BIO 148 Final
Which evidence is consistent with the endosymbiotic hypothesis for the origin of the mitochondrion? A. Mitochondria have their own ribosomes and manufacture their own proteins. B. Mitochondria are much smaller than an average bacterium. C. Streptomycin inhibits eukaryotic and mitochondrial ribosomes. D. All genes vital for the functioning of mitochondria are found in the nucleus.
A. Mitochondria have their own ribosomes and manufacture their own proteins.
Which one of the following is a lophotrochozoan? A. Mollusks B. Crustaceans C. Nematoda D. Arthropods E. Chelicerata
A. Mollusks
Streptococcus pyogenes is a human pathogen that is typically treatable with penicillin. Given this information, which of the following statements is true? A. S. pyogenes is a gram negative bacterium B. S. pyogenes cells are spheres C. S. pyogenens is a protist D. S. pyogenes is in the domain, Archaea E. Answers A and B F. Answers B and D
A. S. pyogenes is a gram negative bacterium
Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? A. lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane B. composition of the cell wall and lack of a nuclear envelope C. composition of the cell wall D. presence of plasma membrane and composition of the cell wall E. lack of a nuclear envelope
A. lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane
Cyanobacteria are thought to be the first organisms to evolve ____. A. oxygenic photosynthesis B. chemolithotrophy C. aerobic respiration D. fermentation
A. oxygenic photosynthesis
Microbiologists use the Gram stain to aid in the identification of bacteria. What is the major difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria? A. presence or absence of outer plasma membrane B. structure of nucleotides in the plasma membrane C. presence or absence of muramic acid in the cell wall D. presence or absence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall
A. presence or absence of outer plasma membrane
Which evolutionary innovation was most significant in helping tetrapods move to dry terrestrial environments? A. the amniotic egg B. bone C. limb specialization D. endothermy E. the lung
A. the amniotic egg
What is significant about cephalization? A. The division of body parts allows repetition of important structures. B. A concentration of sensory organs allows better detection of threats for motile organisms. C. It allows animals to be triploblastic. D. It is the basis for radial symmetry.
B. A concentration of sensory organs allows better detection of threats for motile organisms.
Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains? A. Bacteria and Eukarya B. Bacteria and Archaea C. Eukarya and Monera D. Archaea and Monera E. Bacteria and Protista
B. Bacteria and Archaea
What animal groups shown here are diploblastic? A. Sponges B. Cnidarians C. Lophotrochozoans D. Echinoderms E. Both A and B
B. Cnidarians
What are the steps (in the correct order) that link a change in the base sequence of a gene to a change in the phenotype of an organism like a mouse or a human? A. RNA—>DNA—>Protein B. DNA—>RNA—>Protein C. DNA—>Protein—>RNA D. Protein—>RNA—>DNA
B. DNA—>RNA—>Protein
Which of the following is a list of taxa, that along with their common ancestors, constitutes a monophyletic clade? A. Prokaryotes B. Eukaryotes C. Protists D. All of the above E. None of the above
B. Eukaryotes
True or False: Not all vertebrates are considered chordates because not all of them possess tails as adults. A. True B. False
B. False
True or false? Mitosis takes place during M phase, which is the longest phase of the cell cycle. A. True B. False
B. False
_____ are an example of seedless vascular plants. A. Mosses B. Ferns C. Lilacs D. Pine trees E. Charophyceans
B. Ferns
What synapomorphy (shared, derived trait) distinguishes animals as a monophyletic group, distinct from choanoflagellates? A. no cell walls B. multicellularity C. heterotrophy D. coloniality
B. multicellularity
Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle? A. vertebrae B. post-anal tail C. jaws D. four-chambered heart E. scales
B. post-anal tail
The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have _____. A. excitable membranes B. radial symmetry C. a closed circulatory system D. bilateral symmetry E. a complete gut
B. radial symmetry
Which of the following are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates? A. amphibians B. ray-finned fishes C. mammals D. nonbird reptiles E. birds
B. ray-finned fishes
Which of the following parts of an amino acid vary among different amino acids? A. the carboxyl group B. the side chain, or R group C. the amino group D. the hydrogen on the central carbon
B. the side chain, or R group
Hyphae are _____. A. reproductive cells B. thin filaments C. dead at maturity D. cross-walls
B. thin filaments
Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because _____. A. protists eat bacteria B. bacteria are not made of cells C. bacteria decompose protists D. protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack E. protists are photosynthetic
D. protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack
Fruit is most important in facilitating _____. A. spore production B. fertilization C. pollination D. seed dispersal
D. seed dispersal
What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids? A. the presence of a central C atom B. the long carbon-hydrogen tails of the molecule C. the glycerol molecule that forms the backbone of the amino acid D. the components of the R-group
D. the components of the R-group
The process of using the information in mRNA to synthesize a protein is ______. A. transcendentalism B. transcription C. transacetylation D. translation E. transmogrification
D. translation
All arthropods _____. 1) undergo complete metamorphose 2) have jointed appendages 3) molt 4) have segmented bodies 5) have an exoskeleton or cuticle A. 3 and 5 B. 1, 4, 5 C. 2, 3, 4, 5 D. 1, 2, and 4 E. 1, 2, 3
C. 2, 3, 4, 5
Which character separates bacteria from archaea? A. Bacteria do not have a nuclear envelope. B. Bacteria are unicellular. C. Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell wall. D. Bacteria have circular chromosomes.
C. Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
What trait gives seeds an advantage over spores? A. Protected from the environment B. Long-lived C. Contain nutrients D. Small in size
C. Contain nutrients
In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are composed of _____. A. DNA only B. DNA and RNA C. DNA and proteins D. DNA and phospholipids
C. DNA and proteins
The protostome developmental sequence arose just once in evolutionary history, resulting in two main subgroups—Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. What does this finding suggest? A. These two subgroups have a common ancestor that was a deuterostome. B. The lophotrochozoans are monophyletic. C. Division of these two groups occurred after the protostome developmental sequence appeared. D. The protostomes are a polyphyletic group.
C. Division of these two groups occurred after the protostome developmental sequence appeared.
Which of the following two lineages are thought to have evolved from a protist ancestor? A. Bacteria and plants B. Plants and fungi C. Fungi and animals D. Plants and animals
C. Fungi and animals
Which of these provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life? A. structure of cilia B. ubiquitous use of catalysts by living systems C. near universality of the genetic code D. structure of the nucleus E. structure of chloroplasts
C. near universality of the genetic code
A water sample from a hot thermal vent contained a single-celled organism that had a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. What is its most likely classification? A. Fungi B. Eukarya C. Animalia D. Archaea E. Protista
D. Archaea
Mammals are united by what features? A. Hair B. Placenta C. Producing milk for their young D. Both A and C E. All of the above
D. Both A and C
A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism? A. HhTt B. T C. tt D. HT E. Hh
D. HT
To which part of the centromere do mitotic spindle fibers attach during prometaphase? A. Chromosome B. Microtubule C. Centriole D. Kinetochore
D. Kinetochore
During which stage of mitosis are chromosomes lined up in the center of the cell? A. Telophase B. Anaphase C. Prophase D. Metaphase
D. Metaphase
What lineage of land plants arose before the bryophytes (mosses)? A. Nonvascular plants B. Gymnosperms C. Angiosperms D. None of the above
D. None of the above
Which of the following is a difference between mitosis and meiosis? A. Chromosomes only replicate prior to the start of mitosis. B. Sister chromatids only separate during meiosis. C. Genetic variation is only produced during mitosis. D. Only in meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up.
D. Only in meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up.
In the process of transcription, _____. A. proteins are synthesized B. mRNA attaches to ribosomes C. DNA is replicated D. RNA is synthesized
D. RNA is synthesized
_____ are angiosperms. A. Fiddlehead ferns B. Sphagnum mosses C. Fir trees D. Roses
D. Roses
What part of the squid is homologous to the snail foot? A. Fins B. Mantle C. Beak D. Tentacles
D. Tentacles
Which of these fungal features supports the phylogenetic conclusion that fungi are more closely related to animals than plants? A. Fungi store polysaccharides as starch. B. Zygomycetes have flagellated gametes. C. Fungi are able to change their body shape continuously throughout their life. D. The cell walls of fungi are made of chitin.
D. The cell walls of fungi are made of chitin.
What evidence supports the hypothesis that the nuclear envelope of eukaryotes arose from infolding of the plasma membrane? A. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ in control of gene expression. B. No modern bacteria have infolded plasma membranes. C. The nuclear membrane allows separation of transcription and translation. D. The nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of modern eukaryotes are continuous.
D. The nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of modern eukaryotes are continuous.
Which of the following can be used to distinguish between a bacterial cell and an archael cell? A. The presence of a plasma membrane B. The presence of a nucleus in the cell C. The presence of ribosomes in the cell D. The presence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall E. Answers A and C are correct F. Answers B and D are correct G. Answers A, B, and C are correct
D. The presence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall
What does phylogenetic evidence tell us about protostomes? A. There was one transition from land to water. B. There were multiple transitions from land to water. C. There was one transition from water to land. D. There were multiple transitions from water to land.
D. There were multiple transitions from water to land.
Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success? A. wind pollination B. sperm cells without flagella C. dominant gametophytes D. fruits enclosing seeds E. embryos enclosed within seed coats
D. fruits enclosing seeds
Fungal mycelia _____. A. have a small surface area to prevent water loss B. are found almost exclusively in dry areas C. are found almost exclusively in aquatic environments D. have a large surface area composed of branching hyphae
D. have a large surface area composed of branching hyphae
Natural selection acts only on traits that are _____. A. advantageous in a certain environment B. disadvantageous C. advantageous D. heritable
D. heritable
Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by _____. A. using enzymes to digest their food B. preying on animals C. consuming living, rather than dead, prey D. ingesting it
D. ingesting it
You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____. A. contains chloroplasts B. does not contain vascular tissue C. has cell walls that are comprised largely of cellulose D. is surrounded by a cuticle E. is multicellular
D. is surrounded by a cuticle
The leading hypothesis for the origin of the jaw proposes that ______. A. it resulted from mutations in the developmental regulatory genes that determine the morphology of the rudimentary vertebral elements B. it first occurred in the hagfish and the lamprey C. it first occurred in the early tetrapods D. it resulted from mutations in the developmental regulatory genes that determine the morphology of the gill arches
D. it resulted from mutations in the developmental regulatory genes that determine the morphology of the gill arches
Which of the following it true in regards to fungi? A. They are heterotrophs B. They are more closely related to plants C. They contain chitin in their cell wall D. They obtain nutrients via ingestion. E. Answers A and C F. Answers A and D G. Answers A, C, and D
E. Answers A and C
Which of the following are adaptations seen in at least some flowering plants? A. Adaptations that promote pollination by animals B. Adaptations that promote dispersal of seeds C. Adaptations that promote pollination by wind D. Answers A and C E. Answers A, B, and C
E. Answers A, B, and C
Fungi play what important role in the environment? A. They perform photosynthesis and release oxygen into the atmosphere. B. They are one of the few organisms that degrade lignin. C. They form symbiotic relationships with plants. D. Both A and B E. Both B and C F. All of the above
E. Both B and C
While examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to Bacteria but not Archaea or Eukarya? A. It can survive at a temperature over 100°C. B. The organism does not have nucleus. C. The lipids in its plasma membrane consist of glycerol bonded to straight-chain fatty acids. D. It is unicellular. E. Cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan.
E. Cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan.
What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg? A. Newborns are much less dependent on their parents. B. Embryos are protected from predators. C. It led to the evolution of the placenta. D. Tetrapods can now function with just lungs. E. Tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction.
E. Tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction.
Vertebrates and tunicates share _____. A. a high degree of cephalization B. the formation of structures from the neural crest C. an endoskeleton that includes a skull D. jaws adapted for feeding E. a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
E. a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
What is the major distinguishing characteristic of fungi? A. prokaryotic cells B. decomposing dead organisms C. sedentary lifestyle D. acquiring nutrition through ingestion E. absorbing nutrients
E. absorbing nutrients
The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the _____. A. seedless vascular plants B. gymnosperms C. charophyceans D. angiosperms E. bryophytes
E. bryophytes
Angiosperms are most closely related to _____. A. bryophytes B. charophyceans C. seedless vascular plants D. green algae E. gymnosperms
E. gymnosperms
Long, branching fungal filaments are called _____. A. septa B. ascus C. roots D. mycelia E. hyphae
E. hyphae
An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also _____. A. has a hydrostatic skeleton B. is segmented C. is diploblastic D. has a coelom E. is bilaterally symmetrical
E. is bilaterally symmetrical
If a lung were to be found in a mollusc, where would it be located? A. excurrent siphon B. visceral mass C. coelom D. incurrent siphon E. mantle cavity
E. mantle cavity
Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? A. the structural carbohydrate, chitin B. cells that have mitochondria C. heterotrophy D. flagellated gametes E. nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement
E. nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement
According to the original central dogma, what macromolecule or phenomenon is directly responsible for an organism's phenotype? A. DNA B. mutation C. transcription D. RNA E. protein
E. protein
Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because _____. A. protists are photosynthetic B. bacteria are not made of cells C. protists eat bacteria D. bacteria decompose protists E. protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack
E. protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack
Fungi that absorb nutrients from decaying plant matter are called _____. A. mycorrhizae B. yeasts C. mushrooms D. molds E. saprobes
E. saprobes
A controlled experiment is one that _____. A. proceeds slowly enough that a scientist can make careful records of the results B. controls all variables C. is repeated many times to make sure the results are accurate D. is supervised by an experienced scientist E. tests experimental and control groups in parallel
E. tests experimental and control groups in parallel
Redwood trees are the tallest land plants that are members of the group known as conifers. Which of the following are features that are shared by all redwood trees? A. Cell walls containing cellulose B. Leaves that have a cuticle C. Vascular tissue containing lignin D. Flowers E. Answers A and B F. Answers A, B, and C G. Answers A, B, C, and D
F. Answers A, B, and C
Which of the following could be present in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell? A. Nucleus B. Ribosomes C. A circular chromosome D. Answers A and B are correct E. Answers A and C are correct F. Answers B and C are correct G. All of the above
F. Answers B and C are correct
What statement about deuterostomes is false? A. Their anus forms first during gut development. B. The group includes arthropods. C. They are a paraphyletic group. D. The group includes chordata. E. Both A and C F. Both B and C G. Both A and B
F. Both B and C
Which groups below possess an amniotic egg? A. Ray-finned fish B. Amphibians C. Reptiles D. Mammals E. Both B and C F. Answers A, B, and C G. Answers C and D
G. Answers C and D
Which groups contain both unicellular and multicellar members? A. Bacteria B. Fungi C. Protists D. Animals E. Both B and D F. Both C and D G. Both B and C
G. Both B and C
What animals below possess radial symmetry at some point in their life? A. Sponges B. Cnidarians C. Arthropods D. Echinoderms E. Both A and B F. Both C and D G. Both B and D
G. Both B and D
Based on the currently accepted theories for the evolution of eukaryotic cells, which of the following cell structures currently found in green algae evolved by modification of the plasma membrane of an ancestral cell? A. The nuclear envelope B. The endoplasmic reticulum C. The outer membrane of mitochondira D. The outer membrane of chloroplasts E. Answers A and B F. Answers B and C G. Answers A, B, and C H. Answers A, B, C, and D
H. Answers A, B, C, and D
According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is _____. A. polyphyletic B. monophyletic C. euphyletic D. paraphyletic E. multiphyletic
B. monophyletic
How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate lineages? A. It made additional food sources available. B. It increased the surface area for respiration and feeding. C. It was the first stage in the development of a bony skull. D. It paved the way for the evolution of the pharyngeal jaw. E. It allowed for smaller body size.
A. It made additional food sources available.
Albinism is an autosomal (not sex-linked) recessive trait. A man and woman are both of normal pigmentation, but both have one parent who is albino (without melanin pigmentation). What is the probability that their first female child will have albinism? A. 1/4 B. 1/8 C. 0 D. 1 E. 1/2
A. 1/4
A water sample from a hot thermal vent contained a single-celled organism that had a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. What is its most likely classification? A. Archaea B. Animalia C. Protista D. Eukarya E. Fungi
A. Archaea
Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains? A. Bacteria and Archaea B. Eukarya and Monera C. Archaea and Monera D. Bacteria and Protista E. Bacteria and Eukarya
A. Bacteria and Archaea
Which of the following was not an adaptation needed for plants to transition onto land? A. Cell wall B. Cuticle C. Stomata D. Flavonoids
A. Cell wall
In a natural population of a grass species, the average protein content of seeds would increase over time if seeds with higher protein content survived better and grew into individuals that produced many seeds with high protein content when they matured. Why? A. Seeds with higher protein content become more common in the population because this characteristic is heritable and increases survival. B. In the lifetime of individual grass plants, the protein content of seeds would increase because higher protein content increases survival but is not heritable. C. In the lifetime of individual grass plants, the protein content of seeds would increase because higher protein content is heritable and increases survival. D. Seeds with higher protein content become more common in the population because this characteristic is artificially selected.
A. Seeds with higher protein content become more common in the population because this characteristic is heritable and increases survival.
Which term describes two recently replicated DNA strands that are joined together just before cell division? A. Sister chromatids B. Centromere C. Centrosome D. Centriole
A. Sister chromatids
What is the process that Darwin described as "descent with modification?" A. The characteristics of a species may change from generation to generation. B. Characteristics can be directly transferred between species. C. Only related species show similar characteristics. D. Species are related by common ancestry.
A. The characteristics of a species may change from generation to generation.
Which event does not take place before the start of mitosis? A. The nuclear envelope disintegrates. B. Organelles proliferate. C. DNA is replicated. D. The parent cell grows.
A. The nuclear envelope disintegrates.
What do all deuterostomes have in common? A. The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus. B. All have specialized head and tail regions. C. All have a spinal column. D. Adults are bilaterally symmetrical. E. Embryos have pharyngeal pouches that may or may not form gill slits.
A. The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.
How are the structures of RNA and DNA similar? A. Their sugar-phosphate backbones are formed by phosphodiester linkages. B. Adenine pairs with thymine in both. C. They both have the same tertiary structure. D. They both contain the sugar ribose.
A. Their sugar-phosphate backbones are formed by phosphodiester linkages.
The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, is a source of high-quality lumber, and is a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can now enter. The uneaten seeds may subsequently germinate. Orchid bees are to Brazil nut trees as ________ are to pine trees. A. breezes B. rain droplets C. seed-eating birds D. squirrels E. both seed-eating birds and squirrels
A. breezes
According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants? A. charophytes B. red algae C. cyanobacteria D. unicellular green algae E. multicellular green algae
A. charophytes
Which of the following was a challenge to the survival of the first land plants? A. desiccation B. too much sunlight C. a shortage of carbon dioxide D. animal predation
A. desiccation
What do seeds contain? A. embryo and nutritive tissue B. male gametophyte and nutritive tissue C. female gametophyte and nutritive tissue D. mature sporophyte and nutritive tissue
A. embryo and nutritive tissue
All protists are _____. A. eukaryotic B. symbionts C. mixotrophic D. unicellular E. monophyletic
A. eukaryotic
All protists are _____. A. eukaryotic B. unicellular C. monophyletic D. symbionts E. mixotrophic
A. eukaryotic
The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a _____. A. flagellated protist B. unicellular chytrid C. multicellular fungus D. multicellular algae E. unicellular yeast
A. flagellated protist
Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 10 inches per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this bone-dry desert to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. What feature of both true mosses and ferns makes it most surprising that they can survive for many generations in dry deserts? A. flagellated sperm B. lack of vascular tissues C. lack of cuticle D. lack of true roots E. a gametophyte generation that is dominant
A. flagellated sperm
According to the endosymbiosis theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate? A. from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria B. from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for proteins in energy-transfer reactions C. by secondary endosymbiosis D. from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes
A. from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria
The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____. A. green algae B. kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines C. liverworts and mosses D. photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria)
A. green algae
Why is it more difficult to treat fungal infections than bacterial infections in humans? A. Most fungi are multicellular and thus the drugs required to treat a fungal infection must be able to kill several types of cells; bacteria, on the other hand, are unicellular and thus simpler to kill. B. Fungal and animal cells and proteins are similar. Thus, drugs that disrupt fungal cell or protein function may also disrupt human cell or protein function. C. Fungi are larger organisms than bacteria and thus require stronger drugs to stop an infection. D. Fungi are able to mutate more quickly than bacteria, so they quickly develop resistance to antifungal drugs.
B. Fungal and animal cells and proteins are similar. Thus, drugs that disrupt fungal cell or protein function may also disrupt human cell or protein function.
Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle? A. Fungi reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide. B. Fungi release fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize. C. Fungi fix carbon by undergoing photosynthesis. D. Fungi provide fixed carbon to plants for the production of plant cellular tissues.
B. Fungi release fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize.
Mollusks have a modular body plan consisting of what three parts? A. Foot, mantle, shell B. Mantle, foot, visceral mass C. Foot, visceral mass, cuticle D. Shell, foot, visceral mass
B. Mantle, foot, visceral mass
You come across an organism that you are trying to classify. You know it is a heterotroph and is multicellular, however, in its current state, it is not moving. You have narrowed it down to either being a fungus or an animal, but you are leaning towards fungus. Is this a correct conclusion? A. Yes, because the traits are consistent with fungus, especially because it is not moving. B. No, because not all animals move when they are adults. C. No, because fungi are autotrophs. D. Yes, because animals are single celled.
B. No, because not all animals move when they are adults.
Which character would allow you to identify something as an echinoderm and not a chordate? A. Dorsal hollow nerve cord B. Radial symmetry C. Pharyngeal gill slits D. Post-anal tail
B. Radial symmetry
Which of the following statements is consistent with the assertion that protists are paraphyletic? A. Protists are all more primitive than land plants and animals. B. Some protists evolved into other eukaryotic groups. C. Protists do not share a single common ancestor. D. Protists all share a common set of synapomorphies.
B. Some protists evolved into other eukaryotic groups.
Which stage of mitosis is characterized by the disintegration of mitotic spindles and the formation of two new nuclear membranes? A. Anaphase B. Telophase C. Metaphase D. Prophase
B. Telophase
According to the endosymbiosis theory, how many membranes should a mitochondrion have? A. Zero B. Two C. One D. Three
B. Two
Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods? A. an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins B. a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates C. a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes D. an armored, jawed placoderm with two pairs of appendages E. an early terrestrial caecilian whose legless condition had evolved secondarily
B. a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates
Cells are _____. A. only found in pairs, because single cells cannot exist independently B. characteristic of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms C. characteristic of eukaryotic but not prokaryotic organisms D. limited in size to 200 and 500 micrometers in diameter
B. characteristic of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
Which of the following would you classify as something other than an animal? A. jellyfish B. choanoflagellates C. sponges D. coral
B. choanoflagellates
Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals? A. bryophytes B. gymnosperms C. charophyceans D. seedless vascular plants E. angiosperms
B. gymnosperms
About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have _____. A. looked very similar to that of today, with flowers, grasses, shrubs, and trees B. had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock C. been completely bare rock, with little pools that contained bacteria and cyanobacteria D. been covered with tall forests in swamps that became today's coal
B. had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock
A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts _____. A. have only a single pigment B. have three or four membranes C. are exceptionally small D. have nuclear and cyanobacterial genes
B. have three or four membranes
Which of the following occurs in vascular land plants but not charophytes (stoneworts)? A. chlorophyll b B. lignin C. cellulose D. chlorophyll a E. sporopollenin
B. lignin
The somatic cells of a privet shrub each contain 46 chromosomes. How do privet chromosomes differ from the chromosomes of humans ,who also have 46? A. Privet sex cells have chromosomes that can synapse with human chromosomes in the laboratory. B. Genes on a particular privet chromosome, such as the X, must be on a different human chromosome, such as number 18. C. Genes of privet chromosomes are significantly different than those in humans. D. Privet shrubs must be metabolically more like animals than like other shrubs. E. Privet cells cannot reproduce sexually.
C. Genes of privet chromosomes are significantly different than those in humans.
What group is the closest living relative to the group that gave rise to tetrapods? A. Sharks B. Ray-finned fish C. Lobe-finned fish D. Lamprey
C. Lobe-finned fish
What does the directed-pollination hypothesis suggest? A. Plants are only directly pollinated when other plants of the same species are nearby. B. Plants that self-pollinate are directed (triggered) to do so by the absence of nearby plants of their species. C. Natural selection has favored flower traits (scent, shape, color) that attract pollinating animals. D. Pollination is a process that is directed (triggered) by key plant hormones.
C. Natural selection has favored flower traits (scent, shape, color) that attract pollinating animals.
Which of the following is a synapomorphy that defines all green algae and land plants? A. Cell walls B. Vascular tissue C. Photosynthetic chloroplasts D. Seeds
C. Photosynthetic chloroplasts
What feature allowed seed bearing plants to finally break with their need for moist environments? A. Vascular tissue B. Spores C. Pollen D. Fruit
C. Pollen
According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food? A. The engulfed cell provided the host cell with carbon dioxide. B. The host cell would have been poisoned if it had digested the engulfed cell. C. The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP). D. The host cell was able to survive anaerobic conditions with the engulfed cell alive. E. The engulfed cell allowed the host cell to metabolize glucose.
C. The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
What is the best evidence that all life evolved from prokaryotic rather than eukaryotic ancestors? A. Bacteria are unicellular. B. Prokaryotes possess peptidoglycan in their cell walls. C. The oldest fossil form of life known is prokaryotic. D. Prokaryotes possess flagella.
C. The oldest fossil form of life known is prokaryotic.
What do all deuterostomes have in common? A. Adults are bilaterally symmetrical. B. All have specialized head and tail regions. C. The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus. D. Embryos have pharyngeal pouches that may or may not form gill slits. E. All have a spinal column.
C. The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.
What is a feature that puts Archaea more closely related to Eukaryotes? A. They both have plasma membranes with fatty acids B. They both have circular chromosomes C. They both have similar transcription and translation machinery D. They both have peptidoglycan in their cell walls
C. They both have similar transcription and translation machinery
Mitochondria are thought to have arisen from.... A. Cyanobacteria B. Mycoplasma C. a- proteobacteria D. Archaea
C. a- proteobacteria
Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi? A. mosses B. brown algae C. animals D. vascular plants E. slime molds
C. animals
Which of the following groups of organisms is among the most abundant on Earth? A. primates B. insects C. bacteria D. protozoa
C. bacteria
Which of the following is a characteristic of larval echinoderms? A. spiral cleavage B. gastrovascular cavity C. bilateral symmetry D. lophophore E. exoskeleton
C. bilateral symmetry
Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium? A. flagella B. mitochondrion C. chloroplast D. mitosome
C. chloroplast
Chloroplasts arose via _____. A. endosymbiosis of euglenids B. endosymbiosis of α-Proteobacteria C. endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria D. endosymbiosis of dinoflagellates
C. endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria
The molluscan body plan is based on three major components: the foot, the visceral mass, and the _______. A. jointed limbs B. shell C. mantle D. gills
C. mantle
What group was likely ancestral to land plants? A. multicellular green algae found in marine habitats B. multicellular brown algae found in terrestrial habitats C. multicellular green algae found in freshwater habitats D. multicellular brown algae found in marine habitats
C. multicellular green algae found in freshwater habitats
Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago. A. 130 B. 400 C. 3,500 D. 475 E. 2,200
D. 475
Changes in tool-kit gene expression (i.e. Hox genes) has been important in what events? A. The diversification of body plans in arthropods. B. The development of the vertebrate jaw. C. The diversification of mollusk body plans. D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
During which substage of mitosis do sister chromatids break apart and start moving to opposite poles of the cell? A. Metaphase B. Prophase C. Telophase D. Anaphase
D. Anaphase