BIO-1106 Final Exam Practice Questions

9) Thought Questions for review 1. Is cephalization unique to the animal kingdom? Is it unique to chordates? 2. Vertebrates and snails are two groups on the animal phylogenetic tree that contain both aquatic and terrestrial species. Although these transitions arose independently, describe some similar adaptations and evolutionary changes you would expect to see in the transition.

1. yes cephalization is unique to the animal kingdom No it is not unique to chordates 2. - Development of lungs - evolution of features to prevent desiccation - In snails: shell prevents dehydration - Vertebrates: moist skin

Q6. You want to construct a phylogenetic tree of different HIV virus strains, Which would you choose? 1. amino acid sequences from the HIV-1p66 protein, a subunit of reverse transcriptase, which is essential for viral replication 2. nucleotide sequences from the HIV-1p66gene, which encodes the p66 protein described above

2. nucleotide sequences from the HIV-1p66gene, which encodes the p66 protein described above

Genetic Drift: Bottleneck Effect

A rapid decrease in population size due to a disturbance or natural disaster reduces the abundance of a species and removes individuals with some alleles from the population, altering gene frequencies through drift.

How do fossils provide evidence of evolutionary history? A. Fossils provide a record of extinct species. B. Older fossils are an excellent source of DNA from which we can construct molecular phylogenies. C. Fossils provide an accurate account of the number of species that exist at any particular time. D. Fossils provide complete information on extinct species.

A. Fossils provide a record of extinct species.

Over time, the Z. maha butterfly population in Fukushima will evolve by Natural selection. A. TRUE B. FALSE

A. TRUE

The MOSQUITO population present after 16 months of treatment with a pesticide cannot evolve A. TRUE B. FALSE

A. TRUE Explanation: evolution can only happen if multiple alleles are present in a population

3. The MOSQUITO population present after 16 months of treatment with a pesticide cannot evolve A. TRUE B. FALSE

A. TRUE *there is no genetic variation at this allele*

Populations that are geographically separated from one another are called _____. A. allopatric B. sympatric

A. allopatric

There are hundreds of species of cichlid fish in Lake Victoria in Africa. Recent studies of the lake suggest that it periodically dries out, leaving a series of small ponds. This information supports: A. allopatric speciation B. sympatric speciation

A. allopatric speciation

What is the first event in the fossilization process? A. burial of the organism by sediments B. conversion of organic tissue to minerals (rock) C. hardening of sediments into rock. D. erosion of soils around the organism

A. burial of the organism by sediments

An allele that is fully expressed is referred to as (fully expressed means that the allele is transcribed and translated into a perfectly functional protein) A. dominant. B. heterozygous. C. recessive. D. homologous. E. none of the above.

A. dominant.

All the alleles present in all individuals in a species are referred to as the ____ of that species. A. gene pool B. phenotype C. genotype frequency D. allele frequency E. genotype

A. gene pool

The non-adaptive mechanisms of evolutionary change are: A. migration (gene flow), mutation, and genetic drift. B. migration (gene flow), balancing selection, and genetic drift. C. migration (gene flow), sexual selection, and genetic drift. D. mutation, sexual selection, and genetic drift. E. mutation, genetic drift, and heterozygote advantage.

A. migration (gene flow), mutation, and genetic drift.

Germ-line cells A. produce gametes B. are special somatic cells C. are haploid

A. produce gametes

The result of migration is to _____ genetic differences among populations. A. reduce B. increase

A. reduce

The differential success of alleles is called _____. A. selection B. genetic drift C. fixation D. evolution E. migration

A. selection

Unlike gametes, body cells are called A. somatic B. synergic C. haploid

A. somatic

Q10. The endosymbiotic theory attempts to explain _____. A. the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria B. how cells reproduce C. how photosynthesis occurs D. the differences between plant and animal cells

A. the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria

Q13. Which chordate features are correctly paired with what it becomes in vertebrates? 1. Notochord: Cranium 2. Pharyngeal Slits: Jaw Support 3. Neural Tube: Spinal Cord 4. Notochord: Vertebrae 5. Pharyngeal Slits: Gills 6. Neural Tube: Neck Bones A. 1,2,5,6 B. 2,3,4,5 C. 1,4,5,6 D. 2,4,5,6

B. 2,3,4,5

What is the relationship among DNA, a gene, and a chromosome? A. A chromosome contains hundreds of genes, which are composed of protein. B. A chromosome contains hundreds of genes, which are composed of DNA. C. A gene is composed of DNA, but there is no relationship to a chromosome. D. A gene contains hundreds of chromosomes, which are composed of DNA.

B. A chromosome contains hundreds of genes, which are composed of DNA.

Q7. THE BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT IS INADEQUATE FOR GROUPING A. PLANTS. B. ASEXUAL ORGANISMS. C. PARASITES. D. ANIMALS THAT MIGRATE. E. SYMPATRIC POPULATIONS

B. ASEXUAL ORGANISMS.

Which one of the following represents a consequence of sequencing an organism's genome? (Choose all that apply) A. Once an organism's genome is sequenced, everything is known about that organism's protein expression and behavior. B. An individual's "personal genome" can be sequenced and compared to the species standard to determine potential for disease inheritance. C. Genome sequences can be compared among species to determine evolutionary relationships. D. A sequenced genome can be annotated and search for open reading frames.

B. An individual's "personal genome" can be sequenced and compared to the species standard to determine potential for disease inheritance. C. Genome sequences can be compared among species to determine evolutionary relationships. D. A sequenced genome can be annotated and search for open reading frames.

You are the first to find and explore a series of volcanic islands in the Atlantic Ocean. You notice two flowering plants that live on separate islands that look very similar but not exactly the same. Describe a method that you would use to definitively determine whether or not the two plants are members of the same species, when choosing your method, take into account the biological species concept. A. Sequence and compare the genomes of both plants B. Cross (mate) the plants to each other and determine whether you the plants from this cross are viable, and fertile. C. Catalog the key morphological similarities and differences between the two plants.

B. Cross (mate) the plants to each other and determine whether you the plants from this cross are viable, and fertile.

After 200 generations, the allele frequencies for both male and female butterflies from the region with many Japanese grass lizards has not changed at all from the values seen at generation 50 and the 'w' allele is still present in the population. This is due to: A. Positive selection B. Negative selection C. Neutral traits D. Diploidy

D. Diploidy

The accumulation of different mutations in genetically separated populations is known as _____ and is the key to speciation. A. adaptive radiation B. genetic divergence C. reinforcement

B. genetic divergence

Homologous chromosomes: A. always move to the same location in the cell during division. B. have the same genes in the same location. C. All of the above are correct

B. have the same genes in the same location.

An allele is: A. the expression of a trait in an individual. B. one of several forms of a gene. C. the particular combination of genes for a given trait in a given organism. D. the location of a gene on a chromosome. E. none of these.

B. one of several forms of a gene.

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms is called a _____. A. taxonomy B. phylogeny

B. phylogeny

Reproductive isolating mechanisms are divided into categories based on when they act. Those mechanisms that result in failure of the fertilized egg to develop into a fertile individual are called_____________ A. Pre-zygotic B. post-zygotic

B. post-zygotic

Speciation requires that two populations become _______ from each other. A. sympatric B. reproductively isolated

B. reproductively isolated

A phenotype is: A. one of several forms of a gene. B. the expression of a trait in an individual. C. the location of a gene on a chromosome. D. the particular combination of alleles present in a given organism. E. none of these.

B. the expression of a trait in an individual.

In a heterozygous genotype: A. the individual will be phenotypically dominant. B. the two alleles for a given trait are different. C. the individual will be phenotypically recessive. D. both alleles for a given trait are the same. E. all of the above.

B. the two alleles for a given trait are different.

How can researchers distinguish exons from introns? A. Only exons code for amino acids. B. Primers won't bind to introns. C. Exons have a characteristic sequence. D. The sequence of exons complements the mRNA sequence.

D. The sequence of exons complements the mRNA sequence.

A gene A. Not always contains information to produce a particular protein B. Can be described as a unit of heredity C. All the above

C. All the above

Inherited mutations in the CFTR gene, which is linked to the disease Cystic fibrosis, are Also linked to increased resistance to S. typhi infection. This is an example of: A. positive selection B. negative selection C. disruptive selection D. balancing selection E. directional selection

D. balancing selection

Analysis of similarities and differences in the genomes of different species is referred to as: A. genome annotation. B. genome conservation. C. personalized medicine. D. comparative genomics. E. sequence assembly.

D. comparative genomics.

When you use a field guide to identify a species by its appearance, you are applying the _____. A. evolutionary species concept B. biological species concept C. ecological species concept D. morphospecies concept

D. morphospecies concept

In the region where Japanese grass lizards are present, there is adecrease in the frequency of the allele 'w' within the male population due to: A. genetic drift, founder effect B. genetic drift bottleneck effect C. intersexual selection D. negative selection

D. negative selection

Genetic drift is the _____ in allele frequencies from generation to generation and is especially important in _____ populations. A. change due to selection; small B. random change; large C. change due to selection; large D. random change; small

D. random change; small

Genetic drift is the _____ in allele frequencies from generation to generation and is especially important in _____ populations. A. random change; large B. change due to selection; small C. change due to selection; large D. random change; small E. none of these

D. random change; small

The component of the DNA molecule that carries its hereditary information is the: A. side groups attached to the nitrogenous bases B. phosphate-sugar backbone. C. different five-carbon sugars. D. sequence of bases.

D. sequence of bases.

Q9. Which of the following is NOT a general requirement for complex multicellular life? A. Cells must stick together. B. Cells must communicate with one another. C. Cells must retain a full range of functions, including reproduction. D. Cells must participate in a network of genetic interactions that regulate cell division. E. All of these options are requirements for complex multicellular life.

C. Cells must retain a full range of functions, including reproduction.

What is the order of processes that support the central dogma? A. Transcription, DNA replication, translation B. DNA replication, translation, protein synthesis C. DNA replication, transcription, translation D. DNA replication, translation, transcription

C. DNA replication, transcription, translation

How does the fossil record corroborate phylogenetic history? A. The timing of evolutionary events in the fossil record is not consistent with the branching order of a phylogenetic tree. B. Fossil record events are too old to be represented on phylogenetic trees, which reconstruct the more recent past. C. Events that occur early in the fossil record are represented by branching events nearer to the root of a phylogenetic tree. D. Events that occur early in the fossil record are represented by branching events nearer to the tips of a phylogenetic tree. E. Events in the fossil record occur randomly throughout a phylogenetic tree, so the two are not related to one another.

C. Events that occur early in the fossil record are represented by branching events nearer to the root of a phylogenetic tree.

Q12: What was the function of pharyngeal slits early in chordate history? A. Respiratory surface (gills) B. Jaw support C. Filter Feeding D. Part of the jaw E. Teeth

C. Filter Feeding

A population of tree frogs that live in Costa Rica's cloud forest can be either red or green in color. Red color is recessive ('gg') Green color is dominant ('GG' or 'Gg') The red frogs are found primarily in a red leaf portion of the forest, while the green frogs are found primarily in green leaf regions. These populations can mate and produce viable offspring. Several green tree frogs were to mate with red tree frogs and produce offspring in the red leaf forest. What process is leading to a change in the allele composition? A. Genetic drift B. Natural selection C. Gene flow/Migration

C. Gene flow/Migration Explanation: The green tree frogs are moving to the red leaves where the red tree frogs are and mating with them

Q5. A NUCLEAR PLANT WAS DESTROYED AS A CONSEQUENCE OF A TSUNAMI. THE HIGH LEVEL OF RADIATION RELEASED LED TO THE EXTINCTION OF MANY INSECTS SPECIES IN THE AREA NEAR THE NUCLEAR PLANT. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF: A. Gene flow B. Natural selection C. Genetic drift bottleneck effect D. Genetic drift founder effect

C. Genetic drift bottleneck effect

The accident that occurred in the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant is an example of A. Gene flow B. Natural selection C. Genetic drift: Bottleneck effect D. Genetic drift: Founder effect

C. Genetic drift: Bottleneck effect

Which one of following statements explains why genome annotation is an ongoing, dynamic process in need of continued updating? A. Sequences change daily because mutation rates are extremely high. B. The functions and interactions of macromolecules are never the same. C. Our understanding of macromolecules in the genome is always improving. D. Certain structures like hairpins are not predictable using older annotation techniques. E. All of the answer options are correct.

C. Our understanding of macromolecules in the genome is always improving.

Indicate which of the following statements is FALSE. A. A bacterial genome is composed of one circular double-stranded DNA molecule. B. DNA in bacterial genomes form a structure with multiple loops called a nucleoid. C. The bacterial genome undergoes more mutations during replication than the genome of an RNA virus.

C. The bacterial genome undergoes more mutations during replication than the genome of an RNA virus.

Q8. About 65 MYA, the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs occurred. Midway through the Cenozoic, the climate become cooler, drier and more seasonal. Based on this info and the spindle diagram below, which of the following can be stated regarding mass extinctions: A. They represent loss of many species in a short time. B. They allow surviving species to proliferate. C. They can be predicted from fossil records. D. They can lead to adaptive radiation. E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Which one of the following statements about an open reading frame is true? A. An open reading frame is most likely protein coding. B. An open reading frame ends with a stop codon. C. An open reading frame consists of a long string of codons. D. None of the answer options is correct. E. All of the answer options are correct.

E. All of the answer options are correct.

Which one of the following types of sequence can be found in a genome? A. coding sequence for RNAs B. regulatory elements of protein-coding genes C. protein-coding exons D. noncoding introns E. All of the answer options are correct.

E. All of the answer options are correct.

Which one of the following types of sequence can be found in a genome? A. protein-coding exons B. coding sequence for RNAs C. noncoding introns D. regulatory elements of protein-coding genes E. All of the answer options are correct.

E. All of the answer options are correct.

6) What are the advantages of a one-Way Digestive Tract?

- more efficient - specialized tasks for particular kinds of nutrients - food storage - organisms can absorb large amounts of nutrients - eating while still digesting food *NOTE: in a 2-way digestive tract food must be completely digested before eating again

Q 11: What are the advantages of a one-Way Digestive Tract?

- specialized parts break down specific nutrients - food storage - waste removal - food can be consumed while food is being digested

Humans are more complex animals than worms. Explain why having similar numbers of genes humans have more cells with different functions. A. Complexity arises from different combinations of proteins. B. Complexity arises from differential gene expression. C. Humans gain more genes through horizontal gene transfer. D. Many human genes can encode multiple proteins. E. More than one of the above is true.

E. More than one of the above is true.

You are the first to find and explore a series of volcanic islands in the Atlantic Ocean. You notice two flowering plants that live on separate islands that look very similar but not exactly the same.You have now determined that The two plants were members of different species. 1. The two species arose by: A. allopatric speciation B. sympatric speciation 2. There was: A. a pre-zygotic barrier B. a post-zygotic barrier

1. A. allopatric speciation 2. A. a pre-zygotic barrier

At the genetic level, evolution is A. a change in fitness over time. B. natural selection. C. an increase in fitness over time. D. a population change over time. E. a change in the frequency of an allele or genotype over time.

E. a change in the frequency of an allele or genotype over time.

A small population of 6-toed cats from Florida has recently founded a new feline population on the island of Key West. 1. In 5,000 years, in which population would you expect more changes to have accumulated? A. in the original mainland population of cats B. in the Key West population 2. This is an example of A. Allopatric speciation by vicariance B. Peripatric speciation C. Sympatric speciation

1. B. in the Key West population 2. B. Peripatric speciation

Q 5.5: Evolution pre-requisites 1. What is the role of mutation in evolution? • Non-adaptive? • Adaptive? 2. How do evolutionary mechanisms in sexual and asexual organisms differ?

1. Mutation - required for ALL evolution non-adaptive evolution: rare mutations can be driven to fixation by drift 2. Sexual - recombination adds additional mechanism; asexual can do transformation, conjugation, transduction as well

_____ is the process in which two groups of organisms living in the same habitat diverge into separate species. A. allopatric speciation B. co-speciation C. peripatric speciation D. adaptive radiation E. sympatric speciation

E. sympatric speciation

Respiration is strictly an aerobic process. True False

False

The division of bilaterians into coelomate, acoelomate and pseudocoelomate groups is supported by molecular studies. True False

False

Region with no Japanese grass lizards _________________ is evolving (LOOK AT Q16 GRAPH) A. None of the populations B. The female population C. The male population

C. The male population

Any change in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA of a gene is called A. an advantage. B. a codon. C. a mutation.

C. a mutation.

_____ is a special case of speciation in which new species form rapidly in response to numerous "open" ecological niches. A. co-speciation B. sympatric speciation C. adaptive radiation D. allopatric speciation E. peripatric speciation

C. adaptive radiation

In contrast to positive and negative selection, _________ acts to maintain two or more alleles in a population. A. directional selection B. stabilizing selection C. balancing selection D. disruptive selection

C. balancing selection

In the previous example evolution is occurring by A. genetic drift, founder effect B. genetic drift, bottleneck effect C. intersexual selection D. negative selection

C. intersexual selection Explanation: Females driving change in allele frequency

A taxon that includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants is a _____ group. A. paraphyletic B. polyphyletic C. monophyletic

C. monophyletic

Genetic variation has two sources: _____ and _____. A. germ-line cells, somatic cells B. neutral mutations, beneficial mutations C. mutation; recombination

C. mutation; recombination

Q1. The only evolutionary process that leads to adaptive change is: A. mutation. B. migration. C. natural selection. D. genetic drift. E. All of the answer options are correct.

C. natural selection.

The only evolutionary process that leads to adaptive change is: A. mutation. B. migration. C. natural selection. D. genetic drift. E. All of the answer options are correct.

C. natural selection. Explanation: natural selection is the only one dependent on the environment

Interbreeding groups of organisms of the same species living in the same geographical area are called _____. A. hybrids B. heterozygous C. populations

C. populations

The following definition of species "Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups" corresponds to: A. the ecological concept of species B. the morphospecies concept C. the biological concept of species

C. the biological concept of species

A genotype is: A. the location of a gene on a chromosome. B. the expression of a trait in an individual. C. the particular combination of alleles present in a given organism. D. one of several forms of a gene. E. none of these.

C. the particular combination of alleles present in a given organism.

2) Match the animals to the Protostome or Deuterostome lineage I. Protostome II. Deuterostome A. Sea Star B. Ray-finned fish C. Honeybee D. Platypus E. Octopus

I. Protostome - Honeybee - Octopus II. Deuterostome - Sea Star - Ray-finned fish - Platypus

The definition of genome as a complete set of chromosomes present in a reproductive cell has limitations because it cannot be applied to: A. bacteria B. archaeons C. viruses D. all the answers are correct

C. viruses

Approximately how much of the human genome varies between individuals? A. 50.0% B. 97.0% C. 99.9% D. 0.1% E. 3.0%

D. 0.1%

5) What are the advantages of EACH nervous system?

Nerve Net: Pro: simple Con: no sensory organs Brain/Central Nervous system: Pro: Intelligence Con: brain in one area, damage is detrimental

3) WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF EACH TYPE OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM?

Open: - Pros: less energy cost - Cons: no blood flow regulation Closed: - Pros: more efficient pumping - Cons: requires more energy

Photosynthesis spread through most of the eukaryotic superkingdoms by repeated episodes of endosymbiosis of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. True False

True

Phototrophs use light as the energy source for biosynthesis, whereas chemotrophs oxidize either organic or inorganic compounds. True False

True

The five steps listed below are part of the cross-bridge cycle 1. The myosin head binds to actin. 2. The myosin head is cocked back through the hydrolysis of ATP. 3. The actin filament slides relative to the myosin filament. 4. The myosin head binds ATP. 5. The myosin head detaches from the actin. a. 4, 5, 2, 1, 3 b. 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 c. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 d. 5, 4, 1, 2, 3 e. 2, 1, 3, 5, 4

a. 4, 5, 2, 1, 3

Which of the following statements about the differences between exoskeletons and endoskeletons is correct? a. An exoskeleton lies external to the body's soft tissues, whereas an endoskeleton lies internal to most of the body's soft tissues. b. Exoskeletons can be repaired easily following damage, whereas endoskeletons are more difficult to repair. c. An exoskeleton grows with an animal, whereas an endoskeleton does not. d. An exoskeleton provides protection for internal organs, whereas an endoskeleton does not. e. All of the answer options are correct

a. An exoskeleton lies external to the body's soft tissues, whereas an endoskeleton lies internal to most of the body's soft tissues.

Which one of the following statements correctly describes features shared by simple multicellular eukaryotes? a. Cells adhere to one another; most of the cells are capable of a wide range of functions, including reproduction; and the loss of one or more cells usually does not lead to the death of the organism. b. Cells adhere to one another and engage in extensive communication with one another; most of the cells are capable of a wide range of functions, including reproduction; and the loss of one or more cells usually does not lead to the death of the organism. c. Cells adhere to one another and most of the cells are capable of a wide range of functions except the ability to reproduce, which means that the loss of certain cells usually leads to the death of the organism.

a. Cells adhere to one another; most of the cells are capable of a wide range of functions, including reproduction; and the loss of one or more cells usually does not lead to the death of the organism.

How can two cells of a complex multicellular organism have the same genome, but markedly different structures and functions? a. Different genes are expressed in different cells. b. Part of the process of differentiation of cells involves mutations in the genome. c. Once differentiation begins, the genome no longer controls cellular functions. d. During differentiation, as cells become specialized, they lose portions of their genome that are no longer needed.

a. Different genes are expressed in different cells.

CQ 6. A researcher wants to determine if a unicellular organism he discovered is an autotroph or a heterotroph. He radioactively labels the carbon in CO2 and C6H12O6, and exposes one culture of his organism to the labeled CO2 and another culture to the labeled C6H12O6. What would happen if his organism is an autotroph? a. Labeled carbon would be seen in the carbohydrates of CO2-exposed organisms. b. Labeled carbon would be seen in the carbohydrates of C6H12O6- exposed organisms. c. Labeled carbon would not be seen in the carbohydrates of either culture. d. Labeled carbon would be seen in carbohydrates of both cultures.

a. Labeled carbon would be seen in the carbohydrates of CO2-exposed organisms.

The protostomes are divided into two monophyletic groups, the d. Eumetazoa and Protozoa c. Chordata and Hemichordata b. Protostomia and Deuterostomia a. Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

a. Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

_____, such as sea squirts, share features of the chordate body plan primarily during early development, not during adulthood. a. Tunicates b. Echinoderms c. Chordates d. Cephalochordates

a. Tunicates

Why is flooding harmful to many plant species? d. Flooding impairs the function of symbiotic bacteria a. Water-logged soils have little O2. c. Flooding reduces pH. b. Water-logged soils have little CO2.

a. Water-logged soils have little O2.

Consider the characteristics of biomes. Would you expect more biomass in a trophic pyramid from the tropical rainforest compared to one from the taiga? d. No, because there are photosynthetic organisms in both biomes that support the trophic pyramids. a. Yes, because there is higher productivity at the equator than at the poles. b. Yes, because there is higher fungal diversity cycling carbon at the equator than at the poles. c. Yes, because there are higher numbers of predators at the equator than at the poles.

a. Yes, because there is higher productivity at the equator than at the poles.

What functions as the supportive component of the skeleton in an animal with a hydrostatic skeleton? a. a fluid-filled body cavity b. the circular muscles c. the longitudinal muscles d. the circular and longitudinal muscles e. the body wall

a. a fluid-filled body cavity

What are desirable characteristics for a gas exchange surface, such as the endothelial cells lining the inside of lung? a. a large surface area b. a small surface area c. a thickness of greater than 100 micrometers

a. a large surface area

Which one of the following would be classified as a vascular plant? a. a rosebush b. a portobello mushroom d. a green algal plant c. peat moss

a. a rosebush

What allows fertilization in seed plants to occur without male gametes being exposed to the external environment? (Select all correct answer options.) a. aerial transport of male gametophyte (pollination) b. development of a pollen tube c. growth of the female gametophyte within the tissues of the sporophyte d. double fertilization

a. aerial transport of male gametophyte (pollination) b. development of a pollen tube

An evolutionary advantage of the endoskeleton is that it (choose all correct answer options): a. allows growth of fairly large organisms b. protects vital internal organs c. provides a structure on which muscles can pull for an organism to move d. makes the process of reproduction more efficient

a. allows growth of fairly large organisms b. protects vital internal organs c. provides a structure on which muscles can pull for an organism to move

The Protosotomia include (select all that apply) e. chordates c. sea anemones a. annelid worms d. arthropods b mollusks

a. annelid worms d. arthropods b. mollusks

You decide to plant hibiscus flowers and surround them with mulch. For a couple of months the hibiscus grow well and when you weed the garden, you see hummingbirds in your backyard eating the nectar in the hibiscus flowers. You've never seen hummingbirds in your yard before. Their occurrence after you plant the hibiscus flowers illustrates that: a. communities are shaped by interactions among organisms. b. communities are shaped by the physical environment. c. communities are shaped by both interactions among organisms and the physical environment. d. None of the responses are correct.

a. communities are shaped by interactions among organisms.

Animals with bilateral symmetry typically have (select all that apply): a. distinct front (head) and back (tail) ends. b. specialized sensory organs clustered at the front, or head, end. d. specializations for rapid locomotion in all directions. c. specialized appendages along both sides for locomotion. e. complex behavior

a. distinct front (head) and back (tail) ends. b. specialized sensory organs clustered at the front, or head, end. c. specialized appendages along both sides for locomotion.

You decide to plant a garden in your backyard. You dig up a strip of grass in a sunny spot. When you have finished digging up the grass, but you haven't planted anything, you have created a/an ______________ in the lawn. c. Both responses are correct. b. new community d. None of the responses are correct. a. ecological disturbance

a. ecological disturbance

Animals that obtain most of their heat from the environment are (select all correct choices): c. more likely to use behavioral means to regulate body temperature than physiological means e. most active in the night in order to generate as much heat as possible d. unable to maintain a constant core body temperature b. cold-blooded a. ectotherms

a. ectotherms b. cold-blooded c. more likely to use behavioral means to regulate body temperature than physiological means d. unable to maintain a constant core body temperature

In cnidarians, the mouth of both the medusa and polyp form opens into an internal ____ where _____ digestion takes place. a. gastric cavity; extracellular e. none of these c. mesoglea; extracellular b. gastric cavity; intracellular d. mesoglea; intracellular

a. gastric cavity; extracellular

Many single-celled eukaryotic organisms have evolved complex life cycles that include sexual reproduction. This means that: a. genetic material from two haploid cells is combined. b. complex mating behavior likely evolved at the same time as sexual reproduction. c. diploid cells must undergo mitotic cell division in order to reproduce. d. haploid cells must undergo meiotic divisions to form gametes.

a. genetic material from two haploid cells is combined.

Birds are one of two groups of flying vertebrates (bats are the other). Their adaptations to flight include (select all that apply) a. hollow bones b. heavy jaws c. efficient kidneys that remove metabolic wastes more quickly than is the cases in other vertebrates d. well-developed ovaries

a. hollow bones

CQ 14. Characters that are similar because of descent from a common ancestor are: a. homologous b. analogous c. examples of convergent evolution d. synapomorphies

a. homologous

We typically think of phloem as transporting carbohydrates throughout vascular plants. What other substances can travel through the phloem? Select all correct choices. a. hormones d. ions b. RNA c. amino acids

a. hormones d. ions b. RNA c. amino acids

Both root hairs and mycorrhizae _________. (Select all correct answer options.) a. increase the surface area for nutrient uptake d. enhance the binding of the roots to the soil b. consume carbohydrates c. increase the volume of soil accessible to the plant

a. increase the surface area for nutrient uptake b. consume carbohydrates c. increase the volume of soil accessible to the plant

Suction feeding (select all correct choices): a. is the most generalized form of prey capture among fish d. can be used by some insects and young mammals b. involves the rapid expansion of the fish's oral cavity c. allows its users to be "sit and wait" predators

a. is the most generalized form of prey capture among fish d. can be used by some insects and young mammals b. involves the rapid expansion of the fish's oral cavity c. allows its users to be "sit and wait" predators

Green algae are most closely related to: a. land plants. b. brown algae. c. red algae. d. diatoms.

a. land plants.

For many mammals, egg laying is a characteristic that has been replaced by: a. live birth b. asexual reproduction c. sexual reproduction No answer text provided.

a. live birth

In what groups of vertebrates can you find internal fertilization? (Select all correct choices.) b. reptiles e. frogs c. birds d. fish a. mammals

a. mammals b. reptiles c. birds d. fish

Asexual reproduction is a form of cloning, because __________ is(are) not involved. a. meiosis b. mitosis c. stem cells d. sex

a. meiosis

Which of the following is not a characteristic exclusively found in animals? Select all that apply. a. multicellularity b. chitin c. collagen d. gastrula developmental stage

a. multicellularity b. chitin

Examine Figure 44.1 in your textbook. According to this phylogeny, which of the following correctly lists the sequence in which multicellularity, tissues, and bilateral symmetry arose, from the oldest character to the most recent character? a. multicellularity, tissues, bilateral symmetry b. multicellularity, bilateral symmetry, tissues c. tissues, bilateral symmetry, multicellularity d. tissues, multicellularity, bilateral symmetry e. That information cannot be determined from the phylogeny.

a. multicellularity, tissues, bilateral symmetry

Some species of ants "farm" aphids by protecting them from predators. In return, the ants feed on a sugar-rich liquid (called honeydew) secreted by the aphids. The ecological relationship between the ants and the aphids is: c. competition. a. mutualism. d. None of answers is correct. b. parasitism.

a. mutualism.

Sponges have ____ symmetry. a. no d. circular b. radial c. bilateral

a. no

You are working for a group that lobbies for conservation of chameleon (a type of lizard) diversity in tropical rainforests. You are asked to describe what type of land reserve you would like to have set aside for the long-term conservation of chameleons. For which of the following would you advocate? a. one large reserve because it will hold all the species of chameleons b. one large reserve because it will hold more insects that are food for chameleons d. several small reserves because chameleons are relatively small and do not need that much space c. several small disconnected reserves, the total area of which is greater than the reserve area described in answer a, because it will hold more species of chameleons

a. one large reserve because it will hold all the species of chameleons

The broadest level in a trophic pyramid is primarily composed of: a. primary producers. b. primary consumers. d. tertiary consumers. c. secondary consumers.

a. primary producers.

The advantages of the amniotic egg include (select all that apply) a. relatively long development times supported by a large yolk b. the ability to resist dessication in dry terrestrial habitats c. improved protection from predators d. improved ability to withstand wide temperature fluctuations e. the ability to withstand freezing

a. relatively long development times supported by a large yolk b. the ability to resist dessication in dry terrestrial habitats

Which of the following would be considered a carbohydrate sink in vascular plants? Select all correct choices. a. roots d. stems b. flowers c. mature leaves

a. roots d. stems b. flowers

Compared with sponges, cnidarians have a wider array of cell types permitting more sophisticated tissue functions. These functions include (select all that apply): a. secretion of digestive enzymes. c. the ability to sense the environment via a network of nerve cells. e. none of these b. muscle contraction/movement. d. the ability to communicate within the organism using hormones that pass through an extensive circulatory system.

a. secretion of digestive enzymes. b. muscle contraction/movement. c. the ability to sense the environment via a network of nerve cells.

In the life cycles of mosses and ferns, which of the following structures are diploid (2n)? Select all correct choices. a. sporophyte b. gametophyte d. sperm c. zygote e. eggs

a. sporophyte c. zygote

Which one of the following do scientists rely on to estimate when extinct, ancient eukaryotes were present on Earth? a. the fossilized remains of cell walls b. DNA and the fossilized remains of chloroplasts c. the fossilized remains of nuclear membranes and other organelles d. DNA and the fossilized remains of cell walls

a. the fossilized remains of cell walls

Many bryophytes have to tolerate desiccation because ___________. (Select all that apply.) c. they are restricted to sunny habitats a. they dry out with the environment d. they are restricted to saline habitats

a. they dry out with the environment

8) Which chordate features are correctly paired with what it becomes in vertebrates? 1. Notochord: Cranium 2. Pharyngeal Slits: Jaw 3. Neural Tube: Spinal Cord 4. Notochord: Vertebrae 5. Pharyngeal Slits: Gills Support 6. Neural Tube: Neck Bones a) 1,2,5,6 b) 2,3,4,5 c) 1,4,5,6 d) 2,4,5,6

b) 2,3,4,5

How do muscles produce the force that results in movement? a. By activating neurons b. By shortening c. By responding to hormones d. By elongating

b. By shortening

The phylogenetic groupings in the eukaryotic tree of life are based primarily on: a. whether the organisms in question are heterotrophic or autotrophic. b. DNA sequence data. c. whether the organisms are single-celled or multicellular organisms. d. physical characteristics shared among members of the different groups.

b. DNA sequence data.

Recall that the age structure histogram (for humans) of India is shaped like a pyramid (Figure 46.8). What does this tell you about India's population? b. It is growing. e. It is currently growing, but will decrease over the next few years. d. It is currently shrinking, but will increase over the next few years. c. It is relatively constant. a. It is shrinking.

b. It is growing.

CQ 2. Why is the fossil record not a complete catalogue of biological history? a. Fossilization destroys the structure of DNA. b. Not all organisms fossilize with equal probability. c. The process of fossilization often destroys anatomical features of the organisms being preserved. d. Fossils only preserve organisms for about 10 million years; older organisms are destroyed by geological processes. e. Only animals, not plants, are fossilized.

b. Not all organisms fossilize with equal probability.

CQ 3. The phylogeny shows (Look at the figure on Q3) a. orangutans and gorillas are more closely related than humans and gorillas. b. humans and gorillas are more closely related than orangutans and gorillas. c. the gorilla is the most recent common ancestor to bonobos, chimps and humans. d. the orangutan is the most recent common ancestor of all great apes.

b. humans and gorillas are more closely related than orangutans and gorillas.

In the heart of a reptile or amphibian, where would you expect to find oxygenated blood? Select all correct choices. a. Nowhere: oxygenated blood does not travel through the heart of these animals b. in the left atrium c. mixed with de-oxygenated blood in a common ventricle

b. in the left atrium c. mixed with de-oxygenated blood in a common ventricle

Which of the following are bryophytes? e. angiosperms, gymnosperms, and ferns/horsetails b. liverworts, hornworts, and mosses c. lycophytes, liverworts, and gymnosperms a. liverworts, ferns/horsetails, and gymnosperms d. mosses, hornworts, and lycophytes

b. liverworts, hornworts, and mosses

Which of the following organelles contain DNA? (Select all correct choices.) a. the ribosome b. mitochondria c. the nucleus d. chloroplasts

b. mitochondria c. the nucleus d. chloroplasts

The theory of island biogeography describes the number of species on an island as being determined by an equilibrium between the processes of immigration and extinction. Consider a small, far-offshore island and a large, near-shore island. Which island is expected to have a higher equilibrium number of species? c. The equilibrium number of species is expected to be the same. a. far off-shore, small island b. near-shore, large island

b. near-shore, large island

Which of the following is(are) used by flowers to attract pollinators? (Select all correct answer options.) a. burrs b. odors c. nectar d. fruit

b. odors c. nectar

We typically think of bacteria as inhabiting human intestines. In (or on) what other locations of a healthy human body would you expect to find bacteria? (Select all that apply.) b. on the skin d. on the hair c. in the nose a. in the mouth

b. on the skin d. on the hair c. in the nose a. in the mouth

Examine Figure 44.29 in your text. According to this phylogeny, the group marked "Bony fish" is a. monophyletic b. paraphyletic c. polyphyletic d. diphyletic e. none of these

b. paraphyletic

Which of the following are cartilaginous fish? a. lampreys and lungfish b. sharks and rays c. caecilians and coelecanths d. hagfish and lungfish

b. sharks and rays

Choose the direction in which phloem can transport materials. d. source to source b. source to sink a. sink to source c. sink to sink

b. source to sink

Which of the following is a component of the spore―or zygote―wall (in mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms) and helps prevent the desiccation of these structures? e. sporangia b. sporopollenin d. peptidoglycan a. sporangium c. chitin

b. sporopollenin

The fossil record shows life originated on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago and was comprised entirely of microorganisms. What sort(s) of fossils have been discovered by paleontologists and provide the strongest evidence of this conclusion? c. isotopic analysis of carbon in sedimentary rocks a. bacterial microfossils d. fossil fuels (crude oil, coal) b. stromatolites

b. stromatolites

CQ 1. In a phylogenetic tree, a node or branching point represents a. the species in the fossil record from which the descendent species diverged b. the common ancestor from which the descendent species diverged c. one of the descendent species in the phylogeny d. The ancestral species from which ALL species in the phylogeny arose e. A node can be any of these, depending on the nature of the phylogenetic tree

b. the common ancestor from which the descendent species diverged

Comparative embryology helped clarify the relationships among major groups of animals. Bilaterians, for example, are (select all that apply) b. triploblastic c. coelomate e. protostomes a. diploblastic d. acoelomate

b. triploblastic

Correctly match each group of mollusks with the description below. Select all that apply True of gastropods only: b. aquatic species have gills c. are able to learn visual patterns and solve puzzles e. have muscular tentacles for capture of prey and sensing environment that are located on the head d. most of the 80,000 described species of mollusks fall into this one group a. snails and slugs

d. most of the 80,000 described species of mollusks fall into this one group a. snails and slugs

Before the evolution of complex nervous systems, animals with very simple nervous systems could engage in the following behaviors, except: a. finding a mate b. obtaining food c. choosing a suitable habitat d. regulating internal body functions e. sensing chemical cues in the environment

d. regulating internal body functions

Water transport in xylem depends on ____________. (Select all correct answer options.) d. solar energy b. turgor pressure accumulating in the roots a. hydrogen bonding between H2O molecules c. osmosis across the vessel plasma membranes

d. solar energy a. hydrogen bonding between H2O molecules

What is a muscle fiber? f. A group of muscle cells that make up the same muscle group h. The connective tissue outer covering of a muscle g. The myosin that makes up the contractile unit of a muscle cell e. A single cell of a muscle

e. A single cell of a muscle

CQ 15. Mass extinctions: a. represent loss of many species in a short time b. allow surviving species to proliferate c. can be predicted from fossil records d. can lead to adaptive radiation e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Which of the following signals is not a signal that may cause a change in gene expression in complex multicellular organisms? a. oxygen levels b. nutrients in the environment c. temperature d. hormones e. All of the choices influence gene expression in complex multicellular organisms.

e. All of the choices influence gene expression in complex multicellular organisms.

CQ 17. Which taxon of eukaryotic organisms is thought to be directly ancestral to the plant kingdom? a. choanoflagellates b. ciliates c. fungi d. apicomplexans e. green algae

e. green algae

Correctly match each group of mollusks with the description below. Select all that apply True of cephalopods only: e. have muscular tentacles for capture of prey and sensing environment that are located on the head c. are able to learn visual patterns and solve puzzles d. most of the 80,000 described species of mollusks fall into this one group b. aquatic species have gills a. snails and slugs

e. have muscular tentacles for capture of prey and sensing environment that are located on the head c. are able to learn visual patterns and solve puzzles

1.) You discover a new organism, a multicellular eukaryote that is heterotrophic. This organism is best classified as a) bacteria. b) a protist. c) fungi. d) an animal. e) a plant. f) more than one answer choice is correct.

f) more than one answer choice is correct. (b, c, d)

CQ 19. What is one possible mechanism for the immense diversity observed in complex multicellular organisms? a. mutations in regulatory genes b. mutations in essential genes c. interactions with the environment d. a lack of cell walls e. A and B are correct. f. A and C are correct.

f. A and C are correct.

CQ 16. Organisms belonging to the Bacteria branch of the Tree of Life can demonstrate which of the following processes? a. anoxygenic photosynthesis b. oxygenic photosynthesis c. anaerobic respiration d. aerobic respiration e. B and D f. A, B, C, and D

f. A, B, C, and D

Populations are....

many individuals from one species living in the same geographic area

Recall that the muscles of marine mammals contain a great deal of ______________ . Oxygen binds to the one heme site in this molecule, and can be "stored" in muscles until it is required by cells during a dive.

myoglobin

Genetic Drift: Founder Effect

the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population

Natural selection: IMPORTANT POINTS

§ Natural selection occurs through interactions between individual organisms and their environment. *Individuals do not evolve, the population evolves over time* § Natural selection can amplify or diminish only existing heritable traits § Natural selection is always operating, but which traits are favored depends on the environmental context *A trait that is favorable in one place may be useless or detrimental in other places or times*

7) What was the function of pharyngeal slits early in chordate history? a) Respiratory surface (gills) b) Jaw support c) Filter Feeding d) Part of the jaw e) Teeth

c) Filter Feeding

CQ 13. Which of the following statements about bulk transport is FALSE? a. Bulk transport involves the active transport of molecules throughout an organism's body. b. Bulk transport allows for materials to be moved over greater distances than is possible with diffusion. c. Bulk transport is found in simple multicellular organisms, but not unicellular organisms. d. Bulk transport moves materials at faster rates than is possible with diffusion. e. Bulk transport allows for animals and plants to grow very large.

c. Bulk transport is found in simple multicellular organisms, but not unicellular organisms.

CQ 12. Which of the following is NOT a general requirement for complex multicellular life? a. Cells must stick together. b. Cells must communicate with one another. c. Cells must retain a full range of functions, including reproduction. d. Cells must participate in a network of genetic interactions that regulate cell division. e. All of these options are requirements for complex multicellular life.

c. Cells must retain a full range of functions, including reproduction.

CQ 10. Chloroplasts have outer and an inner membranes that separate the stroma and thylakoids from the cytoplasm. What is believed to be the origin of the outer membrane of the chloroplast? a. It is the remnant of the cell wall of the cyanobacteria b. It is the remnant of the plasma membrane of the cyanobacteria c. It is the remnant of the ancient host cell's plasma membrane following endocytosis of the cyanobacteria. d. It is an adaptation of the symbiotic cyanobacteria to protect it from fusing with lysosomes present in the cytoplasm of the ancient "host" cell.

c. It is the remnant of the ancient host cell's plasma membrane following endocytosis of the cyanobacteria.

In the heart of a fish, where would you expect to find oxygenated blood? Choose all that apply. a. in the ventricle b. in the single atrium c. Nowhere; oxygenated blood does not pass through a fish's heart

c. Nowhere; oxygenated blood does not pass through a fish's heart

CQ 9. Dogs and cats belong to the superkingdom _____ whereas wheats and corns belong to the superkingdom _______ . a. Opisthokonta; Alveolata b. Amoebozoa; Archaeplastida c. Opisthokonta; Archaeplastida d. Amoebozoa; Stramenopila

c. Opisthokonta; Archaeplastida

Which of the following methods can plants use to acquire immobile nutrients (e.g., zinc) or nutrients not in readily accessible forms (i.e., the nitrogen in N2)? Select all correct choices. c. Plants can form symbiotic relationships with fungi. a. Plants can introduce acid-like compounds into the soil. b. Plants can form symbiotic relationships with bacteria.

c. Plants can form symbiotic relationships with fungi. a. Plants can introduce acid-like compounds into the soil. b. Plants can form symbiotic relationships with bacteria.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the pollen of gymnosperms and angiosperms? Select all correct choices. b. A single angiosperm produces more pollen than a single gymnosperm. c. Pollen from both types of plant form pollen tubes that factor in fertilization. a. Pollen grains from both of these plants consist of four cells. d. Pollen from both types of plants contain (or will form) haploid (1n) male gametes.

c. Pollen from both types of plant form pollen tubes that factor in fertilization. d. Pollen from both types of plants contain (or will form) haploid (1n) male gametes.

CQ 11. Secondary endosymbiosis refers to the process of engulfing and subsequent symbiosis of a non-photosynthetic eukaryote (e.g. Rhizarian) and __________. a. Cyanobacteria b. Archaea c. Red or green algae d. Chloroplasts

c. Red or green algae

Both gymnosperms and angiosperms form seeds, which can travel over long distances (either via wind or water). Which of the following are benefits of seed production and dispersal? Select all correct choices. c. Seeds can introduce offspring into nutrient-rich environments. b. Seeds can introduce offspring into pathogen-free environments. a. Seeds can introduce offspring into environments with ample light.

c. Seeds can introduce offspring into nutrient-rich environments. b. Seeds can introduce offspring into pathogen-free environments. a. Seeds can introduce offspring into environments with ample light.

Which of the following is true of gap junctions? a. They are channels in the plasma membrane of plant cells made of transmembrane proteins that allow ions and small molecules to pass between adjacent cells. b. They are holes in the cell wall through which the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells are connected. c. They are channels in the plasma membrane of animal cells made of transmembrane proteins that allow ions and small molecules to pass between adjacent cells. d. They provide points of structural support between adjacent plant cells. e. They provide points of structural support between adjacent animal cells.

c. They are channels in the plasma membrane of animal cells made of transmembrane proteins that allow ions and small molecules to pass between adjacent cells.

Chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from cyanobacteria. Which of the following observations support this hypothesis? (Select all correct choices.) a. They both have cell walls. b. They both have the capability of movement through flagella. c. They both have small circular DNA genomes. d. They both have similar internal membranes that organize the light reactions of photosynthesis.

c. They both have small circular DNA genomes. d. They both have similar internal membranes that organize the light reactions of photosynthesis.

CQ 7. You isolated a species of heterotrophic bacteria within the highlighted layer of microbial mat. What kind of metabolism would you expect the bacteria to carry out? (look at figure on Q7) a. anoxygenic photosynthesis b. oxygenic photosynthesis c. anaerobic respiration d. aerobic respiration e. A and C

c. anaerobic respiration

Which of the following organisms can function as chemoautotrophs? (Select all that apply.) c. archaeons b. bacteria a. eukaryotes

c. archaeons b. bacteria

The human body has about 10 bacterial cells for every eukaryotic cell. Bacteria coat our skin, gut, and mouth. Also present are protists, Archaeans, and viruses. Collectively, these organisms are our microbiota. For most members of our microbiota, our body provides their environment (or space to live). They, in turn, have no effect on us. This is an example of _______________. d. predation c. commensalism a. mutualism b. an antagonistic relationship

c. commensalism

Some species of ants "farm" aphids by protecting them from predators. In return, the ants feed on a sugar-rich liquid (called honeydew) secreted by the aphids. Populations of aphids and ants can be found in tree canopies. You conduct experiments on these populations by taking one of the trees in the canopy and removing all of the ants. If the ants and aphids are in a mutualistic relationship that strongly benefits them both, you expect the aphid population will _____________ in response to the lack of ants. d. change species composition e. change in demographics (age distribution) c. decrease in size a. increase in size b. stay the same size

c. decrease in size

Archaea have been shown to inhabit which of the following environments? (Select all that apply.) c. environments with a high salinity a. environments with a pH of 1 or below b. environments with a temperature of 100°C d. environments with a low oxygen concentration

c. environments with a high salinity a. environments with a pH of 1 or below b. environments with a temperature of 100°C d. environments with a low oxygen concentration

The male gametes (sperm) from which of the following plants require water to travel and fertilize nearby eggs? Select all correct choices. a. gymnosperms e. angiosperms c. ferns d. mosses b. hornworts

c. ferns d. mosses b. hornworts

In vertebrates, external fertilization (select all correct choices): a. is a common among mammals b. cannot occur in marine (salt water) conditions c. is found in some fish and amphibians d. involves releasing gametes directly into a wet environment e. is a form of asexual reproduction

c. is found in some fish and amphibians d. involves releasing gametes directly into a wet environment

You sample the solid waste of three infants from three different families each week for 24 weeks. You find that the population of bacteria in the gut is dominated by one species for the first 12 weeks, and then shifts to another species. This shift in the biological composition of a community over time is called: c. succession. b. mutualism. d. ecology. a. competition.

c. succession.

The major defining characteristics of all arthropods are (select all that apply) c. their complex mouthparts b. the chitin that forms their exoskeletons a. their jointed legs d. gastrulation e. metamorphosis

c. their complex mouthparts b. the chitin that forms their exoskeletons a. their jointed legs

Which of the following things result from symbiotic relationships between bacteria and eukaryotes? a. bioluminescence in the bobtail squid b. cellulose breakdown in the human gut c. vitamin production in the human gut d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

Egg laying is a character unique to which groups of animals and their ancestors? a. birds b. mammals c. reptiles d. All of the answer options are correct

d. All of the answer options are correct

A cytoskeleton enables eukaryotic cells to: a. change shape. b. engulf other cells. c. move. d. All of these choices are correct.

d. All of these choices are correct.

Why are eukaryotic organisms so much more diverse than prokaryotic organisms? a. Their genomes are larger than those of prokaryotes. b. They reproduce sexually. c. They compartmentalize energy metabolism. d. All of these choices are correct.

d. All of these choices are correct.

There are two competing theories put forth to explain the origin of eukaryotic cells. Which of the following correctly states one of these theories? a. Ancient eukaryotic cells resembled archaeal cells and these ancient cells acquired symbiotic cyanobacteria that eventually took up permanent residence to become chloroplasts. b. Two types of prokaryotic cells, one of which was photosynthetic, fused to become the first ancient eukaryotic cell. c. A symbiotic relationship between a cyanobacteria and an archaeon created the first ancient eukaryotic cell. d. Ancient eukaryotic cells resembled archaeal cells and these ancient cells acquired symbiotic bacteria that eventually took up permanent residence to become mitochondria.

d. Ancient eukaryotic cells resembled archaeal cells and these ancient cells acquired symbiotic bacteria that eventually took up permanent residence to become mitochondria.

What do all bilaterians have in common? a. symmetrical right and left sides b. a distinct back and front end c. a brain instead of a ganglia d. Both a and b are correct e. A, B, and C are all correct

d. Both a and b are correct

We breathe more quickly and deeply when we exercise. Why does this make sense? a. Because when we exercise, we use more ATP, and additional O2 is necessary to generate sufficient ATP b. Because when we exercise, we hydrolyze more ATP to ADP and Pi, and O2 is necessary for the hydrolysis, so we increase our intake of oxygen c. Because when we exercise, we produce more CO2 ¬ and increased ventilation is necessary to rid ourselves of CO2 d. Both a and c are correct e. A, B, and C are correct

d. Both a and c are correct

_________________ is a type of horizontal gene transfer during which genetic information is transferred from one bacterium to another via a pilus. c. Transferation a. Transduction b. Transformation e. Conduction d. Conjugation

d. Conjugation

_______________ effectively limits how large a bacterium can grow. The bigger the bacterial cell, the less likely that nutrients can reach the cell's interior. a. Conjugation c. Transduction b. Differentiation d. Diffusion

d. Diffusion

A researcher discovers a new, single-celled bacterium very similar to Thiomargarita namibiensis. At first he is confused because this organism is quite large compared to other bacteria. He also knows that because of diffusion, most bacterial cells don't exceed 1µm in size. What might the researcher notice about the internal structure of his new bacterium? (Select all that apply.) a. It contains several membrane-bound organelles, facilitating the diffusion of molecules. b. It contains several large histones, facilitating the diffusion of molecules. c. It is completely filled by cytoplasm, limiting the distance molecules need to diffuse. d. It contains a large vacuole, limiting the distance molecules need to diffuse

d. It contains a large vacuole, limiting the distance molecules need to diffuse

Which of the following statements is true regarding the movement of water through the xylem of vascular plants? Select all correct choices. d. It travels through vessel elements. a. It is not uni-directional (e.g., can be transported both toward the leaves and roots). b. It depends on differences in turgor pressure. c. It may be the result of capillary action.

d. It travels through vessel elements. c. It may be the result of capillary action.

In the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California there are many populations of the checkerspot butterfly Euphydryas editha. You notice that females of one population lay their eggs near the tip of a plant's stem (population A). Females of another population in the same area lay their eggs at the base of the stem on a different type of plant (population B). The young hatch out as caterpillars; they live on the host plant and eat its leaves. Is the information above a complete description of the butterflies' niche? c. Yes, because eggs, young, and adults are described above. d. No, because a complete niche includes physical and biological factors. b. Yes, because both eggs and adults are described above. a. Yes, because I know the butterflies live in the Sierra Nevada.

d. No, because a complete niche includes physical and biological factors.

The pollen of seed-bearing plants and the spores of seedless vascular plants are both transported by air. How do these structures differ? (Select all correct answer options.) d. Spores are unicellular, whereas pollen grains are multicellular. c. Spores are produced by the sporophyte stage of the lifecycle, whereas pollen is produced by the gametophyte stage of the lifecycle. a. Spores are diploid, whereas pollen is haploid. b. Pollen is specialized for transporting the male gametes for fertilization, whereas spores are specialized for dispersal.

d. Spores are unicellular, whereas pollen grains are multicellular. b. Pollen is specialized for transporting the male gametes for fertilization, whereas spores are specialized for dispersal.

Rattlesnakes contract their tail shaker muscles at frequencies up to 90 Hertz (90 times a second) to create their rattling sound. You compare the contraction frequency of rattlesnake tail muscles at 20oC and 35oC. Do you expect to see an effect of temperature on contraction frequency in this experiment? Why or why not? a. No, because protein structure is not affected by temperature b. No, because neither of these temperatures are seen in the natural environment of a rattlesnake c. Maybe, it would depend on whether the snakes are male or female d. Yes, because muscle contraction is an enzymatic process, and thus will be temperature-dependent e. Yes, because all biological structures show changes when the temperature changes from 20C to 35C

d. Yes, because muscle contraction is an enzymatic process, and thus will be temperature-dependent

Organisms belonging to the Bacteria branch of the Tree of Life can demonstrate which of the following processes? (Select all that apply.) d. aerobic respiration c. anaerobic respiration e. fermentation a. anoxygenic photosynthesis b. oxygenic photosynthesis

d. aerobic respiration c. anaerobic respiration e. fermentation a. anoxygenic photosynthesis b. oxygenic photosynthesis

Photosynthetic protists are informally referred to as: a. protozoa. b. fungi. c. plants. d. algae.

d. algae.

As populations approach carrying capacity, crowding can affect: c. death rates by increasing the transmission of pathogens and parasites. b. death rates through resource limitation. a. birth rates through resource limitation. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Insects are likely so successful because of which adaptations that allow them to live in a wide range of habitats? c. metamorphosis b. wings d. all of the above. a. desiccation-resistant eggs

d. all of the above.

The amniotic egg was a key adaptation allowing vertebrates to make the transition to life on land where diffusion to/from a watery environment could not allow a developing embryo to meet its metabolic needs. Its three membranes are the _____, which surrounds the embryo in a watery sac; the _____, which sequesters metabolic waste away from the developing embryo; and the _____, which surrounds the embryo and other sacs. a. amnion; chorion; allantois b. chorion; amnion; allantois c. chorion; allantois; amnion d. amnion; allantois; chorion e. allantois; chorion; amnion

d. amnion; allantois; chorion

The Ecdysozoa include (select all that apply) d. arthropods c. sea anemones a. annelid worms e. vertebrates b. mollusks

d. arthropods

CQ 5. Complex tool use, spoken language, and complex foraging strategies were all important hallmarks of human evolution. Current thinking is that each of these was a consequence of: a. increasing body size and release from predation. b. increasing brain size and the development of culture. c. sexual selection. d. bipedalism and freeing the hands from locomotion. e. None of the above

d. bipedalism and freeing the hands from locomotion.

Which of the following is/are a habitat island? a. a freshwater pond in a meadow b. a black basalt lava flow in the middle of the desert c. an individual cluster of pines in the middle of a pine forest d. both a and b

d. both a and b

Which of the following are adhesion proteins that are present in both choanoflagellates and animals? a. hemoglobins b. pectins c. actins d. cadherins

d. cadherins

The acquisition of traits necessary for complex multicellularity occurred independently in plants and animals, but took place in a specific order. In what order did these processes evolve? a. a mechanism of communication, bulk transport capability, cell adhesion molecules b. bulk transport capability, a mechanism of communication, cell adhesion molecules c. a mechanism of communication, cell adhesion molecules, bulk transport capability d. cell adhesion molecules, a mechanism of communication, bulk transport capability

d. cell adhesion molecules, a mechanism of communication, bulk transport capability

CQ 18. The evolution of multicellularity in plants and animals is most likely an example of a. homology b. allopatric speciation c. vestigial structures d. convergent evolution e. artificial selection

d. convergent evolution

Sponge cells capture nutrients in the form of _____ by the process of _____. c. macromolecules; endocytosis b. food particles; diffusion and active transport e. micromolecules; diffusion and active transport d. food particles; endocytosis a. macromolecules; diffusion and active transport

d. food particles; endocytosis

What allowed multicellular eukaryotic cells to generate multiple, interacting cell types during development? a. membrane systems b. the ability to perform photosynthesis c. a dynamic cytoskeleton d. gene regulation

d. gene regulation

Crustaceans: c. include animals such as spiders and scorpions. d. have a hard external skeleton composed of a polysaccharide commonly known as chitin. b. include animals such as the nautilus and squid. a. have radial body symmetry.

d. have a hard external skeleton composed of a polysaccharide commonly known as chitin.

CQ 4. One reason we see relatively little genetic variation among human regional populations is that: a. extensive migration among human populations has homogenized gene pools. b. extensive convergent evolution has homogenized gene pools. c. genetic drift has reduced variation in most regional populations over time. d. humans migrated out of Africa so recently that we haven't had enough time for regional variation to accumulate. e. None of the answer options is correct.

d. humans migrated out of Africa so recently that we haven't had enough time for regional variation to accumulate.

Q 13: The collapse of the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant as a result of a tsunami in 2011 resulted in the accumulation of many abnormalities in organisms that were exposed to massive levels of radiation. One species, the pale grass blue butterfly, Zizeeria maha, has been studied extensively in order to understand the after-effects of this accident. One particular change in the F2 generation offspring (the 'grandchildren' of the exposed individuals) is a reduced forewing size. a. Give two reasons for why this accident is a hotbed for studying evolution.

1.) there are new alleles 2.) learning about how radiation affects mutation rate

A population of tree frogs that live in Costa Rica's cloud forest can be either red or green in color. Red color is recessive ('gg') Green color is dominant ('GG' or 'Gg') The red frogs are found primarily in a red leaf portion of the forest, while the green frogs are found primarily in green leaf regions. These populations can mate and produce viable offspring. If several green tree frogs were to mate with red tree frogs and produce offspring in the red leaf forest The short-term fitness of the red tree frog population will _______________ A. Increase B. Decrease

B. Decrease Explanation: the green frogs will be easy to see on the red leaves so the fitness will decrease; however, the reproductive success of the red frogs is low since they are matting with dominant alleles

Q2. Treatment of a bedbug population with the pesticide Bedbug Bully resulted in a population resistant to the treatment. This can be explained because the presence of the pesticide created resistant individuals. A. TRUE B. FALSE

B. FALSE

Q4. The giant sequoia, the third-longest lived tree species and among the largest as well, is more advanced than O. viride, a moss species about the size of 10 pennies that lives on tree trunks and rocks A. TRUE B. FALSE

B. FALSE

Treatment of a bedbug population with the pesticide Bedbug Bully resulted in a population resistant to the treatment. This can be explained because the presence of the pesticide created resistant individuals. A. TRUE B. FALSE

B. FALSE Explanation: the mutation had to already exist and the pesticides caused the resistance mutation to be selected for

According to the molecular clock data shown below, which gene sequence is most highly conserved? A. Fibronectin B. Hemoglobin

B. Hemoglobin

With few exceptions, we can't use observable traits to measure genetic variation in populations because: A. we can't identify enough observable traits to be useful, even if they could be measured. B. Many traits are encoded by large numbers of genes, and observable traits are products of the environment as well as the genome. C. many traits are encoded by large numbers of genes. D. observable traits don't vary enough among individuals to measure. E. observable traits are products of the environment as well as the genome.

B. Many traits are encoded by large numbers of genes, and observable traits are products of the environment as well as the genome.

The largest mass extinction occurred at the end of the: A. Triassic B. Permian C. Cretaceous D. Devonian E. Ordovician

B. Permian

4) Which type of muscle fiber would you expect to be darker than the other? Slow or fast twitch? Why?

Slow twitch is darker because of myoglobin because myoglobin carries iron which carries oxygen. The Slow twitch muscle fibers also rely on oxidative phosphorylation.

Match each of the following terms with the appropriate description. The descriptions may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Sporophyte Gametophyte Spore Sperm Egg Zygote A. Multicellular haploid B. Unicellular haploid C. Multicellular diploid D. Unicellular diploid

Sporophyte = C. Multicellular diploid Gametophyte = A. Multicellular haploid Spore = B. Unicellular haploid Sperm = B. Unicellular haploid Egg = B. Unicellular haploid Zygote = D. Unicellular diploid

Sponges move huge volumes of water through their bodies every day. Although this serves the function of filter feeding for the organism, how might this activity also provide an "ecosystem" service (something that affects and/or benefits other organisms in their environment)? c. They produce large numbers of gametes that will become food for other sponges. b. They create small currents in their microenvironment that help to circulate and clean water locally for other organisms. a. They can filter small poisonous fish out of the water that may harm other organisms. d. Their body chambers serve as places where smaller organisms can live and be protected from certain predators.

b. They create small currents in their microenvironment that help to circulate and clean water locally for other organisms.

Why are young leaves that are still in the bud considered "sinks" for phloem transport? b. They do not undergo photosynthesis. a. They produce carbohydrates through photosynthesis. c. They do not have developed sieve tubes. d. The sucrose concentration is too high.

b. They do not undergo photosynthesis.

Vertebrates are distinguished from other chordates by (select all that apply): a. a jointed internal skeleton b. a bony cranium c. a jaw in all members of the group d. paired appendages in all members of the group e. a post-anal tail

b. a bony cranium a. a jointed internal skeleton

Chordates all possess which of the following, at least during embryological development? Select all that apply. e. jaws a. a notochord c. a post-anal tail d. a bony skeleton b. a dorsal nerve cord

b. a dorsal nerve cord a. a notochord c. a post-anal tail

All echinoderms (sea stars and sea urchins) have: c. a cardiovascular circulatory system and five-fold symmetry. a. a cardiovascular circulatory system and bilateral symmetry. b. a water vascular system and five-fold symmetry.

b. a water vascular system and five-fold symmetry.

Animals that produce most of their own heat as by-products of metabolism are (select all correct choices): a. endotherms b. active over a broad range of external temperatures c. unable to carry out fermentation in anaerobic conditions d. most active in the heat of the daytime

b. active over a broad range of external temperatures a. endotherms

Which of the following is NOT a specialized function of one or more regions of the digestive tract? a. food storage b. aerobic metabolism c. chemical breakdown d. absorption of nutrients e. elimination of waste products

b. aerobic metabolism

A population can increase in size as a result of which of the following processes? a. an increase in emigration and death rate d. a decrease in emigration and a decrease in immigration c. an increase in birth rate and death rate b. an increase in immigration and birth rate

b. an increase in immigration and birth rate

Correctly match each group of mollusks with the description below. Select all that apply True of both gastropods and cephalopods: a. snails and slugs b. aquatic species have gills e. have muscular tentacles for capture of prey and sensing environment that are located on the head c. are able to learn visual patterns and solve puzzles d. most of the 80,000 described species of mollusks fall into this one group

b. aquatic species have gills

Based on the energy and carbon sources of humans, how would humans be classified? d. as photoautotrophs a. as chemoautotrophs c. as photoheterotrophs b. as chemoheterotrophs

b. as chemoheterotrophs

Which of the following animals can serve as pollinators for different angiosperms? Select all correct choices. b. bees a. birds d. bats e. moths c. butterflies

b. bees a. birds d. bats e. moths c. butterflies

Which of the following would be considered density-independent factors that could affect the growth of a population? c. parasitism b. droughts a. predation d. resources e. disease

b. droughts

CQ 8. Protists are alike in that all are a. unicellular. b. eukaryotic. c. symbionts. d. monophyletic. e. autotrophic.

b. eukaryotic.

Unlike humans, trees transport water without ______________. (Select all that apply.) b. expending metabolic energy c. sunlight a. moving parts d. evaporation

b. expending metabolic energy a. moving parts

In angiosperms, a ________________ is contained in the anthers or ovaries, and the ____________ consists of the rest of the plant. b. gametophyte; sporophyte c. sporophyte; gametophyte a. sporophyte; bryophyte d. bryophyte; sporophyte

b. gametophyte; sporophyte

"The ability to maintain a steady physiological state in the face of changing environment" is the definition of: a. parasympathetic division b. homeostasis c. knee-jerk reflex d. somatic response

b. homeostasis

Which one of the following is believed to be the major event that led to the appearance of diverse, complex multicellular organisms on Earth? a. the appearance of animals b. the appearance of cell communication c. the appearance of diverse aquatic algae d. the increase in atmospheric oxygen

d. the increase in atmospheric oxygen

An avid naturalist diver has decided to vacation on a remote island, possibly never visited by a human before, with a rocky intertidal zone. While out exploring he comes across an animal that has bilateral symmetry. He considers what he knows of the simple phylogeny of animals. He would like to place this species into the group Bilateria. What one other characteristic would lend support to his placing this organism in the group Bilateria? a. the presence of collagen in its tissues b. the presence of an oral cavity c. the presence of digestive tissues d. the presence of three different tissue layers

d. the presence of three different tissue layers