BIO 139 Chapter 22, 23, 24

Undescended testes cause infertility because

sperm development is impeded by the higher internal body temperature.

The tubular part of the uterus that extends downward into the upper vagina is the

cervix

The female structure that corresponds to the male penis is the

clitoris

The glands in a lobe of a breast

drain into alveolar ducts, which drain into a lactiferous duct that leads to the nipple.

The epididymis, coiled on the outer surface of the testis, becomes the

ductus deferens.

Sperm cells mature in the

epididymides

The epithelium of the seminiferous tubules consists of

spermatogenic cells and sustentacular cells.

Undifferentiated spermatogenic cells are called

spermatogonia.

In the reproductive cycle, estrogen __________, whereas progesterone __________.

stimulates uterine wall development; stimulates the uterine lining to become more glandular

Gonadotropins include FSH and LH

true

Synapsis occurs during _____.

prophase I of meiosis

Which of the following structures is unpaired?

prostate gland

A patient presents with low semen volume. In addition, he has a decrease in sperm motility due to a decrease in nutrients that supply energy to power the flagella. Which of the following accessory glands of the reproductive system may be malfunctioning?

seminal vesicle

How do birth control methods that involve the woman receiving a combination of estrogen and progestin (as the "pill" or as patch, ring, or injection) function as birth control?

Preventing development, ovulation, or implantation of an oocyte

Classify each structure as a primary or secondary (accessory) sex organ.

Primary -testis Secondary everything else

Complete the sentences describing the composition and function of semen.

Semen consists of mature sperm cells produced by the testes and fluid they are suspended in. The fluid is a combination of secretions from the seminal vesicles located on the posterior aspect of the bladder, the bulbourethral glands, located within the urogenital diaphragm, and the prostate gland, located inferior to the urinary bladder. The volume of semen released with ejaculation averages 2 to 5 milliliters. The ejaculate will contain about 120 million sperm per milliliter of semen. Semen is a slightly alkaline solution that contains fructose which provides fuel for the sperm, and prostaglandins which stimulate muscular contraction of the female reproductive tract.

Which of the following terms is/are correctly defined?

Seminiferous tubule—a tube starting after the epididymis which connects the testicle to the ampulla and seminal vesicle

What are gametes?

Sex cells produced by the reproductive organs

Complete the sentences with the correct part of the male reproductive tract. Then place the sentences in order following the path that sperm would take through the male reproductive system.

Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Immature sperm leave the testis and enter the epididymis where they mature and are stored. Next, sperm enter the ductus deferens, which leaves the scrotum and enters the abdominal cavity through an opening called the inguinal canal. On the posterior aspect of the urinary bladder, a duct from each seminal vesicle joins each ductus deferens to form ejaculatory ducts. The terminal segment of the male reproductive system is the urethra.

A man is exposed to a virus which specifically targets and kills sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells). What effect will this have on spermatogenesis?

Spermatogenic cells will starve and cease development because they won't receive the nutrients or support they need.

Of the cells undergoing spermatogenesis, which have 46 chromosomes?

Spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes

Gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis are each caused by a type of __________.

bacterium Correct

Label the internal structure of the testis.

left only Interstitial cells Lumen of seminiferous tubule Sperm cells Spermatogonia Basement membrane

"You can't possibly have breast cancer," said Jim to his roommate Eliot, who was distraught after a visit to a doctor. "You're a man!" "No, Jim. A certain percentage of breast cancer cases are in men." That percentage is

1%

During the female reproductive cycle, what triggers menstruation?

A decrease in blood levels of estrogens and progesterone

Which of the following provides mechanical contraception?

A diaphragm

A patient comes into the emergency room with a high fever. Blood testing reveals that their immune system is severely weakened, making them prone to infections. The patient also reports chronic weakness/fatigue. After discussing their problems with a doctor, they admit that they are a drug user and sometimes use dirty needles. Which of the following STIs is the patient suffering from?

AIDs Correct

A mutation affecting the cytoplasmic distribution among dividing daughter cells in female meiosis prevents the normal distribution between the secondary oocyte and the polar body. Instead, two identically sized daughter cells with the same amount of cytoplasm are produced after each division while polar bodies are still designated and disintegrated. Knowing the main function of the polar body, what effect might this mutation have?

After fertilization, the zygote may not have enough organelles and nutrients to support further cell divisions.

Which of the following is not a male secondary sex characteristic?

Deposition of adipose tissue in the thighs and buttock

A positive feedback system regulates testosterone production.

False

As many as twenty primary ovarian follicles may reach maturity simultaneously.

False

The structures of the female reproductive system that surround the openings to the urethra and vagina comprise the mons pubis.

False

Match the associated disease with the symptoms.

Fever, weakness, infection, cancer AIDS Correct Mucus discharge, painful urination and intercourse Chlamydia Correct Genital sores and fever Genital herpes Correct Warts on genitals Genital warts Correct Painful urination in men Gonorrhea Correct Chancre on genitals or mouth; later damage to CNS Syphilis

Complete the table, identifying the source and target tissue of each of the female sex hormones.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Pituitary Ovaries Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Hypothalamus Pituitary Estrogens Ovaries Hypothalamus, pituitary, uterus, secondary sex organs Luteinizing hormone (LH) Pituitary Ovaries Progesterone Ovaries Pituitary and Uterus

Match the supporting structure with its description.

From superior aspect of ovary to abdominal wall. Suspensory ligament From inferior aspect of ovary to uterus. Ovarian ligament Fold of peritoneum; attached to abdominal wall, ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus. Broad ligament From uterus to abdominal wall. Round ligament

What disease is caused by the human papilloma virus?

Genital warts

What is the term for two chromosomes that match each other gene-for-gene, with one coming from the mother and one from the father?

Homologous chromosomes

The anterior pituitary releases two gonadotropins that target the testes; __________ promotes the development of cells that secrete testosterone and __________ stimulates cells that will give rise to sperm cells.

LH; FSH

A female patient develops genital warts after recent sexual contact. What pathogen has she been exposed to? What complication can this pathogen produce if the infection advances?

Human papilloma virus (HPV); Risk of cervical cancer

A relatively new theory has arisen regarding the development of twins at fertilization. In addition to the phenomena of identical and fraternal twins, the theory suggests that semi-identical twins called polar body twins can occur if fertilization occurs in the second polar body immediately after fertilization of the oocyte (different sperm fertilizing each). If this is true, what should be true about the zygotes?

One twin will be physically smaller than the other after birth and later in life.

What structures help support the breast tissue?

Suspensory ligaments

Complete each of the following statements describing the production of semen. Then rearrange the statements to follow the order of structures as they are located along the male reproductive duct system.

The first contributor to semen production are the testes where sperm are produced. Ducts from the seminal vesicles join the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory ducts. The prostate gland surrounds the urethra and ejaculatory ducts and contributes a milky secretion to the seminal fluid that is rich in enzymes that liquefy semen following ejaculation. Contributing only 5% of the seminal volume, the bulbourethral glands produce pre-ejaculatory secretions that prepare the urethra for the passage of sperm and provide lubrication at the tip of the penis.

Complete the sentences describing some structures of the female reproductive tract. Then place the sentences in the order of oocyte (egg cell) movement.

The ovaries are paired, oval-shaped organs found in the pelvic cavity. The infundibulum is the funnel-like end of the uterine tube. An ovulated oocyte will be drawn into this initial segment. The uterine tubes are the most common place for fertilization to take place. They will transport the fertilized egg to the uterus. The uterus is a pear-shaped muscular organ where a fertilized egg will implant.

Complete the following sentences describing the general functions of the reproductive system.

The reproductive system produces and transports sex cells, also called gametes. The male sex cells are called sperm and the female sex cells are called oocytes. Each sex cell carries one set(s) of genetic instructions and has 23 chromosomes. The new cell formed during fertilization contains 46 chromosomes, similar to most cells of the body. The glands of the reproductive system also secrete hormones, which help regulate reproductive functions.

Endometriosis can result in the formation of fibrous tissue around the ovaries and can prevent ovulation or obstruct the uterine tubes.

True

The spermatogenic cells that line the seminiferous tubules produce sperm.

True

In females, which structure is immediately anterior to the vagina?

Urethra

Determine if the following sexually transmitted infections are caused by a virus or a bacteria.

VIRUS aids genital warts genital herpes Bacteria chlamydia gonorrhea syphilis

What is the definition of capacitation?

Weakening of the acrosomal membrane, conferring on the sperm the ability to fertilize an egg.

The structure of a testis can be described as composed of

about 250 lobules, each of which contains 1 to 4 seminiferous tubules.

Within the mammary glands, milk is produced by __________ glands.

alveolar

Male reproductive functions are controlled mainly by hormones from the hypothalamus and

anterior pituitary gland and testes.

Label the structures of the breast.

areloa nipple ampulla alveolar duct

Capacitation makes sperm tails whip more quickly.

false

The cells that result from meiosis are diploid.

false - haploid

Semen

includes prostaglandins and nutrients.

Oral contraceptives may cause

increased skin pigmentation, breast tenderness, fluid retention, and nausea

The gubernaculum guides the testis through the __________ canal.

inguinal

Label the features of the penis.

left Connective tissue (fascia) Right Superficial dorsal vein Deep dorsal vein Dorsal artery Tunica albuginea Prepuce Glans penis External urethral orifice

Label the structures of the breast and surrounding tissues.

left Rib Adipose tissue Intercostal muscles Pectoralis major m. Pectoralis major m. Pectoralis minor m. Pectoralis minor m. righy Alveolar glands Alveolar glands Lactiferous duct Lactiferous duct Alveolar duct Alveolar duct

Label the reproductive structures of the female pelvis in this superior view of the pelvic cavity.

left ovary uterus right suspensory ligament fimbrae uterine tube

The image is of a cross-section through the penis. Label the male external genitalia.

left in order tunica albuginea corpus carvenosum corpus spongiosum scrotum right in order spongy urethra

Compared to males who train for endurance events, females who train for such events typically

maintain a higher percentage of body fat.

The head of a sperm is mostly

nucleus

What is the process of egg formation called?

oogenesis

Meiosis is necessary because

otherwise the fertilized ovum will have too much genetic material.

Menopause is due to aging of the

ovaries

In erectile tissue, impulses from the __________ nervous system cause __________ of the arteries and subsequent __________ of the veins. Consequently, blood accumulates in the erectile tissue, producing an erection.

parasympathetic; dilation; constriction

A circumcision removes

prepuce (foreskin)

The first step in oogenesis is when a

primary oocyte divides to form a secondary oocyte and a first polar body.

The epididymis is a __________ and it __________.

tightly coiled tube on the outside of the testis; is the location for sperm maturation

Fertilization normally occurs in the

uterine tube

A hysterosalpinogram measures or shows

whether or not a uterine tube is open.