BIO 110 Lab Exam #1

What equation is used to determine the chi squared statistic?

(O-E)^2 / E

Describe a triglyceride

- 3 fatty acids and a glycerols - lipid

What is on the X and Y axis?

- X axis: independent - Y axis: dependent

What is the difference between a null hypothesis and a theory?

- a null hypothesis is just newly formed and untested - a theory has been test multiple times and unable to be proven false

Monosaccharides are characterized by a terminal __________ group or an internal _____________ group. Both of these contain a ________________ group

- aldehyde - ketone - carbonyl

Proteins derive their name from the _________ group and the __________ group

- amino - carboxyl

What tests for carbs?

- benedicts tests for reducing sugars - lugols tests for starch

Most organic molecules found in living systems can be classified as ____________, _________, __________, or ___________

- carbohydrates - fats - proteins - nucleic acids

Which are reducing sugars: glucose, sucrose, maltose, fructose

- glucose - maltose - fructose

All ___________ are reducing sugars, but only some _____________ are

- monosaccharides - disaccharides

Which reagent is used to test for the presence of a protein? and what part of the protein does the reagent react?

- ninhydrin - the amino group of free amino acids

The scientific method starts with making an _____________ and then an _____________ is proposed

- observation - explanation

A hypothesis is never ___________ but it may be __________

- proven - supported

Solute vs. solvent?

- solute = NaCl - solvent = water (vents holding air)

Which assays tested for polymers?

- the Lugol's test tested for the specific polysaccharide starch

Which assays tested for a subunit?

- the ninhydrin test tested for the subunit of amino acids - the benedicts test tested for the subunit of reducing sugars

if the p-value is < or = _____, then you reject the null hypothesis

0.05

What tests for proteins?

Biuret

A probability that the magnitude of the effect could be due to chance (=test statistic/df)

P-value

What tests for lipids?

Sudan IV (tests for saturated, unsaturated, and steroids)

What solution is used in the Biurets test?

albumin

How are monosaccharides classified?

by the number of carbons they contain - trisose = 3 carbons - pentoses = 5 carbons - hexose = 6 carbons

What class is represented by the formula CH2O?

carbohydrates

Continuous/discrete: can take any value; aka quantitative

continuous

What kind of bond is in polymers?

covalent

The significance of an effect or relationship that depends on the df, which is a function of the sample size

degrees of freedom

Independent/dependent: affected by the independent variables

dependent (ex: survival rates)

2 monosaccharides coming together?

disaccharide

Continuous/discrete: fall into categories that may be ranked or unranked; aka qualitative/categorial

discrete

Is diffusion faster in water or gas?

gas

When is a disaccharide not a reducing sugar?

if the carbonyl groups are involved in the bond between the monosaccharides

Independent/dependent: selected by whoever is running the experiment (give example)

independent (ex: food and environment for birds)

What solution is used in the Lugol's test?

iodine

Which unit of measurement is most useful for light microscopy?

micrometers (um)

Building block of macromolecules

monomer

Macromolecules are made up of __________________ (the smallest unit)

monomers

What is the basic unit of a carb?

monosaccharide

What tests for amino acids?

ninhydrin

Lipids are ____________

non polar

Reject of the hypothesis

null hypothesis

The movement of water molecules from regions of high water potential (low concentration of solutes) to regions of low water potential (high concentration of solutes)

osmosis

What kind of bond links to form proteins or polypeptides?

peptide bonds

A chain of the same or similar building blocks covalently bonded together

polymer

Proteins are made up of ___________ which are made up of amino acids

polymers

What are the polymers of amino acids called?

polypeptides

Any sugar with a free carbonyl group; act as reducing agents

reducing sugars

When the independent variable had an effect on the dependent

statical significance

A single protein molecule that assembles with other protein molecules to form a protein complex

subunit

A value calculated based on the magnitude of its effect. The bigger this value, the larger the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

test statistic

What does it mean if the null hypothesis is rejected?

the effect is statistically significant

If a hypothesis has been repeatedly tested, supported, and never rejected, it is considered a __________________

theory

Vegetable oil is a ___________

triglyceride aka fat

The force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall. This is what causes plant cells to maintain their shape

turgor pressure