Bio 1305 Harvill test practice quiz - Chapter 5

If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?

3'-ATTTGC-5'

If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?

75

Which molecule is a nucleotide?

ATP

Which part of an amino acid is always acidic?

Carboxyl functional group

Which is a polymer?

Cellulose, a plant cell wall component

Which of the following complex carbohydrates is listed with its correct function?

Cellulose: structural component of plant cell walls

Which type of protein shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form?

Chaperonins

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture __________.

DNA

The flow of genetic information in a cell goes from _____.

DNA to RNA to protein

Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass?

Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units.

Which of the following statements about monosaccharide structure is true?

Monosaccharides can be classified according to the spatial arrangement of their atoms. Submit

Which polysaccharide contains a modified monosaccharide?

Peptidoglycan

Which polymers are composed of amino acids?

Proteins

These figures show the four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. Which level of protein structure is characteristic of some, but not all, proteins?

Quaternary level of protein structure

Which of these is NOT a lipid?

RNA

Which feature of large biological molecules explains their great diversity?

The many ways that monomers of each class of biological molecule can be combined into polymers

True or false? Enzymes in the digestive tract catalyze hydrolysis reactions.

True

Dr. Haxton told one of his students, "To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids." What would a good student say?

Yes. Nonpolar molecules aren't compatible with water.

Sugars are molecules that have __________ C:H:O and are called __________.

a 1:2:1 ratio of; carbohydrates

The peptide bond is __________.

a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide

The components of nucleic acids are __________.

a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate

Glycogen is _____.

a polysaccharide found in animals

Sickle-cell anemia is a disease that is caused by __________ in the __________ of the protein.

a single amino acid change; primary structure

Nitrogenous bases are classified as either purines or pyrimidines. Examples of purines are __________.

adenine and guanine

Protein polymers are made up of ______ monomers.

amino acid

Protein molecules are polymers (chains) of __________.

amino acid molecules

Proteins are polymers of _____.

amino acids

True or false? Peptidoglycan is a polysaccharide found only in bacteria.

amylose

A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____.

as a component of animal cell membranes

Sugars have a(n) __________ group that interacts with a _________ group that forms ring structures when the dry molecule is placed in water.

carbonyl (-C=O); hydroxyl (-OH)

Plant cell walls consist mainly of _____.

cellulose

Which of these is a polysaccharide?

cellulose

_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

cellulose

At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide __________.

chitin

The molecule with four fused rings that is found in animal membranes and is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones is __________.

cholesterol

When comparing saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats, the unsaturated fats have __________ and are __________ at room temperature.

cis double bonds; liquids

Palm oil and coconut oil are more like animal fats than are other plant oils. Because they _____ than other plant oils, they may contribute to cardiovascular disease.

contain fewer double bonds

The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond.

covalent

What is another name for a condensation reaction?

dehydration

In living organisms, DNA exists as a __________ with the strand(s) __________.

double helix; running antiparallel

Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for __________.

energy storage and release

A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is __________.

glycogen

Sucrose is formed when glucose is joined to fructose by a(n) _____.

glycosidic linkage

The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by __________.

glycosidic linkages

The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.

hydrogen bonds

The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.

hydrogen bonds

The secondary structure of a peptide backbone is stabilized by __________ forming either a(n) __________ or a(n) __________.

hydrogen bonds; α helix; β pleated sheet

Which is the term for compounds that do not mix with water?

hydrophobic

What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?

hyrdolysis

Defensive proteins are manufactured by the _____ system.

immune

Which molecule is not a carbohydrate?

lipid

The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone belong to which class of molecules?

lipids

What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common?

low solubility in water

glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.

maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis

Which of these is a source of lactose?

milk

The proper three-dimensional shape and folding of a protein is assisted by _________.

molecules called chaperonins

Which monomers make up RNA?

neucleotides

The characteristic that all lipids have in common is that _____.

none of them dissolves in water

Nucleic acid polymers are made up of _____ monomers.

nucleotides

The building blocks or monomers of nucleic acid molecules are called _____.

nucleotides

Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?

olive oil

A hydrophobic amino acid R group (side group) would be found where in a protein?

on the inside of the folded chain, away from water

Which of these does NOT contain a structural protein?

ovalbumin

Which of the following is not attached to the central carbon atom in an amino acid?

oxygen

The tertiary structure of a protein includes all of the following interactions except _________ bonds.

peptide

What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?

peptide

Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____.

peptide bonds

A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____.

phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar

____ structure is the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

primary

Some regions of a polypeptide may coil or fold back on themselves. This is called _____, and the coils or folds are held in place by _____.

secondary structure ... hydrogen bonds

Carbohydrate polymers are made up of _____ monomers.

simple sugars

_____ structure is achieved when a protein folds into a compact, three-dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side-chain R groups of amino acids.

tertiary

Macromolecules, the molecules of life, include all of the following except __________.

trace elements

In a dehydration synthesis reaction, __________ is always formed as a by-product of the reaction.

water

__________ is always involved in hydrolysis reactions.

water

A dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction) is the process in which _____.

water molecules are produced as a polymer is formed from monomers

The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are __________.

phospholipids

The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the __________ structure of the protein.

primary

The four main categories of large biological molecules present in living systems are _____.

proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

____ structure is the result of two or more protein subunits assembling to form a larger, biologically active protein complex.

quaternary

______ structure describes the alpha-helices and beta-sheets that are formed by hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms located near each other in the polypeptide chain

secondary

One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that __________.

they are all disaccharides