BIO 151 Exam 4

If 5000 kilograms (kg) of biomass are available at the primary consumer level, how many kg of biomass would be available to the tertiary consumers? 10 500 5 50,000 5,000

5

Cnidarians

9000 species radial symmetry mouth surrounded by tentacles closed internal gastric cavity simple nerve net predators reproduce asexually jellyfish, anenome, corla

Select the scenario that represents optimal foraging. A fish pursues one large prey over a great distance for 2 hours to obtain 400 calories. A fish hides under a rock for 4 hours to obtain prey that provides 200 calories. A fish pursues several small prey over a short distance for 2 hours to obtain 600 calories. A fish swims against the current to a location that takes 2 hours to reach to consume 200 calories.

A fish pursues several small prey over a short distance for 2 hours to obtain 600 calories.

Which scenario best describes an example of the complete process of ecological succession? A forest of mature trees is cut to produce lumber. The land is then converted to farmland. The farmer plants corn in the field year after year with no variation in crop. Widespread disease kills off a single species of plant in a forest. Another species fills the niche left open by the extinct plant. A well‑established forest ecosystem supports a variety of plant and animal species. The organisms are suited for the climate and exist in a balanced food web. A new island is formed by the eruption of a volcano. Soil eventually develops due to erosion. A more complex and diverse community develops over time, eventually stabilizing.

A new island is formed by the eruption of a volcano. Soil eventually develops due to erosion. A more complex and diverse community develops over time, eventually stabilizing.

The study of biology can be understood through the organizational hierarchy of life. Each level of life builds upon the next level, and this increasing complexity is what leads from molecules up to an entire ecosystem. How is the population level different from the other levels of life? A population is a group of interacting individuals from one species that inhabit the same geographic area. A population is a collection of molecules and reactions that form the basic unit of all living things. A population is an individual living thing, such as a bacterium, fungus, protist, plant, or animal. A population is a collection of all the organisms living and potentially interacting in the same geographic area.

A population is a group of interacting individuals from one species that inhabit the same geographic area.

Which description is an example of social learning? A cat that is fed canned food every day begins to salivate when it hears the sound of a can opener. Within a few days after hatching, geese hatchlings recognize an individual as a parent and follow its movements. A bird eats a brightly colored insect and becomes ill from toxins produced by the insect. The bird avoids eating brightly colored insects in the future. A rat learns how to efficiently remove seeds from a pine cone after observing other rats perform this behavior. A prairie dog retreats into its burrow when it hears humans. Eventually the prairie dog stops retreating when it hears humans because the humans do not pose any danger.

A rat learns how to efficiently remove seeds from a pine cone after observing other rats perform this behavior.

Which of the mutualistic relationships are not symbiotic? A fungus provides a habitat for an alga while the alga produces food for both. A small fish eats dead skin and parasites on a larger fish. Nitrogen‑fixing bacteria live in a plant's roots and provide the plant with ammonia. A bee pollinates a flowering plant while feeding on its nectar. A termite's gut is home to protozoa that break down cellulose in the wood the termite ingests.

A small fish eats dead skin and parasites on a larger fish. A bee pollinates a flowering plant while feeding on its nectar.

Meerkats have "sentinels" that watch for predators. They live in colonies of close relatives and take turns with the sentinel task. What type of behavior are they displaying? a. Altruism - kin selection b. Altruism - reciprocity c. Cooperation for food d. Cooperation raising offspring

Altruism - kin selection

You discover an animal that has a swim bladder and kidneys. It does not have an amniotic egg. To which group does this organism belong? a. Cartilaginous fish b. Bony fish c. Lizards d. Reptiles

Bony fish

Which statement best describes a mutualistic species relationship? One species benefits from interacting while the other is harmed. Both species gain some benefit from their interaction. One species gains some benefit while the other is unaffected. Both species suffer a loss of fitness from their interaction.

Both species gain some benefit from their interaction.

While some may consider that the goal of conservation biology is to preserve all species on the planet, which of the statements is a more accurate statement of conservation biology's goals? Conservation biology only responds to dire circumstances and does not serve to predict areas that may need conserving in the future. Conservation biology concentrates on preserving levels of species diversity in communities to maintain ecosystem services provided by the species in that community. Conservation biology only concentrates on regions where species diversity is declining faster than other areas on the planet. Conservation biology is most concerned with preserving biodiversity hotspots so that the most species on the planet can be preserved.

Conservation biology concentrates on preserving levels of species diversity in communities to maintain ecosystem services provided by the species in that community.

Cnidaria & Bilateria

Eumatazoa

Which scenarios describe ecological conditions that are appropriate for exponential growth to occur? Excessive snow and cold from a blizzard causes many starvation‑related deaths in a quail population. Only a small portion of the quail survive to spring to raise their young. An outbreak of the Ebola hemorrhagic fever occurs amongst the people living in the area around Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. A population of antelope in the African plains experiences high levels of predation from lions, cheetahs, and leopards. A small flock of birds migrates to an unpopulated island with lush vegetation and abundant insect prey. During winter in Yellowstone National Park eagles, coyotes, wolves, foxes, and bears compete to scavenge a meal from the carcass of a fallen moose.

Excessive snow and cold from a blizzard causes many starvation‑related deaths in a quail population. Only a small portion of the quail survive to spring to raise their young. A small flock of birds migrates to an unpopulated island with lush vegetation and abundant insect prey.

The latitudinal diversity gradient refers to what pattern of species diversity? Plants are most diverse near the equator, while animals are most diverse toward the poles. For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest at low elevation and lowest at high elevation. For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest near the equator and lowest near the poles. For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest near the poles and lowest near the equator. For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest at high elevation and lowest at low elevation.

For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest near the equator and lowest near the poles.

In the 1940s, biologist Adolph Murie studied survival in Dall sheep in what is now Denali National Park in Alaska. He found that Dall sheep that survive their first year of life have a high probability of surviving until they are around 9 years old. After that, they rapidly become easy prey for wolves and die at a very high rate. This pattern best fits a Type _____ survivorship curve.

I

When sea turtle eggs hatch, predators gather, and mortality among the hatchlings is extremely high. Once turtles reach adult size, they can live for decades. This is an example of a Type _____ survivorship curve. II I III

III

How are biodiversity hotspots and endemic species related? Biodiversity hotspots are the only regions in the world that any endemic species can be found. In part, biodiversity hotspots are identified by the number of endemic species found in the hotspot range. Endemic species are able to diversify by interbreeding with other species found in biodiversity hotspots. Endemic species are found in the fossil records of biodiversity hotspots, but do not exist in current day hotspots.

In part, biodiversity hotspots are identified by the number of endemic species found in the hotspot range.

You discover an animal that has wings and has an exoskeleton made of chitin. To which group does this animal belong? a. Nematodes b. Chelicerates c. Birds d. Insects

Insects

Three islands are discovered off the coast of the mainland: Island A is 35 meters away and is 98 m2 in size. Island B is 294 meters away and is 175 m2 in size . Island C is 110 meters away and is 128 m2 in size. Which island will have the highest rates of immigration? a. Island A b. Island B c. Island C d. Immigration will be equal on all islands

Island A

What is the difference between kinesis and taxis? Taxis is random movement and kinesis is directional movement. Kinesis occurs in response to a stimulus and taxis does not. Kinesis is random movement and taxis is directional movement. Taxis occurs in response to a stimulus and kinesis does not.

Kinesis is random movement and taxis is directional movement.

Parazoans

Lack specialized tissue No body symmetry (porifera)

Protosomes

Mouth before blastopore (majority of invertebrates)

The use of pheromones is a type of _________ animal communication. a. Auditory b. Visual c. Olfactory d. Tactile

Olfactory

What is the difference between primary and secondary consumers? Primary consumers feed on primary producers, whereas secondary consumers feed on primary consumers. Primary consumers obtain carbon by ingesting organic molecules, whereas secondary consumers gain carbon by fixing CO2. Primary consumers feed on small animals, whereas secondary consumers feed on larger animals. Primary consumers obtain carbon from carbon dioxide in air or dissolved in water, whereas secondary consumers gain carbon by feeding on other organisms.

Primary consumers feed on primary producers, whereas secondary consumers feed on primary consumers.

Bilaterians are divided into two monophyletic groups, the _____ and ______. Protostomia - Deuterostomia. Lophotrochozao - Ecdysozoa. Chordata - Hemichordata. Eumetazoa - Parazoa

Protostomia - Deuterostomia

Symmetry of Cnidaria

Radial

Radiatans

Radial body symmetry diboblastic cnidarians

What are some of the predicted long‑term effects of global warming? More freshwater will be available for human use. Rising sea levels will threaten coastal civilizations. Precipitation rates will decrease sharply worldwide. Warming of oceans will decrease populations of marine life. Changes to ecosystems will increase biodiversity worldwide.

Rising sea levels will threaten coastal civilizations. Warming of oceans will decrease populations of marine life.

Which scenario is an example of kin selection? Male lions leave their mother's pride and join another unrelated pride in order to mate. Scrub jays without territories assist their parents in raising their parents' latest offspring. Salmon return from the sea to the river in which they were born when it is time to spawn. A male Florida panther mates and produces offspring with one of his previous daughters.

Scrub jays without territories assist their parents in raising their parents' latest offspring.

A moth flying toward light is an example of ______. A sowbug speeding up and making random turns in a warm, bright environment is an example of_______. a. Kinesis - taxis b. Kinesis - kinesis c. Taxis - kinesis d. Taxis - taxis

Taxis - kinesis

Primary producers are the basis for all aquatic and terrestrial food webs. How does the amount of primary production affect community structure? The more energy available from primary producers, the more species that could be supported at higher trophic levels in the community. Primary production has no direct relationship to community structure. The more energy available from primary producers, the more individuals that could be supported at higher trophic levels in the community.

The more energy available from primary producers, the more individuals that could be supported at higher trophic levels in the community.

Which sentence best describes exponential population growth? The population increases in size despite intense competition for food. Each individual reproduces more when the population density is low. The generation time of the population becomes shorter and shorter. The population growth rate increases with each passing generation.

The population growth rate increases with each passing generation.

Biologists who study biodiversity describe new species and monitor species of which we are aware. Why is the study of biodiversity important in the Anthropocene? The study of biodiversity is important because it helps quantify the effects of human actions on changes in the traits of many populations (size, density, and distribution). The study of biodiversity is important because it provides information about the number of species that go extinct every 1000 years. The study of biodiversity is important because if we don't count all the species on the planet, we won't be able to identify more potential sources of food. The study of biodiversity is important because many politicians are biologists and they can influence government policy.

The study of biodiversity is important because it helps quantify the effects of human actions on changes in the traits of many populations (size, density, and distribution).

What is the common feature of all animals in the superphylum Ecdysozoa?

They have a cuticle that must be shed.

Identify the definition of symbiosis. Two or more interacting species adapt to each other over long periods of time. Two or more kinds of organisms interact in generally permanent relationships, which may be beneficial, detrimental, or neutral. New species arise from existing species within populations that live in the same geographic area. Individuals of two or more different species compete for the same resources in a given geographical area.

Two or more kinds of organisms interact in generally permanent relationships, which may be beneficial, detrimental, or neutral.

Which scenario is an example of reciprocal altruism? Scrub jays without territories assist their parents in raising the parents' latest offspring. A male wood thrush brings food for his young while his mate is out hunting for more food. Vampire bats give blood meals to hungry bats that have given them blood meals in the past. A bottlenose dolphin pushes an injured dolphin to the surface so the injured one can breathe.

Vampire bats give blood meals to hungry bats that have given them blood meals in the past.

Which of the following is not a characteristic shared by all chordates? a) Dorsal nerve cord b) Pharyngeal slits c) Postanal tail d) Vertebral column e) Notochord

Vertebral column

Which description is an example of imprinting? A cat that is fed canned food every day begins to salivate when it hears the sound of a can opener. A rat learns how to efficiently remove seeds from a pine cone after observing other rats perform this behavior. Within a few days after hatching, geese hatchlings recognize an individual as a parent and follow its movements. Aquarium fish huddle together and retreat to a corner when someone taps the glass. Over time, fish recognize tapping is not a threat and do not respond when the tapping occurs. A bird eats a brightly colored insect and becomes ill from toxins produced by the insect. The bird avoids eating brightly colored insects in the future.

Within a few days after hatching, geese hatchlings recognize an individual as a parent and follow its movements.

Select the scenario that describes an invasive species. Zebra mussels were unintentionally transported from eastern Europe to the Great Lakes region of North America on freight ships. Zebra mussels attach to and kill a large proportion of native mussels, so zebra mussels out‑compete native species in the Great Lakes. There are several species of cestode tapeworm that can infect the human digestive tract. Tapeworms are parasitic species that gain their nutrients from the host's diet as food passes through the host's digestive tract. California oakworm caterpillars are a native pest species on the west coast of North America that infest many populations of oak trees. In years when the oakworm population is abundant, oakworms can destroy all the oak leaves present in their natural range. The only place on Earth that many species of chameleons can be found is Madagascar. If the habitat in the geographic range of these chameleon species is drastically changed or destroyed, these species of chameleons are highly likely to become extinct.

Zebra mussels were unintentionally transported from eastern Europe to the Great Lakes region of North America on freight ships. Zebra mussels attach to and kill a large proportion of native mussels, so zebra mussels out‑compete native species in the Great Lakes.

What is a greenhouse gas? a gas that magnifies energy emitted from the Sun a gas that creates holes in the ozone layer a gas that absorbs ultraviolet light emitted from the Sun a gas that traps heat emitted from the Earth

a gas that traps heat emitted from the Earth

Which example describes a metapopulation? a group of separate populations of the same species that are linked to each other in some way a group of separate populations of the same species that do not interact with each other the entire collection of all populations of the same species a group of separate populations of various species that interact with each other

a group of separate populations of the same species that are linked to each other in some way

When sea otters are present in a kelp forest community, there are more than 12 other species found in the community. If sea otters are removed, there are only 5-7 other species that remain in the community. These data suggest that sea otters are: a. top predators. b. primary consumers. c. a keystone species. d. secondary consumers.

a keystone species.

When two species compete for similar resources, resource partitioning can alter the niche of the species that compete. Resource partitioning results in: a. individuals of each species sharing the resources that they both exploit. b. individuals of each species hybridizing in the region of overlap. c. a move from the fundamental niche to the realized niche for both species. d. a move from the realized niche to the fundamental niche for both species.

a move from the fundamental niche to the realized niche for both species.

If bird song promotes an individual's ability to attract a mate and reproduce, then the song has a(n) _____ function. causative assumptive historical adaptive mechanistic

adaptive

Population growth is affected by a variety of limiting factors, such as the amount of food available. A factor that is density dependent affects populations regardless of population size in an area. affects populations to varying extents based on population size in an area. affects heavier individuals before smaller ones. limits how large in size individuals can grow.

affects populations to varying extents based on population size in an area.

What is an organism's fundamental niche? the way an organism uses environmental resources and interacts with the community the location in the environment that provides the type of resources an organism requires the subset of environmental resources and interactions actually available to an organism all the ways an organism could interact with the environment if no limiting factors existed

all the ways an organism could interact with the environment if no limiting factors existed

In contrast to an association made between a stimulus and a behavior, operant conditioning is the result of: an association made between a behavior and a response. an association made between two unrelated behaviors by the learner. an association made between a stimulus and a response. an association made between a stimulus and an unrelated behavior.

an association made between a behavior and a response.

Which example describes global warming? temporary cooling of the Pacific Ocean that affects global weather an increase in the average temperature of Earth an increase in absorption of thermal radiation in the atmosphere the development of a hole in the ozone layer

an increase in the average temperature of Earth

Deuterostomes characteristics

anus develops before the mouth mesoderm pockets pinch off from the endoderm to form the coelom

Deuterostomes

anus develops first includes chordate

Radial symmetry

axis from mouth to base of body many planes

Lampreys have sucker-like mouths and are known to attach themselves to fish. In doing so, they rasp off a section of the fish using hard keratinized structures in the mouth and "feed" on the blood and fluid that oozes into their oral cavity. Fish can survive with a lamprey attached, but they have to expend extra energy swimming with the lamprey attached. This association would be designated a: a. commensalism. b. parasitism. c. mutualism. d. predation.

b. parasitism

Identify the definition of altruism. behavior that involves individuals working together to increase the fitness of all involved behavior that is modified in response to specific experiences presented by the environment behavior that reduces an individual's fitness while improving the fitness of other individuals in the population behavior that increases the fitness of one individual in the population over the fitness of all other individuals

behavior that reduces an individual's fitness while improving the fitness of other individuals in the population

Bilatarians

bilateral body symmetry triboblastic MOST other anmials (humans, insects, snails) Well-defined tissues

When two species interact within a habitat, competitive exclusion can be observed if a predator is introduced and decimates the population of one of the species. one species is preying on the other species to prevent competition for a limited food resource. both species depend on the same limited resource, and one species is a better competitor for that resource. each species uses a different resource, and the two species coexist. both species share an unlimited resource, and one species is a better competitor for that resource.

both species depend on the same limited resource, and one species is a better competitor for that resource.

Which scenario would be considered a type of communication? Select all that apply. a duckling imprinting on a human a goose rolling an egg back into the nest cardinals singing a lion marking its territory the plumage of a bird of paradise

cardinals singing a lion marking its territory the plumage of a bird of paradise

Which are examples of amniotes? chickens shrimp tuna kangaroos

chickens, kangaroos

Spanish moss is not a moss, but a flowering plant, Tillandsia usneoides, often seen draped from the branches of live oaks, cypress, and other large trees in the southeastern United States. The trees on which Spanish moss grows provide support but no nutrients or moisture—the plant provides those things for itself, apparently without harming its support tree. This is an example of: a. commensalism. b. antagonism. c. mutualism. d. parasitism. e. competition.

commensalism.

A scientist has two species of paramecia that have almost identical ecological niches. The graphs demonstrate that when the populations of the two species are raised separately in the lab, they both thrive. However, when the populations share the same habitat, one of the populations crashes and the other thrives. What ecological principle does this describe? mutualistic symbiosis resource partitioning character displacement competitive exclusion

competitive exclusion

Eumatozoans

distinct body tissue true body symmetry

traits of endotherms

do not primarily control body temperature through behavior include birds and mammals must eat frequently

A characteristic shared by all Deuterostomes at some stage in their life cycle is:

dorsal nerve cord.

Which statement is an example of a fixed action pattern? humans do not forget the actions of riding a bicycle once learned ducklings bond with the first adult animal they see dogs drool when they hear a bell after that sound was paired with food geese roll eggs back to nest, not stopping movement even if the egg is removed

geese roll eggs back to nest, not stopping movement even if the egg is removed

What characteristics are shared by all animals? A. get needed organic molecules from other organisms B. have cell walls C. are multicellular eukaryotes D. have specialized tissues made of distinct cell types E. are motile during some or all of the stages of life

get needed organic molecules from other organisms are multicellular eukaryotes are motile during some or all of the stages of life

Which trait is one of the defining characteristics of all mammals?

hair

Features of anmials

heterotrophic multicellular no cell walls cells in tissues or organs most have active movement characteristic embryonic development

Coast redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens) are the tallest trees on Earth. The natural distribution of this species is limited to a narrow strip of land along the coast of northern California and southern Oregon, typically within 40 miles of the ocean. Which factors could contribute to the geographic‑range limits of the coast redwood species? high altitude mountains to the east outcompeted by faster‑growing trees or shrubs high genetic diversity extreme winter temperatures, commonly below freezing

high altitude mountains to the east outcompeted by faster‑growing trees or shrubs extreme winter temperatures, commonly below freezing

Classify the organisms as belonging to invertebrate non‑chordates, invertebrate chordates, or vertebrate chordates. lancelet

invertebrate chordate

Classify the organisms as belonging to invertebrate non‑chordates, invertebrate chordates, or vertebrate chordates. tunicate

invertebrate chordate

Classify the organisms as belonging to invertebrate non‑chordates, invertebrate chordates, or vertebrate chordates. Sea star

invertebrate non-chordate

Classify the organisms as belonging to invertebrate non‑chordates, invertebrate chordates, or vertebrate chordates. grasshopper

invertebrate non-chordate

A form of natural selection favoring the spread of alleles that promote behaviors that help close relatives is called _____ selection. reciprocal sexual intrasexual kin group

kin

Porifera

least complex 9000 species vase-like, small pores, tough cells nutrition by intracellular digestion no reproductive organs sponges

Protosome's characteristics

mouth develops before anus a solid mass of mesoderm splits to form the coelom

Bilateral symmetry

mouth to tail dinstince anterior and posterior Dorsal and ventral R & L

According to this phylogeny, which of the answer choice correctly lists the sequence in which multicellularity, tissues, and bilateral symmetry arose, from the oldest characteristic to the most recent? multicellularity, tissues, bilateral symmetry tissues, bilateral symmetry, multicellularity multicellularity, bilateral symmetry, tissues tissues, multicellularity, bilateral symmetry The sequence cannot be determined from the phylogeny.

multicellularity, tissues, bilateral symmetry

Features that define chordates

notochord post‑anal tail hollow nerve cord pharyngeal slits (clefts)

Why does habitat fragmentation pose serious risks to species of wildlife? increases core habitat, reducing the amount of edge habitat in the patches prevents immigrants from entering isolated populations and providing new genes increases movement of animals between habitat patches reduces total available acres of habitat for species to utilize decreases core habitat, leaving mostly edge habitat around the patches

prevents immigrants from entering isolated populations and providing new genes reduces total available acres of habitat for species to utilize decreases core habitat, leaving mostly edge habitat around the patches

traits of ectotherms

primarily control body temperature through behavior include reptiles have low energetic needs

An r-strategist will typically: Select all that apply. produce large offspring. produce small offspring. produce few offspring. provide little parental care. provide abundant parental care. produce many offspring.

produce small offspring. provide little parental care. produce many offspring.

Burning fossil fuels disrupts the carbon cycle by polluting the environment with toxic chemicals such as formaldehyde. killing plants, which decreases the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. depleting the ozone layer, and allowing more ultraviolet rays to reach the earth. releasing large amounts of stored carbon into the atmosphere

releasing large amounts of stored carbon into the atmosphere.

Which phenomenon accounts for the coexistence of closely related species living in the same habitat and sharing the same limited resource? symbiosis sexual selection competitive exclusion resource partitioning

resource partitioning

Which human activity is responsible for overloading the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles? runoff of fertilizer from agricultural areas overhunting of wild game species clearcutting of forests for lumber redirecting of rivers away from natural paths

runoff of fertilizer from agricultural areas

Animals with bilateral symmetry typically have: Select all that apply. complex behavior. specialized appendages along both sides for locomotion. specializations for rapid locomotion in all directions. specialized sensory organs clustered at the front, or head, end. distinct front (head) and back (tail) ends.

specialized sensory organs clustered at the front, or head, end. distinct front (head) and back (tail) ends.

Identify the statement that best describes r‑selected species. species that tend to live in stable and predictable environments species that tend to mature late and have a relatively long lifespan species that tend to live at or near population carrying capacity species that tend to exist where intraspecies competition is low species that tend to provide extensive and prolonged parental care

species that tend to exist where intraspecies competition is low

Identify the statement that best describes K‑selected species. species that tend to exist where resources are abundant species that tend to live well below the population carrying capacity species that tend to produce only a single or very few large offspring species that tend to live in unstable and unpredictable environments species that tend to mature early and and have a relatively short lifespan

species that tend to produce only a single or very few large offspring

The key characteristic that separates the Deuterostomes from the Protostomes is:

the blastopore becomes the mouth during development.

Which of these is an example of biodiversity? the competitive relationships between herbivores in a grassland ecosystem the different animal and plant species that live in a desert habitat the variety of rocks and minerals found on a mountain the variety of dissolved gasses in a freshwater lake

the different animal and plant species that live in a desert habitat

What is an organism's habitat? all the ways an organism could interact with the environment if no limiting factors existed the way an organism uses environmental resources and interacts with the community the location in the environment that provides the type of resources an organism requires the subset of environmental resources and interactions actually available to an organism

the location in the environment that provides the type of resources an organism requires

What is the definition of carrying capacity (K)? the maximum number of individuals that can be sustained in this environment a constant (K) that is set for each population and does not vary over time the segment of the population curve in which there is a decrease in death rates the number of predators present in this environment

the maximum number of individuals that can be sustained in this environment

Which description defines population density? the number of individuals in a population, per unit area or volume the pattern of spacing between species in a population the number of offspring produced in a population, per unit time the number of different taxonomic clades in a population's geographic range

the number of individuals in a population, per unit area or volume

What is an organism's realized niche? the location in the environment that provides the type of resources an organism requires the way an organism uses environmental resources and interacts with the community all the ways an organism could interact with the environment if no limiting factors existed the subset of environmental resources and interactions actually available to an organism

the subset of environmental resources and interactions actually available to an organism

Population dynamics is the study of how the gene pool of a population varies over time. how diseases are transmitted throughout a population. the variations in a population size over time and how those variations occur. the maximum population size that a particular environment can support.

the variations in a population size over time and how those variations occur.

What is an organism's ecological niche? the location in the environment that provides the type of resources an organism requires the subset of environmental resources and interactions actually available to an organism the way an organism uses environmental resources and interacts with the community all the ways an organism could interact with the environment if no limiting factors existed

the way an organism uses environmental resources and interacts with the community

Altruism occurs when an individual reduces his or her own direct fitness and increases the fitness of another individual. true false

true

In a trophic pyramid, the broader the base of primary producers, the more biomass that can be supported in upper levels. true false

true

Classify the organisms as belonging to invertebrate non‑chordates, invertebrate chordates, or vertebrate chordates. eel

vertebrate chordate

Classify the organisms as belonging to invertebrate non‑chordates, invertebrate chordates, or vertebrate chordates. salamander

vertebrate chordate

Which of the items are greenhouse gases? carbon monoxide water vapor nitrogen methane

water vapor methane

Vertebrates are distinguished from other chordates by: Select all that apply. well-developed vertebrae. paired appendages. a mineralized skeleton made of calcium phosphate. a protective cranium. a bony jaw.

well-developed vertebrae. a protective cranium.