BIO 139 ch. 16 module 1

The anti-Rh factor is an example of an A. IgG. B. IgM. C. IgE. D. IgA. E. IgRh.

A. IgG.

Innate defenses are A. fast and non specific. B. slow and non specific. C. fast and specific. D. slow and specific. E. obtained by taking vaccines.

A. fast and non specific.

A vaccine can halt an infection in a population if everyone is vaccinated due to A. herd immunity. B. naturally acquired active immunity. C. an epidemic of autoimmunity. D. people keeping away from each other. E. bovine immunity.

A. herd immunity.

Marsha gets a splinter in her finger. What is her body's response to any microbe that might try to enter her body as a result of the splinter breaking the skin? A. innate defense. B. adaptive defense. C. specific defense. D. cytotoxic T cell response. E. antibody response.

A. innate defense.

The cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are A. lymphocytes and macrophages. B. neutrophils and lymphocytes. C. monocytes and macrophages. D. lymphocytes and monocytes. E. erythrocytes and bone marrow stem cells.

A. lymphocytes and macrophages.

Cells in a lymph node that engulf and destroy damaged cells, foreign substances, and cellular debris are A. macrophages. B. lymphocytes. C. mast cells. D. cytokines. E. all of the above.

A. macrophages.

_________ initiate(s) a cascade effect in response to foreign proteins in the body. A. Antibodies B. Interferon C. The complement system D. Natural killer cells E. The insult system

C. The complement system

Interleukin-1 secretion causes A. an allergic response. B. an antibody response. C. a fever. D. cytokine secretion. E. none of the above.

C. a fever.

Morris has lung cancer and is given the drug Avastin. His doctor says that the drug is a monoclonal antibody. This means that the drug consists of A. a cocktail of many types of antibodies. B. a cocktail of many types of antigens. C. a single type of antibody. D. a single type of antigen. E. none of the above.

C. a single type of antibody.

Lymph nodes are centers for the production of ______, which act against foreign particles carried in lymph.

lymphocytes

Widely distributed phagocytic cells that remain fixed in position constitute the ________ ________ _______.

mononuclear phagocytic system

Disease-causing agents such as viruses and bacteria are called ______.

pathogens

An antigen is ______, whereas an antibody is ______. A. a foreign substance such as a protein or a polysaccharide to which lymphocytes respond; a globular protein that reacts with an antigen to eliminate the antigen B. an immunoglobulin that is produced by lymph nodes in response to bacteria; a foreign protein that enters the body and causes an immune reaction C. a hapten molecule that is complex in shape; an enzyme produced by the thymus gland that neutralizes antigens D. only on a pathogen; only in a human body. E. none of the above

A. a foreign substance such as a protein or a polysaccharide to which lymphocytes respond; a globular protein that reacts with an antigen to eliminate the antigen

A drug based on a monoclonal antibody differs from the immune response in that A. all of the antibodies descend from one B lymphocyte. B. the antibodies descend from several B lymphocytes. C. a monoclonal antibody is a cytokine. D. all of the antibodies descend from one T lymphocyte. E. it consists of only antigen binding sites.

A. all of the antibodies descend from one B lymphocyte.

Aging of the lymphatic system begins A. before birth. B. at birth. C. shortly after birth. D. at puberty. E. after age 50.

A. before birth.

Cytotoxic T cells destroy their target cells by releasing perforin, which cuts holes in A. cell membranes. B. lysosomes. C. ribosomes. D. DNA molecules. E. nuclei.

A. cell membranes.

A transplant recipient's body rejects a transplanted organ because her ______ does not match that of the donor closely enough. A. major histocompatibility complex B. mononuclear phagocytic system C. cytokine profile D. memory T cell collection E. antibody response

A. major histocompatibility complex

In HIV infection, reverse transcriptase A. makes DNA from viral RNA. B. makes RNA from viral DNA. C. makes protein from viral RNA. D. makes protein from viral DNA. E. destroys the immune system.

A. makes DNA from viral RNA.

A newborn is protected against certain digestive and respiratory infectious thanks to IgA from the mother's A. milk. B. blood. C. intestine. D. placenta. E. sweat.

A. milk.

The type of resistance that is acquired as a result of developing a disease is A. naturally acquired active immunity. B. artificially acquired active immunity. C. artificially acquired passive immunity. D. naturally acquired passive immunity. E. vaccine acquired active immunity.

A. naturally acquired active immunity.

The most active phagocytic cells in circulating blood are A. neutrophils and monocytes. B. neutrophils and macrophages. C. monocytes and macrophages. D. lymphocytes and monocytes. E. mast cells and plasma cells.

A. neutrophils and monocytes.

Foreign particles that are injected into the skin enter the lymphatic system A. rapidly. B. slowly. C. not at all, because lymphatic valves prevent this. D. not at all, because the skin lacks lymphatic capillaries. E. only if they come from an insect sting.

A. rapidly.

The tissues of the spleen are called A. red and white pulp. B. black and blue pulp. C. frangible particles. D. cellular and fibrous. E. tonsils and Peyer's patches.

A. red and white pulp.

The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the A. thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct. B. lumbar duct and left lymphatic duct. C. intestinal duct and left intercostal duct. D. bronchomediastinal duct and subclavian duct. E. none of the above.

A. thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.

An immune response that is slower but more specific for the pathogen is the A. innate defense. B. adaptive defense. C. nonspecific defense. D. complement system. E. delayed response.

B. adaptive defense.

Complement proteins, which are activated when IgG or IgM antibodies bind antigen, A. stimulate chemotaxis, in which neutrophils and macrophages are repelled from the affected area. B. cause opsonization, which coats the antibody-antigen complexes in a way that attracts phagocytes. C. cause lysis of the T cells. D. stimulate cytokine release. E. do none of the above.

B. cause opsonization, which coats the antibody-antigen complexes in a way that attracts phagocytes.

In an autoimmune disease, the immune response is directed toward A. foreign cells. B. cells of the body ("self") C. all antigens. D. all antibodies. E. only cells of the lymphatic system.

B. cells of the body ("self")

Lymph nodes are grouped throughout the body except in the A. lungs. B. central nervous system. C. mesentery. D. inguinal connective tissue. E. axillary regions.

B. central nervous system.

Drugs used to reduce the tissue rejection reaction following the transplantation of tissue from one person to another A. stimulate the formation of antibodies by the recipient's cells. B. dampen the recipient's immune response. C. reduce the differences between donor proteins and recipient proteins. D. reduce the chance of infection in the recipient. E. replace antigens on the recipient's cells to match the transplanted tissue.

B. dampen the recipient's immune response.

The formation of lymph increases as a result of A. increasing osmotic pressure in blood capillaries. B. increasing hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid. C. decreasing volume of tissue fluid. D. decreasing protein concentration in tissue fluid. E. increasing the numbers of white blood cells that leave the blood for the lymph

B. increasing hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid.

A vaccine against HIV A. is available for those who can afford it. B. may be impossible due to the variability and diversity of HIV. C. consists of cocktails of drugs taken daily. D. prevents opportunistic infections. E. is made of monoclonal antibodies.

B. may be impossible due to the variability and diversity of HIV.

The mononuclear phagocytic system includes A. T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. B. monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. C. basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils. D. mast cells and megakaryocytes. E. plasma cells and thymocytes.

B. monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.

Newborns can acquire __________ immunity through breast milk. A. specific B. passive C. active D. innate E. lactal

B. passive

Lymph differs from plasma in that A. lymph has more protein than plasma. B. plasma has more protein than lymph. C. lymph has white blood cells, whereas plasma does not. D. lymph is thin and plasma is viscous. E. lymph is clear and plasma is red.

B. plasma has more protein than lymph.

Plasma cells A. increase the volume of the blood plasma. B. produce antibody molecules. C. directly attack antigens. D. produce interferon. E. die during active infection.

B. produce antibody molecules.

A primary immune response ______, and a secondary immune response ______. A. is very important; is less important to the body's ability to protect itself B. produces antibodies within five to ten days of exposure to antigens; produces antibodies within a day or two of a subsequent exposure to the same antigen C. is very rapid in producing antibodies after exposure to antigens; is very slow in producing antibodies after exposure to antigens D. takes place in the lymph nodes; takes place in scattered lymphatic tissue E. occurs in children; occurs in adults

B. produces antibodies within five to ten days of exposure to antigens; produces antibodies within a day or two of a subsequent exposure to the same antigen

The spleen A. consists of two lobes in the mediastinum. B. resembles a large lymph node divided into lobules. C. produces T lymphocytes. D. produces B lymphocytes E. none of the above

B. resembles a large lymph node divided into lobules.

The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the A. scalp and face. B. upper limb and mammary gland. C. thoracic viscera. D. abdominal viscera. E. brain.

B. upper limb and mammary gland.

Interferon is a group of hormonelike peptides that cells produce in response to A. chemical irritants. B. viruses. C. bacteria. D. malarial parasites. E. fungi.

B. viruses.

Which of the following is part of the adaptive immune response? A. Phagocytosis B. Inflammation C. Production of antibodies D. Synthesis of defensins E. All of the above.

C. Production of antibodies

In the cellular immune response A. B cells produce antibodies directly against antigens. B. T cells produce antibodies directly against antigens. C. T cells attach directly to antigens and destroy them. D. T cells attack healthy body cells. E. T cells activate macrophages.

C. T cells attach directly to antigens and destroy them.

B cells divide and differentiate into _________ which produce and secrete antibodies. A. T cells B. antibodies C. megakaryocytes D. plasma cells E. serum cells

D. plasma cells

Injections of gamma globulin are sometimes given to provide A. naturally acquired active immunity. B. artificially acquired active immunity. C. artificially acquired passive immunity. D. naturally acquired passive immunity. E. naturally acquired autoimmunity.

C. artificially acquired passive immunity.

Heart valve cells can be damaged through A. specific immunity. B. innate immunity. C. autoimmunity. D. passive immunity. E. active immunity.

C. autoimmunity.

The antibodies produced in allergic reactions A. are called allergens. B. are secreted by mast cells. C. belong to the immunoglobulin E group. D. attack pathogens or nonself cells. E. are all of the above.

C. belong to the immunoglobulin E group.

Following a primary immune response, the cells that give rise to memory cells are A. B cells only. B. T cells only. C. both B cells and T cells. D. neither B cells nor T cells. E. macrophages and mast cells.

C. both B cells and T cells.

T lymphocytes are responsible for A. programming macrophages. B. producing antibodies. C. cell-mediated immunity. D. humoral immunity. E. producing collectins.

C. cell-mediated immunity.

The supratrochlear lymph nodes are located near the A. hand. B. wrist. C. elbow. D. axillary region. E. shoulder

C. elbow.

Low-grade fever is an effective defense for short periods of time because it A. increases iron in the blood. B. includes pyrogens that destroy the pathogens. C. increases temperature, which slows the growth of bacteria. D. slows the attack of phagocytes. E. forces the person to stay in bed.

C. increases temperature, which slows the growth of bacteria.

Henry has a cut on his thigh that becomes infected. The lymph nodes in his __________ enlarge. A. cervical region B. thoracic region C. inguinal region D. supratrochlear region E. trophic region.

C. inguinal region

A virus differs from other pathogens in that it is A. larger. B. more dangerous. C. not capable of reproduction outside a living cell. D. multicellular. E. more complex.

C. not capable of reproduction outside a living cell.

Disease-causing agents are called A. bugs. B. germs. C. pathogens. D. antibodies. E. enemies.

C. pathogens.

The primary functions of lymph include A. returning proteins to the tissue fluid. B. transporting foreign particles to the kidneys. C. returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes. D. carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide. E. none of the above.

C. returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes.

A vaccine produces its effects by A. directly attacking the antigens and neutralizing them. B. chemotaxis, the attraction of antigens to areas where the vaccine can destroy them. C. stimulating a primary immune response. D. stimulating a tertiary immune response. E. activating autoantibodies.

C. stimulating a primary immune response.

The functions of the lymphatic system do not include A. returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream. B. returning small proteins to the bloodstream. C. transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle. D. transporting the products of lipid digestion from the intestine to the liver. E. protecting the body against infection.

C. transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle.

The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(n) A. artery. B. arteriole. C. vein. D. capillary. E. metarteriole.

C. vein.

After lymph leaves the collecting ducts, it enters _____ and becomes part of the ______. A. arteries; serum B. lymphatics; spleen C. veins; plasma D. lymph nodes; lymphatic trunks E. capillaries; blood supply

C. veins; plasma

Which of the following are cytokines? A. Antibodies and antigens B. Colony stimulating factors, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor C. Macrophages and lymphocytes D. Histamine and leukotrienes E. Autoantibodies and immunosuppressants

Colony stimulating factors, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor

Which of the following is not a mechanical barrier against microorganisms? A. Saliva B. Urine C. Tears D. Diarrhea E. Mucus

D. Diarrhea

The most abundant type of immunoglobulin is A. IgA. B. IgD. C. IgE. D. IgG. E. IgX

D. IgG.

Cytotoxic T cells destroy A. cytotoxic cells. B. T cells. C. all antigen-bearing cells. D. cancer cells and virus-containing cells. E. B cells

D. cancer cells and virus-containing cells.

The order in which HIV breaches barriers and affects immunity is A. inhalation, entering the circulation, entering helper T cells. B. ingestion, entering the circulation, entering helper T cells. C. crossing the mucosal barrier, entering macrophages, then B cells, then natural killer cells D. crossing the mucosal barrier, entering macrophages, entering helper T cells, then cytotoxic T cells E. entering the penis or vagina, carried in mucus to cytotoxic B cells.

D. crossing the mucosal barrier, entering macrophages, entering helper T cells, then cytotoxic T cells

Factors that contribute to the prevalence of peanut allergy in the U.S. include the fact that A. peanut antigens are in infant formula. B. peanuts lack allergens. C. peanut allergens are stopped and destroyed in the stomach, causing cramps. D. dry roasting activates the responsible allergens. E. people inherit peanut allergy.

D. dry roasting activates the responsible allergens.

Tissue fluid is ______ and lymph is ______. A. forced out of lymph vessels; absorbed into lymph vessels B. forced out of blood plasma; absorbed into blood capillaries C. rich in proteins; rich in proteins and foreign particles D. forced out of blood plasma and generally lacking in proteins; absorbed into lymph capillaries E. clear; red

D. forced out of blood plasma and generally lacking in proteins; absorbed into lymph capillaries

The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels and nerves pass is called the A. sinus. B. capsule. C. nodule. D. hilum. E. bleb.

D. hilum.

Fluid is kept from accumulating in tissue spaces by A. sweat B. the circulatory system C. the urinary system D. the lymphatic system E. breathing

D. the lymphatic system

T lymphocytes mature in the thymus in response to A. cytokines. B. antibodies. C. interferon. D. thymosins. E. thymonucleins.

D. thymosins.

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease? A. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis B. Multiple sclerosis C. Type 1 diabetes mellitus D. Systemic lupus erythematosus E. All of the above

E. All of the above

The spleen A. is the largest lymphatic organ. B. contains nodules similar to lymphatic nodules. C. contains many phagocytes. D. looks like a large lymph node. E. all of the above

E. all of the above

A lymph node consists of A. compartments that contain masses of lymphocytes and macrophages. B. afferent vessels circulating lymph into the node on its convex surface. C. efferent vessels circulating lymph out of the node at its hilum. D. lymph nodules. E. all of the above.

E. all of the above.

Inflammation is a response to A. heat. B. infection. C. chemical exposure. D. ultraviolet light. E. all of the above.

E. all of the above.

The foreign, or "non-self" substances that trigger immune responses are called ______

antigens

A population of lymphocytes whose members are all alike and are capable of responding to the same specific antigen is called a(n) _______.

clone

______ is accumulation of tissue fluid in the interstitial spaces.

edema

. AIDS is caused by a virus that attacks complement enzymes.

false

An immunoglobulin molecule is an antigen secreted by T lymphocytes.

false

An injection of synthetic antibodies imparts active immunity.

false

Immunoglobulin A is abundant in endocrine gland secretions.

false

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that affects the skeletal muscles only.

false

The thymus enlarges after puberty.

false

Two mechanical barriers to infection are interferon and inflammation.

false

Lymph is ______ ______ that has entered a lymphatic capillary.

tissue fluid

______ are masses of partially encapsulated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx

tonsils

As a result of the allergen-antibody reaction, mast cells release histamine.

true

Autoimmune diseases are more common in older people.

true

During the primary immune response, B lymphocytes give rise to plasma cells.

true

In active immunity, a person becomes immune to a pathogen as a result of having a disease.

true

Innate defenses include mechanical and chemical barriers, whereas adaptive defenses counter specific disease-causing agents.

true

Lymphatic capillaries are thin-walled, closed-ended tubes.

true

Muscle contraction moves lymph through lymphatic vessels.

true

Normal immune responses require T and B lymphocytes.

true

Older red blood cells may be destroyed in the spleen.

true

The thymus is in the mediastinum behind the sternum.

true

A substance that can stimulate a primary immune response but is unable to produce the symptoms of a disease is a(n) ______.

vaccine