BIO 152

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis begin when light strikes chlorophyll, causing the pigment molecule to release an electron. Which actions follow the release of the electron?

A water molecule is split, the breakdown of this molecule yields hydrogen ions and oxygen molecules. It also releases two more electrons

Two energy-carrying molecules of the light- dependent reactions are:

ATP and NADPH

Which two molecules are the primary products of the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

ATP and NADPH

A bacterium that lives near a thermal sea vent is able to transform inorganic compounds into an energy source. This organism would be classified as a

Autotrough

Why do we breathe more when exercising?

Because when we exercise, we use more ATP, and additional O2 is necessary to generate sufficient ATP.

As a blood vessel vascoconstricts..

Blood flow through that vessel decreases.

What do Cellular respiration and glycolysis have in common?

Both yield ATP, Source of ATP for eukaryotes.

Which two molecules are required for carbon fixation ONLY?

CO2 and RuBP

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

CO2+H2O and light energy ---> Glucose (C6H12O6) and O2

What molecules are required for photosynthesis to occur?

Carbon dioxide, water

What are the ventilation mechanisms of each animal? -Fish -Birds -Mammals

Fish- Countercurrent exchange Birds- One way flow of air coupled with crosscurrent exchange Mammals- Tidal ventilation in/out of stabilized volume of air.

Which linages circulatory system mixes deoxygenated and oxygenized blood as that blood is moved through the heart?

Frogs

What enzyme does the Calvin cycle produce?

G3P

Blood flows in one direction across its lamellar plates. Oxygen-rich water flows across these plates in the opposite direction. What are these things?

Gills

What two products result from photosynthesis?

Glucose and oxygen

Oxygen is one of the byproducts of the light dependent reactions. Oxygen is released when_____

Glucose is broken down

What is the path that blood takes through a mammalian circulatory system? Start with heart

Heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, heart

NADP+ is reduced in what Photosystem?

I

Sharks tend to face_______ and ________ in their marine environment

Influx of salt, no net movement of water

Which organisms respiratory system relies on a series of airways to deliver oxygen directly to the cells of the body, without the need of bulk transport of oxygen through the circulatory system?

Insects

In what organisms would you find oxygen bound to hemoglobin?

Insects Mammals Birds Clams Pine Trees

Reabsorption-

Is the movement of material from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries

What adaptive advantage did the 4-chambered heart offer mammals, that was not supported by the 3-chambered heart?

It better supported an endothermic (warm-blooded) lifestyle.

What organisms use Mitochondria to enhance production of ATP?

Plants, Animals, Fungi

What types of organisms have members that use cellular respiration(and proton gradients) to produce ATP?

Plants, Animals, Gram negative bacteria, fungi,

What enzyme facilitates a reaction between CO2 and RuBP?

RuBisCO

During ventricular diastole:

Some blood is pushed into the ventricles by the atria.

Where does the Calvin cycle take place in the plant cell?

Stoma

Which of the following is NOT a part of chloroplast? -Granum -Stomata -Thylakoid -Chlorophyll

Stomata- Opening in leaf that facilitate gas exchange

Which molecule absorbs the energy of a photon in photosynthesis?

chlorophyll

What are some factors that make gas exchange more challenging for water-breathing animals compared to air-breathing animals?

Water is more dense than air, oxygen has a low solubility in water

What is metabolic water?

Water produced during oxidative phosphorylation

Which product of alcoholic fermentation results from acetaldehyde acting as an electron acceptor?

When acetaldehyde receives an electron from NADH, it becomes ethanol.

From where does a heterotroph directly obtain its energy?

eating other organisms

Net filtration pressure is

the force driving fluid out of the capillary and into the tissue spaces.

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure is-

the force exerted by the fluid in the tissue spaces.

Blood colloidal osmotic pressure is

the pressure exerted by colloids suspended in blood within a vessel.

In a mammals bloodstream, where would you expect to find oxygen?

-Bound to hemoglobin proteins, inside the red blood cell. -Freely disolved in the water of the blood. (not attached to anything)

What could be used to determine the osmotic stress an animal might face in its environment?

-Total osmolarity differences -Osmotic pressure differences -Solute concentration differences

What happens in the Reduction stage of the Calvin cycle?

3-PGA is reduced to a new compound

A green house plant growing in a sunny window is an example of what?

Photoautotrough

ATP synthase

Uses a proton gradient to add a phosphate group to ADP

Inhalation + Exhalation=

Ventilation

Which colors are most useful in photosynthesis?

Violet/blue are effectively absorbed by green chlorophyll.

In which animal does blood flow directly from the respiratory organs to the tissues, without first returning to the heart?

Fish

Acetyl CoA

Delivers acetyl group to the citric acid cycle

Explain the role of Photosystem II?

Drives the synthesis of ATP by using the energy from an electron transport chain to create an electrochemical gradient across the thylakoid membrane

Describe the role of Photosystem I?

Drives the synthesis of NADPH, which is necessary for the Calvin cycle

A student views an organism under a microscope. This organism lacks a nucleus, has a modified thylakoid membrane, and is green in color. This organism is best described as?

Eukaryotic autotroph

What organic molecules can be used as metabolic fuels?

Fatty acids, Carbohydrates

Explain how air enters and exits a bird's body.

First drawn through trachea, next it moves to anterior air sacs, and finally to posterior air sacs

What conditions maximize diffusion process across the blood vessel walls in the capillaries?

Low pressure, low velocity, large total exchange area, thin walls, large diameter vessels

Which statement correctly describes a difference between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

NADPH is a high energy molecule essential to photosynthesis, but not cellular respiration.

Where does cellular respiration occur? What does it include? Need oxygen?

Occurs in mitochondria, requires oxygen, includes electron transport chain.

What happens in the Regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle?

One G3P molecule is processed into carbohydrate, the remaining G3P molecules regenerate RUBP

Where does glycolysis occur? Who is it a source of ATP for?

Only the cytoplasm, Source of ATP for prokaryotes and eukaryotes

What kind of circulatory system allows hemolymph to freely spill out of vessels into extracellular space around the cells? Found in insects.

Open circulatory system

Marine invertebrates tend to be ________ where as freshwater fish tend to be ________

Osmoconformers, Osmoregulators

If a man was drowning, and he was unable to obtain enough oxygen to meet the metabolic needs of his cells, which part of cellular respiration would be effected first in his cells?

Oxidative Phosphorylation

During a period of increased activity, the _________ nervous system __________ signaling to the heart to trigger an increased heart rate.

Sympathetic; Increases

Why do the atria contract before the ventricles?

The AV node delays the electrical signal.

Even though glycolysis is an anaerobic process (doesn't require oxygen), it can still be shut down if a eukaryotic cell is unable to get enough oxygen to meet its needs. Why does this happen?

The aren't enough electron carriers available to transfer electrons to the electron transport chain.

Which statement correctly describes carbon fixation?

The conversion of CO2 to a organic compound

What happens in the Fixation stage of the Calvin cycle?

The enzyme RuBisCO joins carbon dioxide with RuBP

Capillary hydrostatic pressure is-

The force exerted by blood against a capillary

Blood Hydrostatic pressure is-

The force exerted by blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber.

Consider the mammalian heart, Why is the muscular wall of the left ventricle thicker than that of the right ventricle?

The left ventricle must contract with more force in order to send blood to the body's extremities.

What would cause water to move into the animals body?

The water surrounding the animal is hypotonic compared to the fluids in the animals body

How are the high-energy molecules NADH and FADH2 from the citric acid cycle are used in the next step of ATP production?

They contribute electrons to the electron transport chain.

The circulatory systems of fish, birds, mammals and amphibians all have this in common

They have closed circulatory systems

What is the normal function of lymph vessels?

To return leftover interstitial fluid to the bloodstream

True or false, The blood returned back to the heart through systemic veins have less oxygen.

True

What are the products of glycolysis?

Two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP and NADH

Which color(s) of light does chlorophyll a reflect?

green