out of the cell?
into the cell
When s is high solute concentration is
low
The most significant source of nitrogen for living things is which of the following?
nitrogen recycling
Lipid bilayer membranes (LBMs) are more permeable to some types of molecules than others. Which option below gives the correct order (from left to right) starting with of the types of molecules that LBMs are most permeable to and ending with the types of moleucles that LBMs are least permeable to.
non-polar molecules, small polar molecules, ions
To be considered alive an organism MUST be able to
reproduce grow and metabolize
In the picture above the square represents a cell surrounded by a plasma membrane. Arrows indicate the areas inside and outside of the cell. The small circles represent sucrose molecules that are dissolved in the water (solutes). If you measured s inside and outside of the cell, which area would have the highest s?
s would be highest outside of the cell
In the picture above the square represents a cell surrounded by a plasma membrane. Arrows indicate the areas inside and outside of the cell. The small circles represent sucrose molecules that are dissolved in the water (solutes). If you measured s inside and outside of the cell, which area would have the highest s? Based on your conclusion about s what do you predict would happen to the cell?
the cell would increase in size
Refer to the figure above. The Actin filaments labeled above most likely are a part of what?
the cytoskeleton
Producers always occupy which trophic level of an ecosystem?
the first trophic level
The cell fusion experiment we discussed in class demonstrated
the fluid mosaic model of plasma membranes
Which of the following is true of endergonic reactions?
the free energy of the products is much less than the free energy of the reactants
The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP + Pi is an example of a reaction in which
the free energy of the products is much less that the free energy of the reactants
Where precisely are ribosomes assembled in eukaryotic cells?
the nucleolus
Within the chloroplast there is a thick liquid substance called
the stroma
The enthalpy of a molecule describes
the total amount of energy contained in the molecule
What best describes endergonic reactions
they are never spontaneous
What is true of photoautotrophs?
they get their energy from light and their carbon from CO2
A symporter is a carrier protein that will
transport two different molecular species in the same direction at the same time
Refer to the figure above. The part the molecule labeled B could best be described as
unsaturated
The primary reservoir for hydrogen and oxygen is
water