BIO 111 CHAPTER 14
BioFlix Activity: Gas Exchange -- Carbon Dioxide Transport: In this activity, you will follow carbon dioxide on its path out of the body. To review how carbon dioxide is transported in the body, watch this BioFlix animation: Gas Exchange: Transporting Carbon Dioxide.
1. Carbon dioxide is released from mitochondria 2. Carbon dioxide diffuses into a capillary 3. Carbon dioxide Is carried to the lungs 4. Carbon dioxide diffuses into a alveolus 5. Air exits through the nose or mouth
Giovanni is resting peacefully after a long day of hard work. Assuming he is otherwise healthy, what would be the volume of his ventilations?
500 ml
When you inhale, __________. See Section 14.2 (Page 275)
8. wrong - your rib muscles pull your ribcage and lungs inward
What is true about voice production?
A husky voice can be due to laryngitis.
(plural, alveoli) A thin-walled rounded chamber. In the lungs, the alveoli are the surfaces for gas exchange. They form clusters at the end of each bronchiole that are surrounded by a vast network of capillaries. The alveoli greatly increase the surface area for gas exchange.
Alveolus
(singular, bronchus) The respiratory passageways between the trachea and the bronchioles that conduct air into the lungs
Bronchi
The term given to the air tubules in the respiratory system because their repeated branching resembles the branches of a tree.
Bronchial tree
A series of small tubules branching from the smallest bronchi inside each lung.
Bronchioles
The compound formed when carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin
Carbaminohemoglobin
Which statement is true about external respiration?
Carbon dioxide diffuses from plasma to alveoli.
An enzyme in the red blood cells that catalyzes the conversion of unbound carbon dioxide to carbonic acid.
Carbonic anhydrase
A broad sheet of muscle that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. When the diaphragm contracts, inhalation occurs
Diaphragm
A part of the larynx that forms a movable lid of cartilage covering the opening into the trachea (the glottis).
Epiglottis
What connects the throat with the middle ear so that air pressure can be equalized on the eardrum?
Eustachian tubes
The process by which air is moved out of the respiratory system into the atmosphere. It is also called exhalation
Expiration
The additional volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from the lungs after normal exhalation
Expiratory reserve volume
he opening to the airways of the respiratory system from the pharynx into the larynx.
Glottis
A procedure intended to force a large burst of air out of the lungs to dislodge material lodged in the trachea.
Heimlich maneuver
Inhalation. The movement of air into the respiratory system
Inspiration
The volume of air that can be forcefully brought into the lungs after normal inhalation.
Inspiratory reserve volume
The layers of muscles between the ribs that raise and lower the rib cage during breathing
Intercostal muscles
The voice box or Adam's apple. A boxlike cartilaginous structure between the pharynx and the trachea held together by muscles and elastic tissue
Larynx
The organ(s) of the respiratory system that contain alveoli are ________.
Lungs
Two chambers in the nose, separated by the septum.
Nasal cavities
As a molecule of oxygen enters the body and is delivered to the cells, it passes through many structures. Which sequence shows the correct pathway?
Nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus.
What is the reason why we must breathe oxygen?
Oxygen allows us to get more energy (in the form of ATP) out of the food molecules we break down for energy.
Hemoglobin bound to oxygen.
Oxyhemoglobin
The space shared by the respiratory and digestive systems that is commonly called the throat. The pharynx is a passageway for air, food, and liquid.
Pharynx
The amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
Residual volume
The organ system that carries out gas exchange. The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Respiratory system
Large, air-filled spaces in the bones of the face.
Sinuses
Phospholipid molecules coating the alveolar surfaces that prevent the alveoli from collapsing
Surfactant
A child cannot produce enough surfactant. What is most likely going to happen?
The child will have respiratory distress syndrome.
What is likely to happen if a person has an inflamed epiglottis?
The person will not be able to breathe.
What is true about inhalation?
The rib cage moves upward, and the pressure in the lungs drops.
Choose the correct statement.
The temperature and humidity of the air are adjusted as the air flows through the nasal cavities.
What would happen if the trachea did not have cartilaginous rings?
The trachea would collapse.
When a person is exercising, CO2 builds up in the blood. What effect would this have on external respiration?
There would be increased diffusion of CO2 out of the blood and into the lungs and increased ventilation to move it out of the body.
During exercise, O2 is depleted in muscle tissue. What effect would this have on internal respiration?
There would be increased diffusion of O2 out of the blood and into the muscle tissue.
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath.
Tidal volume
The total volume of air contained in the lungs after the deepest possible breath. It is calculated by adding the residual volume to the vital capacity.
Total lung capacity
The tube that conducts air into the thoracic cavity toward the lungs. The trachea is reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage to prevent it from collapsing during inhalation and exhalation.
Trachea
The maximal amount of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during forceful breathing.
Vital capacity
Folds of tissue in the larynx that vibrate when air passes through them, producing sound
Vocal cords
Which of the following is the best definition for carbon dioxide in the context of the respiratory system?
a waste product of cellular respiration
BioFlix Activity: Gas Exchange -- Inhaling and Exhaling
a. inhalation b.exhalation c. rib muscles contract d. air enters body e. air leaves body f. rib muscles relax g. diaphragm contracts (moves down) h. diaphragm relaxes (moves up)
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the blood in which area(s) below?
alveoli
What is the first structure to receive carbon dioxide from the blood during exhalation? See Section 14.2 (Page 275)
alveolus
What is the main way that oxygen travels in the blood?
bound to hemoglobin
Asthma is a problem with the _______.
bronchioles
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchi is called __________.
bronchitis
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes what reaction?
carbon dioxide and water to produce carbonic acid
Aortic bodies are a _____ type of receptor.
chemoreceptor
This is a name for a group of conditions that make it difficult to breathe. This group of conditions is most commonly caused by smoking.
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
The air you breathe out __________.
contains both oxygen and carbon dioxide
Which disease is characterized by a thick and sticky mucus?
cystic fibrosis
Paralysis of which muscle(s) will stop ventilation?
diaphragm and intercostal
Gene has a sore throat with a 101oF fever, coated tonsils, and swollen glands. He should really see a doctor because the bacteria may eventually cause ________ within his body.
disease of the heart valves associated with rheumatic fever
The condition in which walls of the alveoli break down, thereby creating fewer and larger chambers, is called ________.
emphysema
The __________ is the flap that covers the trachea to prevent food from entering during swallowing.
epiglottis
What prevents food from going down the trachea?
epiglottis
Which structure covers the larynx during swallowing?
epiglottis
Obstructive lung diseases like bronchitis and asthma are most likely to reduce which of the following? See Section 14.3 (Page 277)
expiratory reserve
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the lungs is called ________.
external respiration
In physiological terms, gas transport means _______.
getting oxygen from lungs to cells and carbon dioxide from cells to lungs
Which best describes a sinus?
hollow cavities associated with certain bones of the skull
What is the main stimulus for activating central chemoreceptors?
increased hydrogen ion concentration
The process in which the intercostal muscles contract, pulling the rib cage upward and outward and causing the lungs to inflate, is called ________.
inspiration
Which of the following best describes vital capacity? See Section 14.2 (Pages 275 - 276)
inspiratory reserve plus expiratory reserve plus tidal volume
The breathing center _____________.
is located in the medulla
What is it called when the vocal cords are swollen and thick due to inflammation?
laryngitis
What is it called when the vocal cords are swollen and thick due to inflammation? See Section 14.1 (Page 269)
laryngitis
Which structure is specialized to produce the sound of your voice?
larynx
Where is the breathing center located?
medulla oblongata
Which structure/organ of the respiratory system is responsible for filtering and warming inhaled air?
nasal cavity
The aortic and carotid bodies respond to changes in the concentration of ______.
oxygen
If you could observe the activities in the area where your lung tissue and blood vessels meet, you would see __________.
oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusing into and out of the blood
If you could observe the activities in the area where your lung tissue and blood vessels meet, you would see __________.
oxygen and carbon dioxide moving about on their own
Nearly all of the oxygen is carried in the blood as ___________.
oxyhemoglobin
The auditory (Eustachian) tube connects the _____ with the _____.
pharynx; middle ear
The main physiological function of the lungs is to __________.
provide an area for diffusion
If someone had an upper-respiratory infection, where might it be located?
sinuses
A patient arrives at the doctor with a "barrel chest" and problems breathing. What is a likely cause of these problems?
smoking
Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleural membranes. Where are these membranes located?
surrounding each lung
Which disease is characterized by a high fever, muscle aches, and a sore throat?
the flu
If you exhale all the way and push out as much air as you can __________.
there will be a thousand or more milliliters of air left in your lungs
The amount of air that leaves the lungs under normal conditions is called the __________.
tidal volume
Which of these is the lowest volume?
tidal volume
The ________ is the total volume of air contained in the lungs after the deepest possible inhalation and the lungs are totally filled.
total lung capacity
A piece of food gets lodged directly below the larynx. What structure did the food get stuck in?
trachea
Which of the following is not part of the upper respiratory tract?
trachea
A man is standing in line behind you, and you notice that he is coughing up bloody phlegm. He seems underweight and fatigued. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis given the information in this chapter?
tuberculosis
The maximal amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled in a single breath is known as the _______.
vital capacity
The maximum amount of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during forceful breathing is called ________.
vital capacity
When you inhale __________.
your diaphragm lowers the pressure in your chest cavity
When you exhale __________.
your diaphragm relaxes
When you exhale, __________. See Section 14.2 (Page 275)
your diaphragm relaxes
