BIO 1510 final exam

(Page 35, figure 3.2) When you have a nitrogen atom bound to two hydrogen atoms, the functional group is an (blank) group.

Amino

Proteins are made from monomers that are called (blank blank)

Amino acids

Molecules with a ratio of 1:2:1 of C:H:O, i.e. (CH2O)n are (blank).

Carbohydrates

(Page 22) The four main atoms in organic compounds are (blank).

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

(Page 35, figure 3.2) When you have a carbon atom bound to an oxygen atom with a double bond and a hydroxyl with a single bond, the functional group is a (blank) group.

Carboxyl

Think about the levels of biological organization. A neuron and a bacterium are each examples of (blank), which are the basic unit of life.

Cells

Plants use the polysaccharide (blank) for structural support. Humans cannot digest this polysaccharide, but ruminants, like cows can digest it in symbiosis with bacteria in their guts.

Cellulose

The organelles called (blank) use energy from light to fix carbon from inorganic carbon dioxide to organic molecules, like glucose.

Chloroplasts

When the interaction of the components of a system cannot be deduced by looking at the parts in isolation it is an (blank).

Emergent property

The unity and diversity of life are both caused by (blank).

Evolution

As the energy from the acetyl group is harvested, three high energy molecules are created. The first is made from FAD and is called (blank).

FADH2

The high-energy electron carrier that is generated during the Krebs cycle, but not glycolysis or the oxidation of pyruvate, is called (blank).

FADH2

The shape of a protein determines its (blank).

Function

The organelles that metabolize carbohydrates and generate ATP for cells to use are (blank).

Mitochondria

When you have 6.022 x 1023 atoms, then you have 1 (blank) of atoms.

Mole

When you have a molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 it can be glucose, fructose or galactose, among other compounds. These compounds are all (blank), which means single sugar.

Monosaccharides

Think about the levels of biological organization. A mitochondrion, chloroplast, nucleus, or the endoplasmic reticulum are each examples of (blank), which are larger than macromolecules and smaller than cells

Organelles

Think about the levels of biological organization. A human, goose, elephant, lily plant or tree are each examples of (blank), which are composed of organ systems.

Organisms

(Page 7) When scientists break a system down into parts to study each part independently it is called (blank).

Reductionism

Which of the following is the largest? a. a cell b. an organelle c. starch d. glucose e. a hydrogen ion

a. a cell

(Chapter 2.4) The polarity of water is important because it allows a water molecule to: a. make hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules b. make double covalent bonds with other molecules c. either gain or lose an electron d. make hydrogen bonds with non-polar molecules

a. make hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules

The boundary of the matrix of a mitochondrion is created by: a. the inner membrane b. the thylakoids c. the outer membrane d. the intermembrane space e. cytosol

a. the inner membrane

The process of (blank) (blank) breaks down glucose and transfers the energy from exothermically breaks the bonds in glucose to make high energy bonds in ATP. In this process oxygen is required as an electron acceptor.

aerobic respiration

The (blank) produce their own organic molecules from inorganic molecules. If the organic molecules are produced from the energy in sunlight by photosynthesis then they are called photoautotrophs.

autotrophs

pH is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration of solution. If the [H+] is 10-7 mol/L, what is the pH? a. -7 b. 7 c. 10 d. -10 e. 4

b. 7

(Chapter 1.2) Why do we need to address questions with both reductionist and systems approaches? a. We need systems biology to study large things, and reductionism to study small things. b. We need reductionism to understand the parts, and systems biology to understand the emergent properties when the parts work together. c. We do not need both. Either approach alone can explain a scientific phenomenon. d. We need reductionism to study large things, and systems biology to study small things.

b. We need reductionism to understand the parts, and systems biology to understand the emergent properties when the parts work together.

(Chapter 6.2) Which of the following is consistent with the first two laws of thermodynamics? a. during cellular respiration cells create energy. The enegy is in the form of ATP b. during a redox reaction energy is transferred from one atom to another c. when ATP is broken down, energy is destroyed d. the entropy (disorder) of the universe continues to decrease

b. during a redox reaction energy is transferred from one atom to another

Unsaturated fatty acids: a. pack more tightly than unsaturated fatty acids do b. are longer than saturated fatty acids are c. each have at least one double bond d. are more likely to come from animals than saturated fatty acids are

c. each have at least one double bond

Both chloroplasts and mitochondria: a. capture light energy and convert it to potential energy in chemical bonds b. have a matrix c. evolved by endosymbiosis d. catabolize glucose to make ATP e. have thylakoids

c. evolved by endosymbiosis

(Chapter 6.1) Kinetic energy is the energy of: a. position b. chemical bonds c. motion d. redox reactions e. photosynthesis

c. motion

(Chapter 7.1) ______________ convert energy from the sun into ___________ energy in glucose. a. autotrophs, kinetic b. heterotrophs, potential c. photoautotrophs, potential d. homotrophs, kinetic e. heterotrophs, kinetic

c. photoautotrophs, potential

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major types of macromolecules in living organisms? a. nucleic acids b. lipids c. water d. proteins e. carbohydrates

c. water

A transmembrane protein that moves ligands across the membrane by binding ligands with high affinity on one side and low affinity on the other is a(n): a. ion channel b. cell-to-cell adhesion protein c. enyzme d. carrier protein e. cell-surface receptor

d. carrier protein

(Chapter 3.2) The polysaccharide most likely to be a structural part of a plant is: a. ATP b. glycogen c. starch d. cellulose e. chitin

d. cellulose

(Chapter 2.4) Which type of bond holds two different water molecules to each other, or the two halves of a DNA double helix together? a. double covalent bonds b. polar covalent bonds c. non-polar covalent bonds d. hydrogen bonds e. single covalent bonds

d. hydrogen bonds

(Chapter 5.4) It would be simple diffusion when: a. glucose moves down its concentration gradient through a channel into a cell b. carbon dioxide moves up its concentration gradient into a cell c. the sodium-potassium ATPase moves sodium and potassium into or out of a cell d. oxygen moves down its concentration gradient into a cell

d. oxygen moves down its concentration gradient into a cell

What is the basic unit of all living organisms? a. the cytoplasm b. the organs c. the nucleus d. the cell e. the flagella

d. the cell

Oxidation of pyruvate: a. generates citrate b. generates ATP directly c. generates FADH2 d. generates oxaloacetate e. generates acetyl-CoA

e. generates acetyl-CoA

There is unity and diversity to life. All lifeforms are unified by all of the following except: a. evolution b. the four major types of macromolecules c. being composed of one or more cells as the basic functional unit d. the requirement for energy and similarities in energy pathways e. having the exact same sequences of nucleotides in their DNA

e. having the exact same sequences of nucleotides in their DNA

Which of the following are characteristics of prokaryotic cells, but not eukaryotic cells? a. they have ribosomes b. their macromolecules include proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids c. they have organelles that are surrounded by membranes d. they have chromatin in the nucleus e. they lack membrane-bound organelles

e. they lack membrane-bound organelles

The purpose of cellular respiration is to: a. transfer information from the nucelus to the inner membrane of the mitochondria b. make pyruvate from glucose c. make mitochondria d. get oxygen into the body e. transfer the energy from glucose to ATP

e. transfer the energy from glucose to ATP

(Chapter 4.1) Which of the following pairs correctly matches the type of microscope you would use to answer the biological question? a. scanning electron microscope - what is the shape of cellular organelles? b. scanning electron microscope - how fast does a flagellum spin? c. a light microscope - what is the shape of the protein lactase? d. the unaided eye - what is the shape of the bacteria in a sample? e. transmission electron microscope - where are ribosomes located in plant cells

e. transmission electron microscope - where are ribosomes located in plant cells

Membrane proteins that catalyze chemical reactions are called (blank). This type of protein is found in the cytosol as well as in membranes.

enzymes

What happens to hydrogen ions by the electron transport chain? The hydrogen ions are transported from the matrix into the (blank) (blank).

intermembrane space

(How many?) During the oxidation of pyruvate (blank) carbon atoms are transferred from pyruvate to CoA to make acetyl-CoA.

two

ATP and water can be broken down into (blank) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). This is an exergonic reaction that releases energy.

ADP

What is the substrate that combines with Pi to make ATP?

ADP

ADP is converted to what high energy molecule during glycolysis?

ATP

Active transport requires energy to move molecules across membranes. The energy for active transport is in the form of (blank).

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy carrier in cells, is also known as (blank).

ATP

As the energy from the acetyl group is harvested, three high energy molecules are created. The first is made from ADP and Pi and is called (blank).

ATP

What molecule is generated by phosphorylation during chemiosmosis?

ATP

When the ADP is phosphorylated it is converted to ATP, which can be used by cells for energy. What is the name of the protein complex that is required for the hydrogen ion gradient to make ATP?

ATP synthase

Examples of prokaryotes include acidophilus and E. coli, which are in the domain (blank). Prokaryotes also include organisms in the domain archaea.

Bacteria

The folding required for the higher-order structures requires folding. (blank) proteins help other proteins fold correctly.

Chaperone

The broken flask becomes (blank) when the neck is broken, which allows preexisting living organisms from the air to fall in.

Contaminated

When we do experiments it is important to rule out misinterpretation due to technical reasons, or alternative trivial explanations. These experiments that are run to be more confident or our interpretation of the results from the experimental conditions are called (blank) experiments.

Control

When two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons it is called a(n) (blank) bond.

Covalent

(Pages 12-13) All life forms store information in the form of nucleic acids, which include (blank) for long term storage and passing information to the next generation. Another type of nucleic acid is RNA, which transfers the stored information to ribosomes for translation.

DNA

Going from general principles to make specific predictions is (blank).

Deductive reasoning

The type of chemical reactions that make proteins is a (blank) reaction. This is the same type of reaction that makes nucleic acids from their monomers, nucleotides.

Dehydration

When subunits make new bonds to form a macromolecule it is a (blank) reaction.

Dehydration

The shape of a double stranded DNA molecule is a (blank).

Double helix

(Pages 24-25) If you are talking about an atom's affinity for electrons, you are referring to the (blank) of the atom.

Electronegativity

The process called (blank) describes the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts. This occurred for mitochondria when one ancient cell engulfed a cell that had DNA that included the genes for the proteins of cellular respiration (the processing of glucose to carbon dioxide and ATP). This occurred for chloroplasts when one ancient cell engulfed a cell that had DNA that included the genes for the proteins of photosynthesis (the processing of carbon dioxide to glucose with energy from light).

Endosymbiosis

All living organisms use (blank) to do work. Work includes changing shape, like a muscle contracting; and moving molecules across membranes.

Energy

A cell that has a true nucleus that is bound by a membrane is a (blank).

Eukaryote

Plants, multicellular animals, and some single-celled organisms like yeast are (blank), which means that their cells have true nuclei surrounded by lipid bilayers, membrane-bound organelles and multiple linear chromosomes.

Eukaryotes

In animals, energy is stored in the polysaccharide (blank).

Glycogen

(Pages 26-27, especially figure 2.12) Two water molecules make (blank) bonds with each other.

Hydrogen

When a macromolecule is broken into smaller pieces it is a (blank) reaction.

Hydrolysis

The molecules in the bilayers described in question 2 are arranged with their (blank) heads towards the water.

Hydrophilic

(Page 35, figure 3.2) When you have an OH, it is the functional group (blank).

Hydroxyl

(Pages 5-7) When a scientist wants to understand the world, she makes a testable (blank). After testing this idea many ways by many people the community agrees on a scientific theory that is consistent with all the data and explains the phenomenon.

Hypothesis

Using specific observations to develop general conclusions is (blank).

Inductive reasoning

Glucose, fructose and galactose all have the same number of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are different chemicals with different properties because the atoms are arranged in different patterns. Molecules with the same atoms that are arranged in different patterns, either with double bonds in different locations, or molecules that are mirror images of each other are called (blank).

Isomers

(blank) are macromolecules that have many nonpolar C-H bonds, are hydrophobic and insoluble in water. Examples include fatty acids, cholesterol, waxes and some vitamins.

Lipids

Think about the levels of biological organization. Nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates are each examples of (blank). They are the four major types of large molecules in living organisms.

Macromolecules

(Page 35, figure 3.2) When you have a carbon atom bound to three hydrogen atoms, the functional group is a (blank) group.

Methyl

NADH is made during glycolysis. What is NADH made from?

NAD+

As the energy from the acetyl group is harvested, three high energy molecules are created. The first is made from NAD+ and is called (blank).

NADH

Hydrogen ions are pumped into the intermembrane space by the electron transport chain and they return down their concentration gradient during chemiosmosis. Where did the energy come from to generate the concentration gradient during electron transport? The energy came from (blank) and FADH2.

NADH

NAD+ is converted to what high-energy molecule during glycolysis?

NADH

The high-energy electron carrier that is generated during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the Krebs Cycle from NAD+ is called (blank).

NADH

When one of the carbon atoms is released as carbon dioxide, where does the energy from the broken carbon bond go? The energy is used to make (blank) from NAD+.

NADH

(Page 18) In atoms, protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and (blank) are neutral subatomic particles.

Neutrons

Instead of a nucleus, prokaryotes have a (blank).

Nucleoid

The monomers that make DNA or RNA nucleic acids are generally called (blank).

Nucleotides

In Pasteur's experiment with the swan-necked flasks, there was [nutrient] broth in the flask. The (blank) were included to provide an energy source for the growth of any microorganisms.

Nutrients

These monomers that make proteins are combined when (blank) bonds are made by chemical reactions.

Peptide

(Page 35, figure 3.2) When you have a phosphorous atom bound to four oxygen atoms (O-PO3), the functional group is a (blank) group.

Phosphate

When a sugar and a phosphate make a covalent bond along the backbone of a molecule of DNA or RNA, it is a dehydration reaction that makes a specific type of bond, called a (blank) bond.

Phosphodiester

A (blank) has a polar "head" with a phosphate group, and two nonpolar fatty acid "tails."

Phospholipid

In a (blank) bilayer there are two layers of amphipathic molecules.

Phospholipid

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have (blank blank) that surround the cytoplasm and are made of phospholipids and proteins.

Plasma membranes

Proteins have a (blank) structure that is just the sequence of the amino acids. In addition, proteins have secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure due to the formation three-dimensional functional groups, a final folded shape, and the combination of multiple polypeptides, respectively.

Primary

Cells that do not contain a membrane-bound nucleus are called (blank).

Prokaryotes

There are two classes of nitrogenous bases. One class of nitrogenous basses, called (blank), has two aromatic rings of carbon and nitrogen.

Purines

The other class of nitrogenous bases has only one aromatic ring of carbon and nitrogen, and are called (blank).

Pyrimidines

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have (blank) that synthesize proteins.

Ribosomes

Fatty acids without double bonds between the carbon atoms are (blank) and are nearly straight.

Saturated

A body of interconnected concepts that are supported by experimental evidence and scientific reasoning and are the ideas that we are most certain of are called (blank).

Scientific theories

Plants and animals store energy in polysaccharides. In plants a common polysaccharides include amylose and amylopectin, which both belong to the category called (blank).

Starches

A swan-neck flask is a container that holds liquid and has a neck that is curved (like a swan's neck) but open to the air. The curved neck allows gasses to exchange with the inside of the flask, but prevents things from falling into the flask. When you (blank) the contents of a flask with heat, it is killing all of the living organisms in the flask.

Sterilize

There are three main parts of a nucleotide. The middle part that connects the other two in a monomer is a (blank).

Sugar

The molecules in the bilayers described in question 2 are arranged with their hydrophobic (blank) touching each other in the middle of the bilayer, instead of touching the water.

Tails

Think about the levels of biological organization. (blank) are made of several types of cells working togther to perform a common function within an organ.

Tissues

A fat that is made from one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids is a (blank), and is often used for energy storage in animals.

Triglyceride

Fatty acids that have double bonds between the carbon atoms are (blank) and have many bends and kinks.

Unsaturated

The factors that we control and change in experiments are the (blank).

Variables

(Chapter 2.6) If the [H+] in stomach acid is 10-2 mol/L, what is the pH? a. 2 b. 10 c. 7 d. -2 e. -10

a. 2

(Chapter 1.2) Refute means provide evidence against. In class, we discussed how Pasteur was testing the germ hypothesis and the spontaneous generation hypothesis. What data refuted the spontaneous generation hypothesis? a. Microorganisms never grew in the flask of sterilized broth when the neck was intact. b. Microorganisms did not grow in the flask when the swan neck was broken. c. Microorganisms grew in the flask when the swan neck was intact. d. Heating the broth sterilized it by killing all the microorganisms in the broth. e. Microorganisms grew in the flask when the swan neck was broken.

a. Microorganisms never grew in the flask of sterilized broth when the neck was intact.

During the oxidation of pyruvate: a. NADH is made from NAD+ b. pyruvate is oxidized to oxaloacetate c. CoA and pyruvate are made from carbon dioxide and acetyl-CoA d. FADH2 is made directly e. ATP is made directly

a. NADH is made from NAD+

(Chapter 5.5) The sodium-potassium antiporter normally transports sodium and potassium across the membrane. This antiporter sets up concentration gradients across the membrane. The typical concentrations are: a. [sodium] lower inside than outside and [potassium] higher inside than outside b. both [sodium] and [potassium] higher inside than outside c. [sodium] and [potassium] equal on either side of the membrane d. [sodium] higher inside than outside and [potassium] lower inside than outside

a. [sodium] lower inside than outside and [potassium] higher inside than outside

(Chapter 3.1) The functional group that is made of one carbon atom bonded to a hydroxyl group and to an oxygen atom is called: a. a carboxyl b. an amino c. a methyl d. a phosphate e. a carbonyl

a. a carboxyl

(Chapter 3.4) Which of the following are both found in all twenty amino acids? a. a carboxyl group and an amino group b. sulfhydryl and an amino group c. a ribose and a phosphate d. a sugar and a fatty acid e. a nitrogenous base and a phosphate

a. a carboxyl group and an amino group

You have a U-shaped tube with a semipermeable membrane across the interior of the tube at the bottom of the U, separating the U into a left and right side. The membrane is only permeable to water. You pour equal volumes of aqueous solutions in the left and right sides, but the solution on the left has four times more insulin than the solution on the right. You wait then measure the height of the water in the left and right sides. You expect to see: a. a higher water level on the left than on the right b. a higher water level on the right than on the left c. equal water levels on the right and left

a. a higher water level on the left than on the right

Fatty acid desaturases introduce double bonds into fatty acids in membranes. If you activate a fatty acid desaturase you would expect: a. a more liquid membrane b. a less liquid membrane c. a membrane with the same stiffness (liquidity) d. a membrane with fewer proteins

a. a more liquid membrane

(Chapter 5.1 and 5.2) You test the fluid mosaic model by fusing two cells. The first cell has an orange substrate in the plasma membrane. The second cell has an enzyme in the plasma membrane that can turn the substrate from orange to blue, if it touches it. You fuse the two cells and look at them after several hours. Which result would support the fluid mosaic model? a. all of the fused cell is blue b. all of the fused cell is orange c. the fused cell has bands of blue alternating with bands of orange d. half of the fused cell is orange and half is blue

a. all of the fused cell is blue

Which of the following is correctly matched with the number of carbon atoms that it contains? a. an acetyl group, 2 b. G3P, 6 c. glucose, 5 d. pyruvate, 6 e. carbon dioxide, 2

a. an acetyl group, 2

(Chapter 6.1) In a pair of redox reactions: a. an electron moves from the chemical that is oxidized to the chemical that is reduced b. the chemical that is reduced loses a neutron c. a proton moves from the chemical that is reduced to the chemical that is oxidized d. the chemical that is oxidized gains energy e. an electron moves from the chemical that is reduced to the chemical that is oxidized

a. an electron moves from the chemical that is oxidized to the chemical that is reduced

ATP: a. being broken down to ADP and Pi is often coupled to endergonic reactions to transfer energy b. is how energy is stored long-term because it has stable high-energy bonds c. is used for energy transfer in cells, and is different than the molecule represented by A in DNA d. being synthesized from ADP and Pi is often coupled to endergonic reactions to capture the energy released as ATP is made e. is how energy is stored long-term because it has unstable high-energy bonds

a. being broken down to ADP and Pi is often coupled to endergonic reactions to transfer energy

(Chapter 2.2) It is TRUE that in a chemical reaction: a. bonds can be made or broken b. electrons are never transferred from one molecule to another c. atoms can be created d. the products are converted into the reactants

a. bonds can be made or broken

Cellular respiration is important because it is the process by which living organisms: a. break down larger organic molecules to make ATP b. make proteins from amino acids c. catalyze reactions d. get oxygen into the body and exhale carbon dioxide e. convert carbon dioxide into organic molecules

a. break down larger organic molecules to make ATP

Cellular respiration is important because it is how: a. cells convert stored energy to ATP b. cells make glucose for energy c. cells make proteins d. oxygen gets to the cells from the air e. mitochondria get into cells

a. cells convert stored energy to ATP

C6H12O6 + 6O2 à 6CO2 + 6H2O is an equation representing: a. cellular respiration b. oxidation of pyruvate c. glycolysis d. oxidative phosphorylation e. photosynthesis

a. cellular respiration

The nucleus of eukaryotic cells: a. contains the DNA of the cells b. contains the nucleoids c. is where proteins that will be secreted from cells are synthesized d. is where water is nucleated as it combines with the carbon dioxide to make glucose using light energy e. is where proteins that are denatured and no longer functional are broken down

a. contains the DNA of the cells

ATP: a. cycles to ADP and back to ATP in cells b. has two sugars linked by phosphate groups, each with a nitrogenous base c. is how multicellular organisms store energy long term (months) d. all of the other answers are correct e. is reactive relative to glucose and glycogen

a. cycles to ADP and back to ATP in cells

(Chapter 6.5) You have a metabolic pathway with three enzymes - enzyme 1, enzyme 2 and enzyme 3. Enzyme 1 converts substrate A to intermediate B. Enzyme 2 converts intermediate B into intermediate C. Enzyme 3 converts intermediate C into product D. You add a molecule E, which is an allosteric inhibitor of enzyme 1. You would predict that adding the inhibitor will: a. decrease [product D] b. increase [enzyme 1] c. increase [product D] d. decrease [enzyme 1]

a. decrease [product D]

(Chapter 2.2) Which of the following has the MOST energy per bond? a. double covalent bond b. a hydrogen bond c. a single polar covalent bond d. an ionic bond e. a single non-polar covalent bond

a. double covalent bond

Which of the following is the highest level of the hierarchy of biological organization on the list below? a. ecosystem b. molecules c. population d. community e. cells

a. ecosystem

Which of the following types of proteins could function either in a membrane or in the cytosol? a. enzymes b. channels c. antiporters and symporters d. cell surface identity markers e. cell surface receptors

a. enzymes

(Chapter 1.1) Which of the following describes part of the unity of life? a. every species has the same macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins b. each organism of a species has different major macromolecules c. the specific sequence of nucleotides in the DNA is different for each individual d. species are defined by which of the four major macromolecules they have. some have all four, whereas others do not have all of them

a. every species has the same macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

(Chapter 4.5) Mitochondria: a. have a matrix that is inside the outer membrane b. are found in all prokaryotes c. are important for making organic molecules from carbon dioxide and energy from light d. contain grana, which are stacks of thylakoids

a. have a matrix that is inside the outer membrane

Chloroplasts: a. have outer membranes, inner membranes, and grana b. are where cellular respiration is completed to release the last carbon dioxide from glucose c. contain chlorophyll for converting glucose to carbon dioxide d. are big enough to see without a microscope e. are surrounded by peptidoglycans

a. have outer membranes, inner membranes, and grana

In osmosis the water moves towards the: a. higher solute concentration b. lower solute concentration c. inside of the plasma membrane d. outside of the plasma membrane e. inside of the organelles

a. higher solute concentration

(Chapter 2.2) Hydrogen bonds are important for life as we know it. Hydrogen bonds: a. hold separate water molecules together b. require nonpolar convalent bonds c. are stronger than covalent bonds d. make temperatures more moderate inland compared to near Lake St. Clair e. reduce the surface tension of water

a. hold separate water molecules together

Healthy plant cells are in a(n) (blank) solution, which means the concentration of solutes (osmolarity) in the solution is (blank) as the concentration of solutes in the cells: a. hypotonic, lower b. osmotic, higher c. isotonic, the same d. hypertonic, the same e. hypertonic, higher

a. hypotonic, lower

(Chapter 2.2) If a carbon molecule has 6 protons, 8 neutrons and 6 electrons, then: a. it has an atomic mass of 14, and an atomic weight of 6 b. it has an atomic mass of 12, and an atomic weight of 6 c. it has an atomic mass of 8, and an atomic weight of 6 d. it has an atomic mass of 6, and an atomic weight of 14 e. it has an atomic mass of 8, and an atomic weight of 12

a. it has an atomic mass of 14, and an atomic weight of 6

(Chapter 6.2) When a reaction has positive free energy (+deltaG),: a. it is an endergonic reaction b. it is an exergonic reaction c. the reactants have more energy than the products d. it is a oxidation reaction e. bonds are broken

a. it is an endergonic reaction

When the final product of a chain of reactions allosterically inhibits one of the enzymes earlier in the pathway, then: a. less final product will be produced b. more of the substrate for the final reaction will accumulate c. it is positive feedback d. even more product is produced e. medical intervention will be required to reactivate the inhibited enzyme

a. less final product will be produced

(Chapter 1.4) Which one characteristic is shared by all living organisms? a. living organisms can grow, develop, and reproduce b. the basic unit of all living organisms is the organ c. living organisms maintain complexity with their innate life force, so they do not need energy d. living organisms respond to the information in their DNA, not to their environment

a. living organisms can grow, develop, and reproduce

Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have: a. membrane-bound organelles b. cell walls of peptidoglycans c. ribosomes d. plasma membranes e. a single circular chromosome

a. membrane-bound organelles

(Chapter 3.1) Which of the following types of macromolecule is correctly paired with an example of that type of macromolecule? a. nucleic acid - RNA b. lipid - cellulose c. carbohydrate - phospholipids d. protein - starch e. carbohydrate - DNA

a. nucleic acid - RNA

Which of the following would you find in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. nucleic acids b. mitochondria c. endoplasmic reticulum d. membrane-bound organelles e. circular chromosomes

a. nucleic acids

(Chapter 3) The four major macromolecules have similarities and differences. Which of the following is true? a. nucleic acids, polysaccharides and proteins are made from monomers by dehydration reactions b. carbohydrates and lipids are made from monomers by hydrolysis reactions c. all four major macromolecules contain phosphorus d. carbohydrates and lipids store information to pass on to the next generation e. nucleic acids are lipids are the major macromolecules for long-term energy storage

a. nucleic acids, polysaccharides and proteins are made from monomers by dehydration reactions

(Chapter 4.2 and 4.3) Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have: a. plasma membranes b. a single circular chromosome c. membrane-bound organelles d. cell walls of peptidoglycans

a. plasma membranes

(Chapter 3.1) Which of the following is NOT a macromolecule correctly matched with an example of that type of macromolecule? a. polymer - a steroid b. carbohydrate - a starch c. protein - an enzyme d. nucleic acid - an RNA molecule e. lipid - a triglyceride

a. polymer - a steroid

When ATP is used to move an amino acid across a membrane against the concentration gradient of the amino acid, it is called: a. primary active transport b. facilitated diffusion c. osmosis d. secondary active transport e. simple diffusion

a. primary active transport

Which of the following pairs correctly pairs the type of microscope you would use to the biological question? a. scanning electron microscope - what is the shape of the bacteria in a sample? b. transmission electron microcope - how fast does the a flagellum spin? c. the unaided eye - what is the shape of cellular organelles? d. a light microscope - what is the shape of the protein lactase? e. a light microscope- where are ribosomes located in plant cells?

a. scanning electron microscope - what is the shape of the bacteria in a sample?

(Chapter 2.2) There are two electrons in the lowest energy level, and eight electrons in each of the next two energy levels. Which of the following would be most likely to donate an electron in a chemical reaction? a. sodium with 11 electrons b. nitrogen with 7 electrons c. chlorine with 17 electrons d. oxygen with 8 electrons e. carbon with 6 electrons

a. sodium with 11 electrons

(Chapter 5.4) If you put red blood cell into a hypotonic solution, the red blood cell will: a. swell because water will enter the cell by osmosis b. shrink because water will leave the cell by osmosis c. stay the same volume d. shrink because water will enter the cell by osmosis e. swell because that is what red blood cells normally do

a. swell because water will enter the cell by osmosis

Imagine you are an alien from a world without flashlights. You make some observations on Earth and develop a hypothesis that flashlights require batteries to work. You do an experiment where you show that twenty flashlights without batteries do not work. An important control experiment is to show: a. that the flashlights do work with batteries b. the flashlights do not work without connecting the bulb to the batteries c. the flashlights do not work without batteries or bulbs d. the flashlights do not work without bulbs

a. that the flashlights do work with batteries

(Chapter 1.4) Which of the following is NOT a unifying theory of biology? a. the basis for inheritance is carbohydrates b. the shapes of structures affects their functions c. information is passed from one generation to the next d. cells are the basic units of life e. energy is required to maintain complexity

a. the basis for inheritance is carbohydrates

Imagine a pathway where the final product of a series of reactions is an allosteric inhibitor of the enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of the pathway. If you added more of the final product of the reactions to a cell undergoing these reactions, then you would expect: a. the cell to make the final product at a slower rate b. the cell to make the final product at a faster rate c. the cell to increase the rate of the first reaction d. the rate of the final reaction in the series to increase e. the cell to keep making the final product at the same rate

a. the cell to make the final product at a slower rate

(Chapter 3.4) What determines the primary structure of proteins? a. the sequence of the DNA that indirectly assembles the amino acids in order b. hydrogen bonds between amino acids in beta pleated sheets c. the sequence of DNA that assembles the nucleic acids of proteins in order d. the sequence of the sugars in carbohydrates e. the various lengths of the fatty acids used in the synthesis of proteins

a. the sequence of the DNA that indirectly assembles the amino acids in order

(Chapter 3.3) The main function of DNA in living organisms, including plants, animals and bacteria, is to: a. to store information for a long time b. to provide a structure for the shape and movement of cells c. store information for a short time d. to signal information to neighboring cells e. to store energy

a. to store information for a long time

(Chapter 6.3) The molecule ATP: a. transfers energy from one reaction to another in cells b. has five high-energy phosphate bonds c. is how multicellular organisms store energy long term d. is only essential as part of DNA and RNA in most cells, because in most cases cells can use NADH and FADH2 instead of ATP to transfer energy

a. transfers energy from one reaction to another in cells

The molecule ATP: a. transfers energy from one reaction to another in cells b. has five high-energy phosphate bonds c. has only low energy bonds d. is how multicellular organisms store energy long term e. is only essential for DNA and RNA in most cells, because in most cases cells can use other energy carriers instead of ATP

a. transfers energy from one reaction to another in cells

(Chapter 1.2) Why are the discoveries of Pasteur and other scientists about the germ theory important today? a. we increase the safety and shelf life of food by heating and sealing it b. we know the difference between a theory and a hypothesis c. we have vaccinations for diseases, like measles and mumps d. we know how the organelles in cells work together to support life e. we know that DNA passes information from one generation to the next

a. we increase the safety and shelf life of food by heating and sealing it

(Chapter 2.6) Which of the following statements about pH is true? a. when the pH is low there are more hydrogen ions in the solution b. buffers increase the changes in pH in response to adding acid c. a solution with a pH of 3 is neutral, not acidic or basic d. when the pH is low the solution is basic e. a solution with a pH of 11 has more free hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 4

a. when the pH is low there are more hydrogen ions in the solution

Which of the following is an example of deductive reasoning? a. you have a hypothesis that all living organisms contain water and you predict that trees on campus contain water b. you make many observations and notice that all of the animals on campus are smaller than three meters high, and you conclude that all animals are smaller than three meters high. c. you make many observations that living organisms are made of cells, and you conclude that all living organisms are made of cells d. you learn that DNA stores genetic information in plants, animals, and prokaryotes, from this information you make a hypothesis that all living organisms store information in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA e. based on data that snakes, dogs, cats, birds, and many other animals inhale more oxygen than they exhale, you decide that all animals inhale more oxygen than they exhale

a. you have a hypothesis that all living organisms contain water and you predict that trees on campus contain water

When the energy of one of the carbon bonds is transferred to NADH, where do the other two carbon atoms go? The two carbons are an acetyl group that is added to a coenzyme to make (blank) (blank).

acetyl coenzyme A

The (blank) (blank) is the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

activation energy

The (blank) site is where the substrate binds to the enzyme. A substrate is a type of ligand that is used as the reactant of a reaction.

active

Membrane proteins that connect cells to each other are called (blank) (blank).

adhesion proteins

An allosteric (noncompetitive) inhibitor binds to the (blank) site on an enzyme, which is different from the active site where the substrate or agonist binds. An allosteric inhibitor blocks or reduces the activity of the enzyme, even though it does not directly block the active site. This happens because when the inhibitor binds to the protein, then protein changes shape.

allosteric

The cells of (blank) are typically in an isotonic solution.

animals

If the pH is 7, then the [H+] is 10-7 mol/L. If the pH is 4, then the [H+] is 10-4 mol/L. If the pH is 13, then the [H+] is 10-13 mol/L. What is the pH if the [H+] is 10-9 mol/L? a. 13 b. 9 c. 10 d. 7 e. 4

b. 9

(Chapter 3.3) Which of the nucleotides of DNA is a purine with an amino group on the 6 carbon and a hydrogen atom on the 2 carbon? a. Cytosine b. Adenine c. Guanine d. Thymine e. Uracil

b. Adenine

How is information passed from a cell to the next generation? a. lipids carry the information b. DNA carries the information c. RNA carries the information d. proteins carry the information e. carbohydrates carry the information

b. DNA carries the information

Which of the following is NOT a hydrogen bond? a. a bond between the partially positive H in a protein and a partially negative O in another protein b. a bond between the O and H in one water molecule c. a bond between the H of one water molecule and an O with a partial negative charge in a protein d. a bond between the H of one water molecule and the O of another water molecule

b. a bond between the O and H in one water molecule

The basic functional unit of all life forms is: a. DNA b. a cell or cells c. macromolecules d. an organelle or organelles e. energy

b. a cell or cells

You have a U-shaped tube with a semipermeable membrane across the interior of the tube at the bottom of the U. The membrane separates the U into a left and right side. The membrane is only permeable to water. You pour equal volumes of aqueous solutions in the left and right sides, but the solution on the right has four times more glucose than the solution on the left. You wait then measure the height of the water in the left and right sides. You expect to see: a. a higher water level on the left than on the right, due ot the diffusion of glucose b. a higher water level on the right than on the left, due to osmosis c. equal water levels on the right and left, due to the second law of thermodynamics d. a higher water level on the left than on the right, due to tonicity e. a higher water level on the right than on the left, due to exergonic reactions

b. a higher water level on the right than on the left, due to osmosis

(Chapter 4.1) Which of the following is the biggest? a. a macromolecule, like DNA b. a mitochondrion c. a protein d. an amino acid

b. a mitochondrion

(Chapter 2.3) In a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction: a. electron pairs are shared by the reducer and oxidizer b. an electron is transferred from the oxidizer to the reduced atom c. a hydrogen bond is formed d. isotopes are formed e. an electron is transferred from the reducer to the oxidizer

b. an electron is transferred from the oxidizer to the reduced atom

When we refer to a scientific theory it means that it is an idea for how the world works,: a. and there is no reason to study it any more because no details of the theory can be altered by new information b. and there is so much data from many people and many kinds of experiments that it is taken as a fact c. and there is some data to support it, but other theories are equally likely to be true d. but we do not have any data yet to support it

b. and there is so much data from many people and many kinds of experiments that it is taken as a fact

Which of the following is the hierarchical organization of living organisms from the smallest size to the largest? a. cells, communities, ecosystems, organs, organisms, atoms, molecules b. atoms, molecules, cells, organs, organisms, communities, ecosystems c. cells, organs, organisms, atoms, molecules, communities, ecosystems d. organs, organisms, atoms, molecules, cells, communities, ecosystems e. atoms, molecules, communities, ecosystems, cells, organs, organisms

b. atoms, molecules, cells, organs, organisms, communities, ecosystems

(Chapter 3.5) Compared to unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids: a. are more liquid than solid at room temperature b. can pack together more tightly c. usually come from plants, not animals d. have more double bonds e. have lower melting points

b. can pack together more tightly

When pyruvate is oxidized: a. three of the other answers are correct b. carbon dioxide is released c. CoA is generated d. ATP is generated e. NAD+ is generated

b. carbon dioxide is released

(Chapter 5.3) Which type of transmembrane protein is correctly matched with its function? a. cell-to-cell adhesion - allows specific molecules to pass through the membrane b. cell surface receptor - changes shape and sends signals into a cell when it binds to an extracellular ligand c. enzyme - attaches to the cytoskeleton to maintain the shape of the cell d. transporter - identifies what type of cell contains the protein e. cell surface identity marker - catalyses reactions at the surface of the membrane it is in

b. cell surface receptor - changes shape and sends signals into a cell when it binds to an extracellular ligand

Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes have: a. membrane-bound organelles b. cell walls of peptidoglycans c. ribosomes d. plasma membranes e. many linear chromosomes

b. cell walls of peptidoglycans

(Chapter 3.2) Beta glucose is used to make which of the following that is a long unbranched polymer that is important for the structure of the cell walls of plants? a. amylopectin b. cellulose c. glycogen d. sucrose e. starch

b. cellulose

(Chapter 4.5) Evidence supports the theory of endosymbiosis, which is that: a. proteins and phospholipids work symbiotically with proteins in a fluid mosaic b. chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved when cells were phagocytosed c. endergonic reactions work symbiotically with exergonic reactions d. all current cells evolved from a common ancestor cell

b. chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved when cells were phagocytosed

(Chapter 1.2) You have a hypothesis that photosynthesis requires phosphate. Which of the experiments below would test your hypothesis? a. comparing the number of seeds of plants with and without phosphate b. comparing photosynthesis rates of plants with and without phosphate c. measuring the rate of photosynthesis of plants without phosphate d. comparing photosynthesis rates of plants with and without light

b. comparing photosynthesis rates of plants with and without phosphate

Chloroplasts: a. are found predominantly in cells from multicellular animals b. contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis c. lack DNA of their own because the DNA is in the plant cell nuclei d. have thylakoids that surround the inner membrane e. keep plants from wilting by filling with more water by osmosis to keep the cells turgid

b. contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Pasteur ran experiments testing the germ hypothesis that preexisting organisms in the air contaminate sterile broth and the spontaneous generation hypothesis that living organism spontaneously generate from nonliving organic molecules. In class we discussed the experiments and the conclusion that the germ hypothesis was correct and the spontaneous generation hypothesis was false. What result would have supported the spontaneous generation hypothesis? a. contamination in unsterilized broth in a flask with a curved neck b. contamination of the sterilized broth with the flask neck intact c. contamination in unsterilized broth in a flask with a broken neck d. the absence of contamination in unsterilized broth e. the absence of contamination in sterilized broth after the flask neck was broken

b. contamination of the sterilized broth with the flask neck intact

(Chapter 6.4) The optimal pH for enzyme Q is 6.4 and the optimal temperature is 45 degrees Celcius. Enzyme Q is in a solution that has a pH of 7 and a temperature of 35 degrees Celcius. Which of the following would increase the rate of the reaction that is catalyzed by enzyme Q the most? a. decreasing the pH to 6.4 and not changing the temperature b. decreasing the pH to 6.4 and increasing the temperature to 45 degrees c. increasing the pH to 7.4 and decreasing the temperature to 28 degrees d. decreasing the pH to 6.4 and decreasing the temperature to 28 degrees e. increasing the pH to 7.4 and increasing the temperature to 45 degrees

b. decreasing the pH to 6.4 and increasing the temperature to 45 degrees

(Chapter 2) In an atom: a. protons are positively charged and are outside of the nucleus b. electrons are negatively charged and are outside of the nucleus c. electrons are positively charged d. protons are shared by two nuclei to make a covalent bond e. neutrons are negatively charged and are part of the nucleus

b. electrons are negatively charged and are outside of the nucleus

Which of the following describes part of the unity of life? a. the specific sequence of nucleotides in the DNA is different for each individual b. every species has the same macromolecules - carbohydates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins c. species are defined by which of the four major macromolecules they have. some have all four, whereas others do not have all of them d. each organism of a species has different major macromolecules

b. every species has the same macromolecules - carbohydates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins

An endergonic reaction: a. makes smaller molecules from large molecules b. has more energy in the products than in the reactants c. breaks bonds d. is the same as an exergonic reaction plus an enzyme that lowers the activation energy e. releases energy

b. has more energy in the products than in the reactants

(Chapter 5.5) When the sodium-potassium antiporter moves sodium and potassium across the membrane it requires the antiporter to: a. have changes in affinity for sodium, but not potassium, and the shape does not change b. have changes in affinity for sodium and potassium, and changes in shape c. use ATP to move the sodium and potassium without changing shape, or its affinity for the ions d. have changes in affinity for potassium and sodium, but not to change shape

b. have changes in affinity for sodium and potassium, and changes in shape

When molecules diffuse they always move from: a. lower to higher concentrations b. higher to lower concentrations c. the inside of a cell to the outside d. the outside of a cell to the inside e. the inside of an organelle to the cytosol

b. higher to lower concentrations

(Chapter 3.5) In phospholipid bilayers the _________ are on the outer sides touching the water. a. hydrophobic fatty acids b. hydrophilic phosphate heads c. hydrophobic phosphate heads d. hydrophilic fatty acids

b. hydrophilic phosphate heads

A single human red blood cell: a. is about 1 mm in diameter and is easily visible without a microscope b. is about 10 micrometers in diameter, and requires a microscope to see well c. is about 1 micrometer in diameter, and requires a microscope to see well d. is about 10 nanometers in diameter, and requires a microscope to see well e. is about 1 micrometer in diameter, and is easily visible without a microscope

b. is about 10 micrometers in diameter, and requires a microscope to see well

The activation energy: a. is the energy of motion b. is the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction c. is the change in the energy released by an exergonic reaction when you add an enzyme d. is the energy released from an exergonic reaction e. is the energy released from an endergonic reaction

b. is the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

The sodium-potassium antiporter works by active transport. What would happen to the transport of sodium and potassium if a cell ran out of ATP? a. less sodium would be transported into the cell by the antiporter b. less potassium would be transported into the cell by the antiporter c. more potassium would be transported out of the cell by the antiporter d. there would be no change in sodium or potassium transport because it does not depend on ATP e. more sodium would be transported out of the cell by the antiporter

b. less potassium would be transported into the cell by the antiporter

Ligand X is not an ion, and has a higher concentration inside a cell than outside the cell. In passive transport of ligand X across the plasma membrane: a. ligand X will move from outside to inside b. ligand X will move from inside to outside the cell c. ligand X and ligand Z will move into the cell together on an antiporter d. ATP is used to change the affinity of a carrier for ligand X e. ATP is used to change the conformation (shape) of the carrier protein

b. ligand X will move from inside to outside the cell

Glycolysis: a. of one glucose molecule requires a net input of six ATP molecules b. makes G3P then pyruvate c. produces glucose from pyruvate d. produces ADP and NAD+ e. requires oxygen as an electron acceptor

b. makes G3P then pyruvate

Which of the following aspects of testing a scientific hypothesis is INCORRECTLY matched with its definition? a. control experiments - making observations of the system being studied to confirm that the experiment was measuring what it was designed to measure b. modeling - using an hypothesis to make predictions about a specific example c. observation and reasoning - making measurements and building hypotheses from them d. reductionism - breaking a system down to smaller parts to study them independently e. an iterative process - revising a hypothesis many times so that it is consistent with all of the old and new observations that have been made

b. modeling - using an hypothesis to make predictions about a specific example

(Chapter 2.5) Water is a bad solvent for: a. anions b. nonpolar fatty acids c. acids d. polar amino acids e. cations

b. nonpolar fatty acids

By size, a human is to a frog egg (largish cell) like a frog egg is to a(n): a. human, which can be seen with the unaided eye b. organelle, which can be seen with a light or electron microscope c. protein, which can be seen with an electron microscope d. hydrogen atom, which is too small to be seen with an electron microscope e. amino acid, which can be seen with an electron microscope

b. organelle, which can be seen with a light or electron microscope

(Chapter 3.3) In RNA, at the 5' carbon of a nucleotide the: a. nitrogenous base is connected to the phosphate b. phosphate is connected to the sugar c. the two rings of a purine are connected to each other d. nitrogenous base is connected to the ribose e. sugar is connected to a hydroxyl

b. phosphate is connected to the sugar

(blank) convert energy from the sun into (blank) energy in glucose.: a. heterotrophs, potential b. photoautotrophs, potential c. heterotrophs, kinetic d. homotrophs, kinetic e. autotrophs, kinetic

b. photoautotrophs, potential

If you put a plant cell into a hypertonic solution, the cell will: a. swell because water will enter the cell b. shrink because water will leave the cell c. stay the same volume d. swell because that is what plant cells normally do e. shrink because water will enter the cell

b. shrink because water will leave the cell

The best way to see where DNA is in a tissue would be to: a. slice the tissue and look at the tissue with a magnifying glass b. slice the tissue, label with a fluorescent dye that binds DNA and look at the tissue with a light microscope c. slice the tissue, label it with heavy metals and look at the tissue with a light microscope d. keep the cells intact, label with heavy metals, and look at the tissue with a scanning electron microscope e. keeps the cells intact, label with a fluorescent dye that binds DNA, and look at the tissue with just your eyes, not any special lenses

b. slice the tissue, label with a fluorescent dye that binds DNA and look at the tissue with a light microscope

(Chapter 3.4) Which of the following is NOT a major function of a protein? a. transport of molecules across membranes b. storing energy as starch or glycogen c. motion, like the shortening of a muscle d. structural support of organisms as part of the cytoskeleton or extracellular matrix (ECM) e. catalysis of reactions as enzymes

b. storing energy as starch or glycogen

Pasteur studied germ hypothesis when the spontaneous generation hypothesis was still popular. He sterilized broth in a swan neck flask, and then waited to see if living organisms grew. After his experiment with the swan neck intact, Pasteur broke the neck of the flask, waited and observed again. In his experiments, Pasteur did see organisms growing when the neck was broken. If he had not seen living organisms with the neck broken, it would have: a. supported the spontaneous generation hypothesis b. suggested that he could not make a conclusion because the broth did not support growth of bacteria c. supported the germ hypothesis d. suggested that both the spontaneous generation hypothesis and germ hypothesis were true

b. suggested that he could not make a conclusion because the broth did not support growth of bacteria

The shape of a protein is critical to its function. Which of the following would have the SMALLEST effect on the shape of a protein? a. the sequence of amino acids b. the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides of the protein c. interactions between amino acids like hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, and hydrophobic exclusion d. the motifs, like beta sheets and alpha helices

b. the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides of the protein

In an endergonic reaction: a. the products have less energy than the reactants b. the products have more energy than the reactants c. sometimes the products have more energy and other times the reactants have more energy d. the products have the same energy as the reactants e. ATP is converted to ADP

b. the products have more energy than the reactants

(Chapter 3.1) What is common to the synthesis of polysaccharides and proteins, and the addition of fatty acids to glycerol? a. they all involve the generation of peptide bonds between a carboxyl and amino groups b. they all are dehydration reactions c. they all use the formation of ionic bonds d. they are all hydrolysis reactions e. they all increase the concentration of monomers

b. they all are dehydration reactions

For each molecule of glucose, during glycolysis there is net production of: a. one molecule of NADH, and no ATP or FADH2 b. two molecules of NADH, two molecules of ATP and no FADH2 c. six molecules of NADH, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of FADH2 d. three molecules of NADH, one molecule of ATP and one molecule of FADH2 e. no NADH, two molecules of ATP, and no FADH2

b. two molecules of NADH, two molecules of ATP and no FADH2

Each amino acid can be represented by a one letter code. The amino acids represented by R, H, D, E and K have electrically charged side chains. The amino acids represented by A, I, L, M and F have nonpolar side chains. Imagine you have identified a region on a new protein that you think is a single transmembrane region. What sequence of amino acids would best support your hypothesis that you have identified a transmembrane alpha helix? a. DEDEDRHKKDEKKRDEKK b. RHDFDHKEKHRDFKRHDR c. AFFAFALLFAALAAFAFF d. HRDEKEDFKAHKEDRRDD e. KHRDFKRHDRHRDEKEDF

c. AFFAFALLFAALAAFAFF

Each amino acid can be represented by a one letter code. The amino acids represented by R, H, D, E and K have electrically charged side chains. The amino acids represented by A, I, L, M F have nonpolar side chains. Imagine you have identified a region on a new protein that you think is a single transmembrane region. What sequence of amino acids would best support your hypothesis that you have identified a transmembrane alpha helix? a. RHDFDHKEKHRDFKRHDR b. HRDEKEDFKAHKEDRRDD c. AFIIFALLFAALAAFIFF d. DEDEDRHKKDEKKRDEKK e. KHRDFKRHDRHRDEKEDF

c. AFIIFALLFAALAAFIFF

(Chapter 2.3) When six H2O molecules interact with six CO2 molecules, the result is six C6H12O6 molecules and six O2 molecules. In this reaction the products are: a. O2 and CO2 b. CO2 and H2O c. C6H12O6 and O2 d. O2 and H2O e. CO2 and C6H12O6

c. C6H12O6 and O2

(Chapter 3.3) You would find a ribonucleic acid in: a. DNA b. lipids c. RNA d. carbohydrates e. proteins

c. RNA

When a hydrophilic ligand binds to a membrane protein on the extracellular side, which causes the shape of the protein to change, which then causes the protein to activate an intracellular protein, the membrane protein is: a. a transporter b. a cell surface identity marker c. a cell surface receptor d. a cell-to-cell adhesion protein e. a channel

c. a cell surface receptor

You label the phospholipids of one cell green and the phospholipids of another cell yellow. You fuse the two cells together and wait, then look at the fused cell under a microscope. Which result below is the strongest evidence in support of the fluid mosaic model? a. a cell that has a mixture of red and blue throughout the cell membrane b. a cell with a plasma membrane that is blue on the left side of the cell and red on the right c. a cell that has a mixture of green and yellow throughout the plasma membrane d. a cell that does not have any more green or yellow in the plasma membrane e. a cell with a plasma membrane that is green on the left side of the cell and yellow on the right

c. a cell that has a mixture of green and yellow throughout the plasma membrane

(Chapter 1.1) Endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplasts are organelles. A duck is a bird. A carp is a type of fish. Which of the following statements about relative size is true? a. glucose is bigger than a duck b. endoplasmic reticulum is bigger than a carp c. a heart is bigger than a chloroplast d. carbon is bigger than the heart e. oxygen is bigger than DNA

c. a heart is bigger than a chloroplast

A healthy plant cell is normally in: a. a hypertonic solution b. an isotonic solution c. a hypotonic solution d. an osmotic solution

c. a hypotonic solution

Which of the following would have a cell wall that contains cellulose, but not chitin or proteoglycans? a. an animal cell b. a prokaryote c. a plant cell d. the cells of fungi e. a bacterial cell

c. a plant cell

The final product of a series of reactions binds to an enzyme at a place other than the active site. This binding changes the shape of the enzyme, which makes the reactant (substrate) unable to bind to the enzyme. This describes an example of: a. competitive activation b. an endergonic reaction c. allosteric inhibition d. competitive inhibition e. allosteric activation

c. allosteric inhibition

(Chapter 3.1) Which functional group contains nitrogen? a. hydroxyl b. carboxyl c. amino d. methyl e. phosphate

c. amino

(Chapter 2.2) Which of the following type of bond requires an electron to move completely from one atom to another? a. a nonpolar covalent bond b. a hydrogen bond c. an ionic bond d. a polar covalent bond

c. an ionic bond

(Chapter 4.5) Chloroplasts: a. have a matrix, which is important for photosynthesis b. have grana, which are surrounded by thylakoids, which are surrounded by the chloroplast's DNA c. are important for making organic molecules from carbon dioxide and energy from light d. are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

c. are important for making organic molecules from carbon dioxide and energy from light

The inner membranes of mitochondria: a. are where photosyntheis takes place b. are where glycolysis takes place c. are where the proteins of the electron transport chain are located d. are unusual in that they are not lipid bilayers e. are where glucose is converted directly to carbon dioxide

c. are where the proteins of the electron transport chain are located

Imagine you are testing the fluid mosaic model, and you are able to add a red dye to the phospholipids in one small patch on the plasma membrane of a cell and to watch what happens over time. Which of the following observations is consistent with the fluid mosaic model? a. the red patch stay exactly the same size and position throughout the experiment b. at the end of the experiment, the cell has a mixture of red and blue dye throughout the plasma membrane c. at the end of the experiment, there is dimmer red label throughout the plasma membrane, not in one patch d. at the end of the experiment, the red dye has moved into the lumen of the nucelus e. at the end of the experiment, the red dye has moved into the cytoplasm of the cell

c. at the end of the experiment, there is dimmer red label throughout the plasma membrane, not in one patch

(Chapter 3.3) The two strands of a double helix of DNA are held to each other across the helix: a. by covalent bonds made by dehydration reactions b. by phosphodiester bonds between a sugar and phosphate c. by hydrogen bonds between a purine and a pyrimidine d. by hydrogen bonds between A and G, or between C and T

c. by hydrogen bonds between a purine and a pyrimidine

(Chapter 3.2) Carbohydrates: a. usually have names that end in the letters "ase" b. are made from nucleotides c. can be branched or unbranched d. store information in cells to pass to the next generation e. have a phosphodiester backbone

c. can be branched or unbranched

(Chapter 2.2) Which of the following do you predict you would find the MOST of in a mushroom? a. phosphorus b. calcium c. carbon d. sulfur

c. carbon

(Chapter 2.2) Carbon has four electrons in its outer electron shell. Oxygen has six electrons in its outer shell. As a result: a. carbon makes polar bonds b. some carbon is carbon-14 c. carbon can make double covalent bonds with two oxygen molecules d. carbon typically makes two single covalent bonds e. oxygen makes polar bonds

c. carbon can make double covalent bonds with two oxygen molecules

C6H12O6 + 6O2 à 6CO2 + 6H2O is an equation representing: a. oxidative phosphorylation b. oxidation of pyruvate c. cellular respiration d. glycolysis e. photosyntheis

c. cellular respiration

Evidence supports the theory of endosymbiosis, which is that: a. proteins and phospholipids work symbiotically with proteins in a fluid mosaic b. all current cells evolved from a common ancestor cell c. chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved when one cell phagocytosed another d. endogonic reactions work symbiotically with exergonic reactions e. the DNA in the nucleus directs eukaryotic cells to make chloroplasts and mitochondria from the plasma membrane as each cell develops

c. chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved when one cell phagocytosed another

You have a hypothesis that photosynthesis requires phosphate. Which of the experiments below would test your hypothesis? a. measuring the rate of photosynthesis of plants without phosphate b. comparing the number of seeds of plants with and without phosphate c. comparing photosynthesis rates of plants with and without phosphate d. comparing photosynthesis rates of plants with and without light

c. comparing photosynthesis rates of plants with and without phosphate

Mitochondria: a. evolved from chloroplasts b. have three lipid bilayers c. convert glucose to ATP d. no longer have DNA or ribosomes of their own e. generate ATP directly from light

c. convert glucose to ATP

(Chapter 3.3) The backbone of RNA is made by: a. ionic bonds between the phosphate groups b. covalent bonds between the amino acids c. covalent phosphodiester bonds between sugar and phosphate groups d. peptide bonds between the nucleic acids e. nucleic bonds between the deoxyribose and the phosphate group

c. covalent phosphodiester bonds between sugar and phosphate groups

(Chapter 3) Both proteins and nucleic acids are made from their monomers by: a. hydrolysis reactions b. making hydrogen bonds c. dehydration reactions d. making phosphodiester bonds e. making peptide bonds

c. dehydration reactions

(Chapter 3.3) The backbone of a nucleic acid is made by: a. hydrolysis reactions making phosphodiester bonds. b. hydrolysis reactions making peptide bonds. c. dehydration reactions making peptide bonds. d. dehydration reactions making phosphodiester bonds. e. electronegative reactions making hydrogen bonds.

c. dehydration reactions making peptide bonds.

(Chapter 3.4) Proteins are made with (blank) reactions that connect the monomers, (blank), into the polymers, proteins. a. ionic, fatty acids b. hydrolysis, nucleotides c. dehydration, amino acids d. peptide, monosaccharides e. covalent, ribonucleotides

c. dehydration, amino acids

Which of the following is NOT part of how we study the nature of science? a. drawing logical conclusions from experiments b. inductive reasoning from specific observations to general conclusions c. describing a scientific theory based on one experiment d. iterative refinement of hypotheses e. deductive reasoning from general principles to specific predictions

c. describing a scientific theory based on one experiment

During cellular respiration: a. the energy in glucose is released all at once to generate heat b. the energy in glucose is released all at once so that it can be transferred to make ATP c. energy in glucose is released in many small steps so that it can be transferred to make ATP d. energy is created by proteins in the cytosol and mitochondria to make ATP

c. energy in glucose is released in many small steps so that it can be transferred to make ATP

Which of the following is NOT a component of a cellular membrane? a. transmembrane proteins b. peripheral proteins c. extracellular matrix d. glycoproteins e. glycolipids f. phospholipids

c. extracellular matrix

(Chapter 3.3) Which of the following is a purine? a. terpene (T) b. uracil (U) c. guanine (G) d. cytosine (C) e. thymine (T)

c. guanine (G)

(Chapter 2.6) You have an aqueous solution and add more and more base to it and plot the pH. You do the same experiment again, but the second time with a buffer in the solution. Compared to the solution without the buffer, for the solution with the buffer, the curve of the pH versus the amount of base added will: a. have a more linear (straighter) shape b. have a less steep slope along the whole range c. have a less steep slope in the buffering range d. have a steeper slope e. have a negative slope, instead of a positive slope

c. have a less steep slope in the buffering range

Imagine the figure showing the energy for a catalyzed and unanalyzed reaction. Relative to the uncatalyzed reaction without the enzyme, the catalyzed reaction will: a. have a different free energy b. have a slower reaction rate c. have a lower activation energy d. have competitive inhibition e. be endergonic

c. have a lower activation energy

Mitochondria: a. are where photosynthesis takes place b. are where glycolysis takes place c. have inner and outer membranes d. have grana e. are where the linear chromosomes are usually found

c. have inner and outer membranes

Which of the following is true about tonicity and osmotic regulation for the described cell types? a. healthy animal cells regulate osmolarity by ejecting water with contractile vacuoles b. healthy animal cells are in a hypotonic extracellar fluid c. healthy plant cells are in hypotonic extracellular fluid d. red blood cells swell and burst in a hypertonic solution e. healthy plant cells regulate osmolarity with their chloroplasts

c. healthy plant cells are in hypotonic extracellular fluid

(Chapter 2.1) Atoms and molecules can become charged when they gain or lose an electron. Which of the following is the term or phrase for an atom or molecule that has a charge? a. electronegative b. compound c. ion d. polar atom or molecule e. trace element

c. ion

(Chapter 3.3) Unlike in DNA, in RNA there: a. are three parts to each nucleotide - a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base b. are hydrogen bonds c. is the nucleotide Uracil (U), and a hydroxyl on the 2' carbon d. is the nucleotide Thymine (T), and a hydrogen on the 2' carbon e. are phosphodiester bonds

c. is the nucleotide Uracil (U), and a hydroxyl on the 2' carbon

Helices is the plural of helix. Which of the following is a characteristic of a transmembrane protein that creates a pore through the membrane? a. all of its amino acids will be hydrophilic b. all of its amino acids will be charged or non-polar c. it will be embedded across a membrane d. it is unlikely to have multiple alpha-helices or beta barrels e. it is found as a globular protein in the cytosol

c. it will be embedded across a membrane

(Chapter 6.2) Which of the following is an endergonic reaction? a. breaking down a starch into disaccharides b. breaking down glucose to carbon dioxide c. making ATP from ADP and Pi d. hydrolyzing a protein into amino acids

c. making ATP from ADP and Pi

Diffusion is a type of passive transport. When a molecule that is dissolved in water is diffusing, the molecule is always: a. crossing a membrane b. moving from a lower to a higher concentration of that type of molecule c. moving from a higher to a lower concentration of that type of molecule d. moving from higher to lower osmolarity e. moving from lower to higher osmolarity

c. moving from a higher to a lower concentration of that type of molecule

(Chapter 3.4) Part of a protein is found in the center of a protein away from water. You would predict that this part of the protein contained: a. charged amino acids b. the nucleotide uracil c. nonpolar amino acids d. the nucleotide adenine e. polar amino acids

c. nonpolar amino acids

Although the correct answer may have components left out, which of the following correctly lists parts of a mitochondrion from outside to inside? a. outer membrane, matrix, inner membrane, innermembrane space b. matrix, outer membrane, cristae, inner membrane, innermembrane space c. outer membrane, innermembrane space, inner membrane, matrix d. outer membrane, inner membrane, innermembrane space, matrix e. inner membrane, matrix, outer membrane, innermembrane space

c. outer membrane, innermembrane space, inner membrane, matrix

Saturated fatty acids: a. each have at least one double bond b. are longer than saturated fatty acids are c. pack more tightly than unsaturated fatty acids do d. are more likely to come from animals than saturated fatty acids are

c. pack more tightly than unsaturated fatty acids do

(Chapter 3.3) The backbone of DNA is made of: a. nitrogenous bases and deoxyribose groups linked with peptide bonds b. nitrogenous bases and deoxyribose groups linked with polar covalent bonds c. phosphate and deoxyribose groups linked with phosphodiester bonds d. phosphate and deoxyribose groups linked with peptide bonds e. nitrogenous bases and sugars linked with hydrogen bonds

c. phosphate and deoxyribose groups linked with phosphodiester bonds

In an ion, the number of (blank) is always different than the number of (blank). a. protons, neutrons b. orbitals, neutrons c. protons, electrons d. electrons, neutrons e. protons, cations

c. protons, electrons

(Chapter 2.3) In all chemical reactions you start with: a. products and end up with reactants b. polymers and end up with monomers c. reactants and end up with products d. glucose and end up with carbon dioxide e. monomers and end up with polymers

c. reactants and end up with priducts

Imagine you labeled all of the parts of proteins that were on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane red, then bleached the red label on proteins only in an area 2 micrometers on a side so that the proteins in the bleached area are no longer labeled. Once you bleach a label it cannot spontaneously become colored again. You observe the cell again one hour after bleaching the label in the small area. Which of the following results would be support the fluid mosaic model? a. mixed red and blue label in the bleached area b. blue label in the bleached area c. red label in the bleached area d. no label in the bleached area, but red label outside the bleached area e. no label anywhere on the cell

c. red label in the bleached area

Which of the following examples of carbohydrates is correctly paired with its function? a. glycogen - structure of fungi and arthropods, like insects b. cellulose - energy storage in animals c. starches - energy storage in plants d. chitin - structure in plants

c. starches - energy storage in plants

(Chapter 3.2) The monomers of polysaccharides are: a. glycerol and amino acids b. a sugar bound to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base c. sugars that are in the form of rings d. a carbon bound to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen and a functional group e. long chains of hydrocarbons called fatty acids

c. sugars that are in the form of rings

Ribosomes: a. are the ribs of the cytoskeleton, creating the shape of cells b. fold proteins into their final tertiary structures c. synthesize proteins d. are the cell-to-cell junctions that hold cells together with great mechanical strength e. are communicating junctions between plant cells that are continuous channels of cytoplasm

c. synthesize proteins

Which of the following experiments would test the hypothesis that photosynthesis depends on chlorophyll? Comparing photosynthesis rates of plants: a. with and without a chemical that destroys mitochondria b. with and without light c. that do or do not have a mutation that inhibits chlorophyll d. at a range of temperatures

c. that do or do not have a mutation that inhibits chlorophyll

Which of the following does NOT change as the sodium-potassium antiporter transports sodium and potassium across the membrane? a. the affinity of the antiporter for sodium b. the affinity of the antiporter for potassium c. the amount of energy in one molecule of ATP d. the conformation (shape) of the antiporter e. the concentrations of sodium and potassium outside the cell

c. the amount of energy in one molecule of ATP

When an enzyme couples an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction, then: a. both reactions become exergonic b. the energy from the endergonic reaction can be transferred to drive the exergonic reaction c. the energy from the exergonic reaction can be transferred to drive the endergonic reaction d. all the energy is released as heat e. heat provides all of the energy to drive the endergonic reaction

c. the energy from the exergonic reaction can be transferred to drive the endergonic reaction

In coupled transport: a. energy in the phosphate bond of ATP is released by the transporter to provide energy for the transport b. sodium moves from the intracellular to the extracellular space c. the energy of one concentration gradient is used to move another molecule against its concentration gradient d. the energy of ATP is coupled to the invagination of the membrane that leads to extracellular material being engulfed by the cell e. a symporter is used to move ATP into cells and the ligand out of cells

c. the energy of one concentration gradient is used to move another molecule against its concentration gradient

(Chapter 6.2) Reactions can be coupled to each other; for example hydrolyzing ATP can be coupled to phosphorylating glucose. When reactions are coupled: a. the energy released by an endergonic reaction is used by the exergonic reaction b. endergonic reactions are changed to exergonic reactions c. the energy released by an exergonic reaction is used by the endergonic reaction d. the activation energy of each reaction is increased e. exergonic reactions are changed to endergonic reactions

c. the energy released by an exergonic reaction is used by the endergonic reaction

The osmolarity of a solution is: a. the [H+] in the solution b. smaller when there are more solutes in the solution c. the number of solutes in the solution d. the number of glucose molecules in the solution e. the number of ions in a solution f. the inverse of the pH of the solution

c. the number of solutes in the solution

You have three reactions. They have ΔG values of +5, -9 and +2 kcal/mol. Which two could be coupled to make one reaction that had a ΔG value of -4 kcal/mol? a. the reaction that has a ΔG value of +2 kcal/mol, if you double the concentration b. the reactions that have ΔG values of +2 and -9 kcal/mol c. the reactions that have ΔG values of +5 and -9 kcal/mol d. the reactions that have ΔG values of +5 and +2 kcal/mol

c. the reactions that have ΔG values of +5 and -9 kcal/mol

(Chapter 1.1) Which of the following statements about relative size is true? a. ATP is bigger than a goose b. mitochondria are bigger than a fish c. the stomach is bigger than a cell d. nitrogen is bigger than the lungs

c. the stomach is bigger than a cell

(Chapter 2.3) Due to the difference in the electronegativity of oxygen and hydrogen, in one molecule of water: a. there is an equal sharing of the electrons between the hydrogen and the oxygen b. non-polar covalent bonds form between the hydrogen and the oxygen c. there is a partial negative charge on the oxygen and a partial positive charge on the hydrogen d. there are more protons than electrons e. there are more electrons than protons

c. there is a partial negative charge on the oxygen and a partial positive charge on the hydrogen

(Chapter 3.5) Why do phospholipids form bilayers? a. they from bilayers because they are hydrophobic b. they form bilayers because cholesterol catalyzes the bilayer formation c. they form bilayers because the hydrophobic tails can minimize contact with water and the hydrophilic end can minimize contact with lipids d. they form bilayers because the covalent bonds between the fatty acids on the phospholipids on each side of the bilayer stabilize this otherwise energetically unfavorable conformation. e. they form bilayers because they are hydrophilic

c. they form bilayers because the hydrophobic tails can minimize contact with water and the hydrophilic end can minimize contact with lipids

Where do heterotrophs get their organic molecules? a. they make organic molecules themselves, but not necessarily by photosynthesis b. they use photosynthesis c. they ingest organic molecules made by other organisms d. they make some organic molecules themselves, then exchange them with other heterotrophs for the rest of the molecules that they need

c. they ingest organic molecules made by other organisms

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living organisms? a. they are composed of a cell or cells b. they allow for evolutionary adaption c. they use chloroplasts to convert energy d. they respond to their environment e. they obtain and use energy

c. they use chloroplasts to convert energy

The germ theory is that living organisms can only come from other living organisms under current conditions on Earth. What is one positive outcome of understanding this biological principle? a. we better understand what causes diabetes and how to prevent it b. we know more of the types of microorganisms that live in our digestive systems, and which ones are helpful and which are harmful c. we have better food safety by killing the microorganisms in food and controlling contamination with more microorganisms d. we understand how DNA carries the code that is used to assemble the amino acids of proteins in the correct order e. we understand how the bonds in water interact with the bonds in the macromolecules of life

c. we have better food safety by killing the microorganisms in food and controlling contamination with more microorganisms

Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning? a. you have a hypothesis that living organisms are made of cells, you predict that the organism you are looking at will be made of cells b. you believe that sterilizing food will keep it edible longer, so you sterilize your food when you will keep it for a while c. you notice that when you eat regularly, you are not hungry, and you conclude that eating prevents hunger d. you think that chitin is the carbohydrtae in insects, so you expect to find chitin when you grind up insects and measure the amount of chitin

c. you notice that when you eat regularly, you are not hungry, and you conclude that eating prevents hunger

The two carbon atoms from pyruvate now enter the citric acid cycle as the acetyl group on acetyl coenzyme A. When the carbon atoms are released, what molecule are they released as?

carbon dioxide

When two of the carbon atoms in pyruvate are converted to the acetyl group on acetyl coenzyme A, where does the third carbon go? It is released as (blank) (blank).

carbon dioxide

When ion or solutes like sugars or amino acids move down their concentration gradients, the solute binds the carrier, and the carrier changes shape to move the solutes the proteins involved are called (blank) proteins. With this type of transport there can be saturation because the rate of transport is limited by the number of these proteins.

carrier

Membrane proteins that bind to ligands (signaling molecules in this case) and change shape and function in response to binding are called (blank) (blank).

cell-surface receptors

Membrane proteins that allow certain solutes to cross by opening and letting the solutes pass through without changing the conformation of the protein are called (blank).

channels

The inner membrane of the mitochondria is where the proteins for oxidative phosphorylation are located. There are two phases of oxidative phosphorylation. The second phase converts the concentration gradient of hydrogen ion into ATP. It is called (blank).

chemiosmosis

When the energy of one of the carbon bonds is transferred to NADH, where do the other two carbon atoms go? The two carbons are an acetyl group that is added to (blank).

coenzyme A

A (blank) inhibitor binds to the active site and blocks or reduces the ability of the enzyme to catalyze the reaction.

competitive

The cytosol is the thick fluid inside the cell that surrounds the organelles. The cytoplasm includes the organelles. Your textbook does not make this distinction correctly, but it is better to use these two terms to mean separate things. Glycolysis occurs in the (blank) of cells.

cytosol

(Chapter 2.1) Sodium has 11 electrons arranged in three energy levels. The outer level has only one electron. In order to become stable, the atom loses an electron thus exposing the previous level with 8 electrons and subsequently becomes an ion with: a. no charge b. 8 negative charges c. 8 positive charges d. 1 positive charge e. 1 negative charge

d. 1 positive charge

Glycolysis produces high energy molecules. Considering both the ATP used and produced, glycolysis of one molecule of glucose produces a net total of: a. 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 b. 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 c. 4 ATP and 2 NADH d. 2 ATP and 2 NADH e. 4 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2

d. 2 ATP and 2 NADH

(Chapter 3.3) Which of the following is correctly matched with the carbon it is attached to in a DNA polymer? a. 1' to phosphate b. 2' to a hydroxyl group c. 4' to a nitrogenous base d. 5' to a phosphate e. 3' to a nitrogenous base

d. 5' to a phosphate

(Chapter 3.2) Which of the following is a carbohydrate? a. CH4 b. H2O c. C6H12O6 d. C30H60O30 e. C6H12

d. C30H60O30

(Chapter 3.1) The four major macromolecules have similarities and differences. Which of the following is true? a. Lipids are made from monomers by hydrolysis reactions. b. Carbohydrates and lipids store information to pass on to the next generation. c. Nucleic acids are the physical structures that give organisms their shapes. d. Carbohydrates and lipids are the major macromolecules for long-term energy storage.

d. Carbohydrates and lipids are the major macromolecules for long-term energy storage.

(Chapter 1.2) Why did Pasteur need to do the control experiment where he broke the neck of the flask and waited to see if microorganisms grew? a. He needed to demonstrate that he could break the neck of the flask. b. He needed to demonstrate that air could flow into and out of the flask when the neck was intact. c. It is more typical to have a flask without a swan neck. d. He needed to demonstrate that the broth was able to support microorganisms, even though they did not grow when the neck was intact.

d. He needed to demonstrate that the broth was able to support microorganisms, even though they did not grow when the neck was intact.

(Chapter 2.6) Solution X has a pH buffer. Solution Z does not have a pH buffer. The solutions start at the same pH. You add the same amount of acid to each solution. What will happen? a. The pH of solution X will decrease more than the pH of solution Z. b. The pH of solution X will increase and the pH of solution Z will decrease. c. The pH of solution X will decrease and the pH of solution Z will increase. d. The pH of solution X will decrease less than the pH of solution Z.

d. The pH of solution X will decrease less than the pH of solution Z.

(Chapter 3.4) Which of the following pairs are both found in all twenty amino acids? a. a nitrogenous base and a phosphate b. a sugar and a fatty acid c. a ribose and a phosphate d. a carboxyl group and an amino group e. sulfhydryl and an amino group

d. a carboxyl group and an amino group

(Page 23) Which is the strongest? a. an ionic bond b. a hydrogen bond c. a single covalent bond d. a double covalent bond e. a polar covalent bond

d. a double covalent bond

(Chapter 5.4) You have a U-shaped tube with a semipermeable membrane across the interior of the tube at the bottom of the U. The membrane separates the U into a left and right side. The membrane is only permeable to water. You pour equal volumes of aqueous solutions in the left and right sides, but the solution on the right has four times more glucose than the solution on the left. You wait then measure the height of the water in the left and right sides. You expect to see: a. a higher water level on the right than on the left, due to exergonic reactions b. equal water levels on the right and left, due to the second law of thermodynamics c. a higher water level on the left than on the right, due to the diffusion of gluose d. a higher water level on the right than on the left, due to osmosis e. a higher water level on the left than on the right, due to tonicity

d. a higher water level on the right than on the left, due to osmosis

(Chapter 2.6) You add the same amount of acid to two solutions, Solution A and B. The solutions are identical except Solution A has a pH buffer, and Solution B does not have a buffer. You would predict that after adding the acid to each solution, Solution B would have: a. the same concentration of free hydrogen ions ([H+]) than solution A b. a higher pH than solution A c. a lower concentration of free hydrogen ions ([H+]) than solution A d. a lower pH than solution A e. the same pH as solution A

d. a lower pH than solution A

(Chapter 4.2 and 4.3) Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes have: a. cell walls of cellulose b. membrane-bound organelles c. ribosomes d. a nucleoid with a single chromosome

d. a nucleoid with a single chromosome

(Chapter 3.3) Which of the following is found on the 5' carbon of a deoxyribonucleotide (DNA monomer)? a. a hydroxyl b. a ribose c. a nitrogenous base d. a phosphate e. a methyl

d. a phosphate

(Chapter 3.3) The three major parts of a nucleotide are a: a. glucose, amino acid, and a starch b. fatty acid, a sugar, and an amino group c. a carboxyl, a phosphate, and a glycerol d. a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base e. DNA, RNA, and a protein

d. a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base

ATP is a high energy molecule in cells that transfers energy from one molecule to another. The high energy that is most often transferred is stored in: a. DNA b. a hydrogen bond c. acetyl-CoA d. a phosphate-phosphate bond e. the carbon-carbon bonds

d. a phosphate-phosphate bond

Insulin receptors are proteins in the membranes of cells. When insulin binds to the receptor it changes the shape of the receptor. The shape change activates a response in the cell. You are studying a new protein that no one has studied before. You find out your protein has the same shape as the insulin receptor. Based on this information, you would predict that your new protein has: a. no function because it is denatured b. a similar function to hydrophilic proteins found inside the cell c. a similar function to proteins with very different shapes d. a similar function to the known insulin receptors

d. a similar function to the known insulin receptors

During the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate: a. one molecule of NADH is converted to NAD+ b. the three atoms of carbon in pyruvate are oxidized into three molecules of carbon dioxide c. two carbon dioxide molecules are used to make an acetyl group to add to CoA to make acetyl-CoA d. acetyl-CoA is made from CoA and an acetyl group from pyruvate

d. acetyl-CoA is made from CoA and an acetyl group from pyruvate

(Chapter 3.4) To make a protein, (blank) are connected by (blank) bonds between the (blank) and (blank) functional groups. a. nucleotides, phosphodiester, phosphate, hydroxyl b. monosaccharides, covalent, hydroxyl, hydrogen c. nucleotides, hydrogen, nitrogenous base, hydroxyl d. amino acids, peptide, amino, carboxyl

d. amino acids, peptide, amino, carboxyl

(Chapter 6.5) There is an enzyme. The substrate binds to the enzyme at one place. Molecule Q binds to the enzyme at a different place. When molecule Q binds to its site the activity of the enzyme is increased. Molecule Q is: a. a competitive activator b. an allosteric inhibitor c. a competitive inhibitor d. an allosteric activator

d. an allosteric activator

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of: a. a symporter for passive transport b. an antiporter for fascilitated diffusion c. a symporter for fascilitated diffusion d. an antiporter for active transport e. a uniporter for active transport

d. an antiporter for active transport

A plant that makes macromolecules from carbon dioxide using the energy from the sun is: a. a heterotroph and an autotroph b. an autotroph, but not a photoautotroph c. a heterotroph and an photoautotroph d. an autotroph and a photoautotroph e. photoautotroph, but not an autotroph

d. an autotroph and a photoautotroph

The cell theory is that all living things: a. use DNA to pass information from one cell to the next b. are made of cells that have evolved many different times from the same four non-living macromolecules c. are cells made of glycoproteins d. are cells that have descended from one original cell

d. are cells that have descended from one original cell

In facilitated diffusion, molecules move between two compartments: a. from where they are less concentrated to where they are more concentrated b. at the same rate, no matter how many transport proteins are in the membrane c. at a slower rate when there are more transport proteins in the membrane d. at a maximum, saturated rate when all the transport proteins are in use e. with the help of proteins that are changing conformation due to energy provided by ATP

d. at a maximum, saturated rate when all the transport proteins are in use

A competitive inhibitor: a. binds to the active site and activates a protein b. binds to the allosteric site and inhibits a protein c. binds to all the reactants so that the enzyme cannot convert them into products d. binds to the active site and inhibits the protein e. binds to the allosteric site and activates a protein

d. binds to the active site and inhibits the protein

Cellular respiration is important because it is the process by which cells: a. make proteins from amino acids b. convert carbon dioxide into organic molecules c. catalyze reactions d. break down larger organic molecules to make ATP e. make DNA from deoxyribonucleotides

d. break down larger organic molecules to make ATP

A protein in a plasma membrane binds to a ligand, which changes the shape of the protein. When the shape of the protein changes and sends a signal to the other side of the membrane, and this changes the function of the cell. This protein is an example of a: a. transporter protein b. cell-to-cell adhesion protein c. cell surface identity marker protein d. cell surface receptor e. channel

d. cell surface receptor

(Chapter 3.2) Beta-glucose is used to make which of the following that is a long unbranched polymer that is important for the structure of the cell walls of plants? a. sucrose b. starch c. glycogen d. cellulose e. chitin

d. cellulose

Plants and protists have cell walls made of: a. phospholipid bilayers b. chitin c. proteoglycans d. cellulose e. plasma membranes

d. cellulose

To scientifically study a system you would: a. reduce the system to its parts because there is no value in studying the system as a whole. b. use inductive, but not deductive reasoning because deductive reasoning does not generate new hypotheses. c. only think about the whole system at once because you will never find the emergent properties with a reductionist approach. d. combine inductive and deductive reasoning, and combine a reductionist and systems approach to get the most complete understanding. e. use deductive, but not inductive reasoning because inductive reasoning generates hypotheses that might be proven false.

d. combine inductive and deductive reasoning, and combine a reductionist and systems approach to get the most complete understanding.

(Chapter 3) Which major macromolecule is made from many monosaccharides, like glucose? a. proteins b. lipids c. nucleic acids d. complex carbohydrates

d. complex carbohydrates

NADH dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of NADH to NAD+ and H (referred to as "the reaction" in the answers below). NADH dehydrogenase: a. requires an allosteric inhibitor to be activated b. converts the reaction from being exergonic to being endergonic c. increases the activation energy for the reaction d. decreases the activation energy for the reaction e. converts the reaction from being endergonic to being exergonic

d. decreases the activation energy for the reaction

According to the first two laws of thermodynmics,: a. energy is destroyed by reactions b. energy cannot be converted from one form to another c. the total energy in the universe is decreasing d. energy is neither created or destroyed e. entropy (disorder) is constant in the universe

d. energy is neither created or destroyed

All multicellular animals are part of the domain: a. bacteria b. protista c. fungi d. eukarya e. archaea

d. eukarya

Which of the following occurs FIRST during cellular respiration of a molecule of glucose? a. glucose is lysed into two three-carbon pyruvate moleculs b. oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA are converted to citrate and CoA c. acetyl-CoA and CO2 are made from CoA and pyruvate d. glucose is phosphorylated e. citrate is decarboxylated, releasing carbon dioxide

d. glucose is phosphorylated

An exergonic reaction is most similar to which of the following reactions? a. amino acids to one polypeptide b. ADP and Pi to ATP c. two monomers to one molecule of the two monomers combined (a dimer) d. glucose to carbon dioxide e. monosaccharides to a polysaccharide

d. glucose to carbon dioxide

(Chapter 5.5) Secondary active transport with the glucose and sodium symporter uses the normal sodium gradient to move glucose. In this case,: a. glucose will move out of the cell b. sodium and glucose will move in opposite directions across the plasma membrane c. sodium will move up the concentration gradient d. glucose will move into the cell

d. glucose will move into the cell

Which of the following is a list of the phases of cellular respiration in the logical order as a molecule of glucose is processed? a. glycolysis, electron transport chain, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, chemiosmosis b. electron transport chain, chemiosmosis, glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle c. Krebs cycle, pyruvate oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis d. glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, chemiosmosis e. pyruvate oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, Krebs cycle

d. glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, chemiosmosis

Which of the following is a list of the phases of cellular respiration in the logical order as a molecule of glucose is processed? a. glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate oxidation, krebs cycle b. pyruvate oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, krebs cycle c. krebs cycle, pyruvate oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis d. glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation e. oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, krebs cycle, pyruvate oxidation

d. glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

(Chapter 3.1) Two isomers of each other are molecules that: a. have different types of atoms b. are always mirror images of each other c. have the same types of atoms, but in different ratios d. have the same number of each type of atom, arranged differently e. have the same types of atoms, but in different absolute amounts

d. have the same number of each type of atom, arranged differently

(Chapter 2.6) Changing the pH of a solution containing DNA would most easily make or break: a. phosphodiester bonds, but not other covalent bonds b. covalent bonds c. a pH buffer d. hydrogen bonds

d. hydrogen bonds

(Chapter 5.2) Fatty acid desaturases are important for: a. decreasing the fluidity of membranes by decreasing double bonds b. making fatty acids to store energy in triglycerides c. breaking down fatty acids of triglycerides to release the stored energy d. increasing the fluidity of membranes by increasing double bonds

d. increasing the fluidity of membranes by increasing double bonds

When a reaction has negative free energy (-deltaG),: a. it must have an enzyme present to catalyze the reaction, or the reaction will never occur b. it is a reduction reaction c. new bonds are formed d. it is an exergonic reaction e. the products have more energy than the reactants

d. it is an exergonic reaction

(Chapter 1.2) What was Pasteur's hypothesis? a. heating the broth killed all of the microorganisms in the broth b. microorganisms grew in the flask when the neck was broken c. there were no microorganisms in the broth when the neck was intact d. life only comes from existing life forms e. broth provides nutrients for living organism to survive on

d. life only comes from existing life forms

Which one characteristic is shared by all living organisms? a. living organisms respond to the information in their DNA, not to their environment b. living organisms maintain complexity with their innate life force, so they do not need energy c. the basic unit of all living organisms is the organ d. living organisms can grow, develop, and reproduce

d. living organisms can grow, develop, and reproduce

The germ hypothesis has been supported by strong evidence, such as the absence of the growth of bacteria in sterilized broth, so that it is now an accepted theory. The germ theory is that: a. living organisms use energy found in nutrients to maintain their complexity b. the basic unit of life is the cell c. multicellular organisms contain germs d. living organisms only come from previously existing living organisms e. bacteria needs nutrients to survive

d. living organisms only come from previously existing living organisms

(Chapter 2.6) Solution A has a higher concentration of free hydrogen ions ([H+]) than solution B. The pH of solution A will be: a. higher than the pH of solution B b. the same as the pH of solution B c. there is not enough information to answer this question d. lower pH than the pH of solution B

d. lower pH than the pH of solution B

(Chapter 3.2) One of the major classes of biological macromolecules is the carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are: a. the macromolecules that store genetic information b. typically channels in membranes c. the major component of the bilayer that makes cellular membranes d. made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen e. made from nucleotides

d. made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

You label the proteins on one cell red and the proteins on another cell blue. You cause the two cells to fuse. Based on the fluid mosaic model, what would you expect the resulting fused cell to look like? a. half red and half blue proteins, not mixed together b. all red proteins c. all blue proteins d. mixed red and blue proteins

d. mixed red and blue proteins

Which of the following is the smallest level of the hierarchy of biological organization on the list below? a. ecosystems b. cells c. organelles d. molecules e. communities

d. molecules

Pasteur studied germ hypothesis when the spontaneous generation hypothesis was still popular. He sterilized broth in a swan neck flask, and then waited to see if living organisms grew. With the swan neck intact, he observed that when he waited he saw: a. no growth of bacteria, which supported the spontaneous generation hypothesis b. growth of bacteria, which supported the germ hypothesis c. growth of bacteria, which supported the spontaneous generation hypothesis d. no growth of bacteria, which supported the germ hypothesis

d. no growth of bacteria, which supported the germ hypothesis

(Chapter 2.1) In a redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction it is always true that: a. a single covalent bond is broken and a double covalent bond is formed b. one atom loses a hydrogen atom and another gains a hydrogen atom c. one atom loses an oxygen atoms and another gains the oxygen atom d. one atoms loses an electron and another atom gains an electron e. a double covalent bond is broken and a single covalent bond is formed

d. one atoms loses an electron and another atom gains an electron

In redox reactions: a. the molecule that is oxidized has gained energy b. energy is destroyed c. the molecule that is oxidized has gained electrons d. one molecule is reduced while another is oxidized e. an endergonic oxidation reaction is coupled to an exergonic reduction reaction

d. one molecule is reduced while another is oxidized

If you activate a fatty acid desaturase in a bacterium, the result would be: a. membranes that are less fluid b. fewer double bonds in the fatty acids c. more hydrogen atoms on each fatty acid d. phospholipids that are packed less tightly e. the bacterium would get colder

d. phospholipids that are packed less tightly

Which of the following is a control experiment if you are testing the hypothesis that mitochondria increase ATP production by using a plant that has a mutation that stops it from making mitochondria? a. the plants without mitochondria b. plants at really high or really low temperatures c. plants growing in the dark d. plants with normal mitochondria e. plants without chlorophyll

d. plants with normal mitochondria

(Chapter 2.1) In chemical reactions, the gain of an electron is called: a. covalent bonding b. ionization c. oxidation d. reduction e. polymerization

d. reduction

An exergonic reaction: a. has more energy in its products than in its reactants b. cannot be catalyzed by enzymes c. requires energy d. releases energy e. has a positive change in free energy

d. releases energy

Which of the following would you find in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. circular chromosomes b. nucleoids c. lysosomes d. ribosomes e. mitochondria

d. ribosomes

(Chapter 3.5) Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid: a. triglycerides b. glycogen c. phospholipids in bilayers d. terpenes e. steroid hormones made from cholesterol

d. terpenes

(Chapter 2.4) Water striders, which are insects, can move along the surface of water because: a. water is a good solvent for ions and non-polar molecules b. ice is less dense than liquid water c. the adhesion of water creates capillary action d. the cohesion of water causes surface tension e. the high specific heat of water

d. the cohesion of water causes surface tension

The space deepest in the interior of a mitochondrion (farthest from the outside of the mitochondrion) is called: a. the inner membrane b. the outer membrane c. the innermembrane space d. the matrix e. the interior space

d. the matrix

Which of the following would require an electron microscope to see it in good detail with good resolution? a. egg cells b. eukaryotic cells c. prokaryotic cells d. the membranes in mitochondria e. plant cells

d. the membranes in mitochondria

Evidence in support of endosymbiosis for the evolutionary origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria includes: a. the lack of DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts b. the fact that both mitochondria and chloroplasts process energy in cells c. in plants the chloroplasts make the glucose that provides the energy that mitochondria help convert to ATP for cells d. the presence of circular, prokaryotic-like DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts e. the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts in all three domains of life, archaea, bacteria, and eukarya.

d. the presence of circular, prokaryotic-like DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts

Pepsin functions in the stomach that has a pH of 2.5; and trypsin functions in the small intestine that has a pH of 6.5. You have an unlabeled vial, and you know it is either trypsin or pepsin, and you determine the reaction rate under different conditions to determine which one it probably is. If the vial contains pepsin, which result below would you expect to find? a. the rate of the reaction does not depend on temperature or pH b. the rate of the reaction is fastest at a pH of 6.5 c. the rate of the reaction is fastest at a temperature of 36 degrees celsius d. the rate of the reaction is fastest at a pH of 2.5 e. the rate of the reaction is fastest at a temperature of 72 degrees celsius

d. the rate of the reaction is fastest at a pH of 2.5

(Chapter 3.4) Proteins have four levels of organization: a. the quaternary structure is the sequence of amino acids b. the tertiary structure is the complex of multiple polypeptides c. the primary structure is the final folded shape of one polypeptide d. the secondary structure is the interaction of functional groups, like alpha helices and beta sheets

d. the secondary structure is the interaction of functional groups, like alpha helices and beta sheets

(Chapter 1.4) Which of the following is NOT a unifying theory of biology? a. cells are the basic units of life b. the basis for inheritance is nucleic acids c. energy is required to maintain complexity d. the shape of a structure, like a protein, is independent of its function

d. the shape of a structure, like a protein, is independent of its function

You have three enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions. Enzyme A converts molecule 1 to molecule 2. Enzyme B converts molecule 2 to molecule 3. Molecule 3 is an inhibitor of enzyme A. What would happen in this metabolic system if you add enzyme C, which converts molecule 4 to molecule 3? When you add enzyme C: a. there would be less inhibition of enzyme A b. there would be less inhibition of enzyme B c. there would be more inhibition of enzyme B d. there would be more inhibition of enzyme A

d. there would be more inhibition of enzyme A

Which of the following does NOT describe all living organisms? a. they respond to their environments b. they maintain an internal balance (homeostasis) c. they are complex and ordered d. they use inductive and deductive reasoning e. they can grow, develop, and reproduce

d. they use inductive and deductive reasoning

Which of the following is NOT part of a mitochondrion? a. outer membrane b. inner membrane c. intermembrane space d. thylakoids e. matrix

d. thylakoids

The purpose of cellular respiration is to: a. make mitochondria b. transfer information from the nucleus to the inner membrane of the mitochondria c. make pyruvate from glucose d. transfer the energy from glucose to ATP e. get oxygen into the body

d. transfer the energy from glucose to ATP

(Chapter 3.5) Saturated fatty acids: a. have more bends in them than unsaturated fatty acids b. are more likely to come from plants than animals c. are more likely to be liquid at room temperature than unsaturated fatty acids d. usually have higher melting points than unsaturated fatty acids e. have more double bonds than unsaturated fatty acids

d. usually have higher melting points than unsaturated fatty acids

(Chapter 2.5) Which property of water below is correctly matched with an example of that property? a. the high heat of vaporization - the bottom of ponds stay more liquid than the surface in winter b. solid water is less dense than liquid water - the evaporation of sweat cools animals c. water is a good solvent for ions and polar molecules - temperatures are more constant in areas with a lot of water than in dry areas, like deserts d. water organizes nonpolar molecules - lipid bilayers of phospholipids form in aqueous solutions e. water has a high specific heat - salt dissolves in water

d. water organizes nonpolar molecules - lipid bilayers of phospholipids form in aqueous solutions

(Chapter 3) Which of the following is a carbohydrate? a. C12H24 b. C6H12O2 c. C2H4 d. ribonucleic acids e. CH2O

e. CH2O

(Chapter 2.3) Given that the electronegativity of hydrogen (H) is 2.1, of carbon (C) is 2.5, of nitrogen (N) is 3.0, of oxygen (O) is 3.5, and of sulfur (S) is 2.5, which of the following bonds would be the MOST polar? a. S to O b. C to H c. C to O d. H to N e. H to O

e. H to O

During glycolysis: a. NADH, ATP, and glucose are made, and carbon dioxide is used as a reactant b. FADH2, NADH, and ATP are made from the energy in pyruvate c. ATP and carbon dioxide are made, and glucose is broken down d. citrate is made, and oxaloacetate is used as a reactant e. NADH and ATP are made, and glucose is broken down

e. NADH and ATP are made, and glucose is broken down

(Chapter 1 and Chapter 2.6) Which of the following supports the hypothesis that compound B is a pH buffer? a. When you add base to a solution containing compound B, the pH decreases. b. When you add a base to a solution containing compound B, the pH changes more than when compound B is not present. c. When you add compound B to water, the pH becomes more acidic. d. When you add acid to a solution containing compound B, the pH increases. e. When you add an acid to a solution containing compound B the pH changes less than when compound B is not present.

e. When you add an acid to a solution containing compound B the pH changes less than when compound B is not present

(Chapter 3.1) Which of the following is a polymer? a. a glucose molecule b. water c. an amino acid d. a nucleotide molecule e. a DNA molecule

e. a DNA molecule

A cell has a flagellum with a rotor at its base that causes the flagellum to rotate instead of whipping back and forth. This cell is most likely a: a. eukaryote b. a plant cell c. a single-celled eukaryote d. a cell in a multicellular eukaryote e. a prokaryote

e. a prokaryote

(Chapter 3.3) In a double helix of DNA two nucleotides make bonds with each other to make the "steps" of the twisted rope ladder that the double helix looks like. This is called complementary base pairing. In a complementary pair of bases that make one "step" of a double helix, it is always true that one nucleotide will be: a. an A and the other will be a G b. an A and the other a T c. a C and the other a G d. a T and the other will be a C e. a purine and the other a pyrimidine

e. a purine and the other a pyrimidine

A scientific theory: a. is a body of interconnected concepts b. is supported by scientific reasoning c. is supported by many types of experimental evidence d. is one of the ideas of which we are most certain e. all of the other answers are correct

e. all of the other answers are correct

(Chapter 3.1) Which functional group consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms? a. phosphate b. hydroxyl c. carboxyl d. carbonyl e. amino

e. amino

Which of the following is the smallest? a. a human b. an organelle c. a protein d. a macromolecule, like DNA e. an amino acid

e. an amino acid

ATP: a. contains three ribose functional groups, three phosphate groups and two fatty acids b. is good for storing energy for a long time c. used as an energy source is a completely different molecule than the ATP in DNA and RNA d. has only low energy bonds e. breakdown to ADP can be coupled to many types of endergonic reactions in cells

e. breakdown to ADP can be coupled to many types of endergonic reactions in cells

(Chapter 6.4) Enzymes: a. decrease the free energy of a reaction b. increase the activation energy of a reaction c. increase the free energy of a reaction d. decrease the rate of a reaction e. decrease the activation energy of a reaction

e. decrease the activation energy of a reaction

Enzymes: a. increase the activation energy of a reaction b. decrease the rate of a reaction c. increase the free energy of a reaction d. decrease the free energy of a reaction e. decrease the activation energy of a reaction

e. decrease the activation energy of a reaction

(Chapter 3) Both proteins and nucleic acids are made from their monomers by: a. making phosphodiester bonds b. making peptide bonds c. hydrolysis reactions d. making hydrogen bonds e. dehydration reactions

e. dehydration reactions

Science does NOT progress by: a. inductive and deductive reasoning b. proving hypotheses false c. studying emergent properties of systems d. reducing complex systems to study the parts separately e. developing a new theory based on one observation

e. developing a new theory based on one observation

(Chapter 2.3) When two atoms join by a covalent bond, they are sharing: a. neutrons b. their nuclei c. ions d. protons e. electrons

e. electrons

An ion binds to a transmembrane protein. The ion is transported across the membrane down its diffusion gradient. As the ion is transported the transmembrane protein changes shape to move the ion. No molecules other than the ion and the transmembrane protein are involved. In this case, the ion is moving by: a. osmosis b. symport c. primary active transport d. secondary active transport e. facilitated diffusion

e. facilitated diffusion

(Chapter 2.3) Which of the following is the WEAKEST type of bond? a. double covalent bond b. triple covalent bond c. ionic bond d. polar covalent bond e. hydrogen bond

e. hydrogen bond

Ligand X is not an ion, and has a higher concentration inside a cell than outside the cell. In passive transport of ligand X across the plasma membrane: a. ligand X will move from outside to inside b. ligand X and ligand Z will move into the cell together on an antiporter c. ATP is used to change the conformation (shape) of the carrier protein d. ATP is used to change the affinity of a carrier for ligand X e. ligand X will move from inside to outside the cell

e. ligand X will move from inside to outside the cell

Think about the germ theory and spontaneous generation hypothesis that we studied in class with broth in a flask. Although it is not the result that Pasteur found, which of the following results would have supported the spontaneous generation hypothesis? a. microorganisms in the flask after one week with without sterilization, but with the swan neck intact b. no microorganisms in the sterilized flask with the intact neck after a week c. microorganisms in the sterilized flask after one week with the swan neck broken so that objects could fall into the flask d. no microorganisms in the sterilized flask after one week with the swan neck broken so that objects could fall into the flask e. microorganisms in the sterilized flask with the intact neck after a week

e. microorganisms in the sterilized flask with the intact neck after a week

(Chapter 2.2) Which of the following is LEAST commonly found in organic molecules? a. nitrogen b. oxygen c. carbon d. hydrogen e. phosphorus

e. phosphorus

Which statement below would violate the first or second law of thermodynamics? a. when energy is converted between forms, some energy is lost as heat b. the total energy in the universe is constant c. energy transformations spontaneously convert matter to a more stable form d. disorder in the universe is constantly increasing e. photosynthesis creates energy

e. photosynthesis creates energy

The experiments done on sterilized broth with the swan-neck flasks were important because they lead to the: a. process of carbon-dating, which provided evidence for evolution via radioisotopes b. process of homogenization, which makes the texture of milk more uniform c. process of artificial DNA replication, which allows scientists to clone humans d. process of cell division, which leads to more useful bacteria in the gut e. process of pasteurization, which reduces bacterial growth in food

e. process of pasteurization, which reduces bacterial growth in food

Good science proceeds by: a. accepting an hypothesis when experiments produce results that are inconsistent with the hypothesis b. doing experiments that do not have to be repeated c. using data from experiments without controls d. making hypotheses that do not make predictions e. refining hypotheses based on results and running more experiments

e. refining hypotheses based on results and running more experiments

If you put a typical cell into a hypertonic solution, then the cell would: a. stay the same size, but increase in osmolarity b. stay the same size, but decrease in osmolarity c. stay the same size and osmolarity d. swell e. shrink

e. shrink

Which of the following does NOT change as the sodium-potassium antiporter normally transports sodium and potassium across the membrane? a. the conformation (shape) of the antiporter b. the affinity of the antiporter for sodium c. the affinity of the antiporter for potassium d. the concentrations of sodium and potassium outside the cell e. the amount of energy in one molecule of ATP

e. the amount of energy in one molecule of ATP

(Chapter 3.1) If the shape of a molecule changes, then it is most likely that: a. the atoms in the molecule will lose or gain neutrons b. the atoms in the molecule will gain or lose protons c. the function of the molecule will stay the same d. the number of atoms in the molecule will change e. the function of the molecule will also change

e. the function of the molecule will also change

Phospholipid bilayers are a major component of biological membranes. In a phospholipid bilayer: a. the hydrophilic fatty acid tails are in contact with the water on the inside and outside of the bilayer b. the hydrophobic fatty acid tails are in contact with the water on the inside and outside of the bilayer c. the hydrophilic heads are in the center of the bilayer d. the hydrophobic heads are in the center of the bilayer e. the hydrophobic fatty acid tails are in the center of the bilayer

e. the hydrophobic fatty acid tails are in the center of the bilayer

When an enzyme decreases the activation energy of a reaction: a. the amount of energy in the products will decrease b. the reaction will continue until it uses up the enzyme by converting it to the product c. the reaction will become exergonic d. the reaction will become endergonic e. the reaction rate will increase

e. the reaction rate will increase

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living organisms? a. they obtain and use energy b. they are composed of a cell or cells c. they are complex and ordered d. they have mechanisms that allow for evolutionary adaption e. they make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide

e. they make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide

The sodium-potassium antiporter normally transports sodium and potassium across the membrane. This antiporter: a. makes ATP as it transports sodium and potassium b. has a constant affinity for sodium as it changes shape c. does not change shape as it transports sodium and potassium across the membrane d. allows sodium and potassium to move by diffusion down their concentration gradients e. uses ATP to move sodium and potassium against their concentration gradients

e. uses ATP to move sodium and potassium against their concentration gradients

The inner membrane of the mitochondria is where the proteins for oxidative phosphorylation are located. There are two phases of oxidative phosphorylation. The first phase converts the NADH and FADH2 to a concentration gradient. It is called the (blank) (blank) (blank).

electron transport chain

ATP and water can be broken down in an exergonic reaction that releases energy. When ADP and Pi are cycled back to ATP and water it is an (blank) reaction that requires energy, which can come from a coupled exergonic reaction.

endergonic

An exergonic reaction can also be coupled to an (blank) reaction, so that some of the energy drives the coupled reaction and less is released as heat.

endergonic

In an (blank) reaction the products of the reaction contain more energy than the reactants.

endergonic

Enzymes can function by coupling an exergonic reaction to an endergonic reaction. This couples the reaction so that the (blank) that is released by the exergonic reaction is very likely to drive the endergonic reaction, instead of being released as heat.

energy

A biological catalyst is called an (blank).

enzyme

In simple diffusion molecules diffuse across the phospholipid part of a membrane without the need for a protein. Simple diffusion is limited to small, usually nonpolar molecules. In (blank) diffusion, a protein is required to allow the molecules to cross the membrane.

facilitated

When a product of a series of reactions inhibits an earlier reaction in the chain it is called negative (blank) inhibition.

feedback

The current understanding of plasma and organelle membranes is the (blank) (blank) model. It describes how the elements of the membrane move in the membrane and that there are many types of phospholipids and proteins that make up the membrane, each playing a unique role.

fluid mosaic

What is the six-carbon sugar that goes into glycolysis?

glucose

In cellular respiration glucose is broken down into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate during the process called (blank).

glycolysis

What is the first phase of cellular respiration?

glycolysis

The energy released by an exergonic reaction can become (blank), which can be thought of as faster movement of molecules.

heat

The (blank) get organic molecules from other organisms, not by photosynthesis.

heterotrophs

In a (blank) solution, the fluid surrounding the cells has a higher osmolarity than the cytoplasm of the cells.

hypertonic

In a (blank) solution, the fluid surrounding the cells has a lower osmolarity than the cytoplasm of the cells.

hypotonic

In an (blank) solution, the fluid surrounding the cells has the same osmolarity as the cytoplasm of the cells.

isotonic

The energy of motion is called (blank) energy.

kinetic

The (blank) Cycle occurs in mitochondria and generates the most NADH and FADH2 of any of the stages of cellular respiration.

krebs

What phase of cellular respiration is between the grooming of pyruvate and oxidative phosphorylation?

krebs cycle

In an exergonic reaction the products of the reaction contain (blank) energy than the reactants.

less

Adding a catalyst to a reaction will (blank) the activation energy of a reaction.

lower

What happens to hydrogen ions by the electron transport chain? The hydrogen ions are transported from the (blank).

matrix

All the chemical reactions of an organism together are called its (blank).

metabolism

Where do the NADH and FADH2 have to be in the cell for oxidative phosphorylation to take place? Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the (blank).

mitochondria

You would predict that (blank) amino acids would be found in the fatty acid region of a membrane.

nonpolar

To start the Krebs Cycle the acetyl group on acetyl-CoA is transferred to (blank) which makes citrate, which is sometimes called citric acid. This is why the Krebs Cycle is sometimes called the citric acid cycle, or CAC.

oxaloacetate

The ATP made during the citric acid cycle can be used by the cell immediately. What process converts the energy in NADH and FADH2 into ATP so it can be used by the cell too?

oxidative phosphorylation

During the Krebs Cycle there are many redox reactions. For example, the acetyl group that started on the acetyl-CoA is (blank) to carbon dioxide, and NAD+ is [reduced] to NADH.

oxidized

In a redox reaction, the molecule that is (blank) loses an electron

oxidized

What accepts the lower-energy electrons from the NADH and FADH2 at the end of the electron transport chain? The low energy electrons are accepted by (blank).

oxygen

In a plasma membrane or the membranes of the organelles in eukaryotes there are proteins embedded in a fluid (blank) bilayer.

phospholipid

The cells of (blank) are typically in a hypotonic solution.

plants

You would predict that (blank) amino acids would be found in an aqueous part of a cell, or on the extracellular side of a cell.

polar

The energy of position is called (blank) energy.

potential

One molecule of carbon dioxide and one molecule of NADH are some of the products of (blank) oxidation. In this process acetyl-CoA is generated from CoA.

pyruvate

Try one final question for glycolysis. What molecules do the carbon atoms from glucose end up in at the end of glycolysis?

pyruvate

What phase of cellular respiration is between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)? In other words, how is pyruvate processed for some of the carbon to enter the Krebs cycle?

pyruvate oxidation

During the Krebs Cycle there are many redox reactions. For example, NAD+ is (blank) to NADH.

reduced

In a redox reaction, the molecule that is (blank) gains the electron.

reduced

Cellular (blank) is the process of breaking down glucose into carbon dioxide. The energy is transferred from the bonds in glucose to high energy phosphate bonds in ATP.

respiration

Carriers can also move more than one molecule at a time. When all of the molecules are moved in the same direction the carrier is called a (blank). When a carrier moves two molecules in opposite directions across the membrane, the carrier is called an antiporter.

symporter

Adenosine triphosphate has (blank) phosphate groups, so ATP has high energy phosphate-phosphate bonds.

three

Membrane proteins that allow certain solutes to cross the membrane are generally called (blank).

transport proteins

Carrier proteins can move one molecule at a time, or more. When a carrier moves one molecule at a time it is called a (blank).

uniporter