BIO 182 exam # 4
17) For hormones that homeostatically regulate cellular functions, A) negative feedback typically regulates hormone secretion. B) the circulating level of a hormone is held constant through a series of positive feedback loops. C) both lipid-soluble hormones and water-soluble hormones bind to intracellular protein receptors. D) endocrine organs release their contents into the bloodstream via specialized ducts. E) it is impossible to also have neural regulation of that system.
A
2) In a positive-feedback system where hormone A alters the amount of protein X A) an increase in A always produces an increase in X. B) an increase in X always produces a decrease in A. C) a decrease in A always produces an increase in X. D) a decrease in X always causes a decrease in A. E) it is impossible to predict how A and X affect each other.
A
20) A stroke volume in the heart of 70 mL/cycle, with a pulse of 72 cycles per minute, results in a cardiac output of A) 5 L/minute. B) 504 mL/minute. C) 0.5 L/minute. D) 50 L/minute. E) 500 L/minute.
A
25) The hypothalamus modulates hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary by means of A) peptide hormones. B) steroid hormones. C) electrical synapses. D) neurotransmitters. E) paracrine signals.
A
26) Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of the parietal cells A) initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach. B) initiate the mechanical digestion of lipids in the stomach. C) initiate the chemical digestion of lipids in the stomach. D) include pepsinogen. E) delay digestion until the food arrives in the small intestine.
A
33) Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are synthesized in the A) hypothalamus. B) adenohypophysis. C) anterior pituitary. D) adrenal cortex. E) posterior pituitary.
A
4) To maintain adequate nutrition, animals require dietary access to certain amino acids. An amino acid that is referred to as "nonessential" would be best described as one that A) can be made by the animal's body from other substances. B) is not used by the animal in biosynthesis. C) must be ingested in the diet. D) is not readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. E) is not found in many proteins. 6) The fat-soluble vitamins include A) vitamin A. B) vitamin B12. C) vitamin C. D) iodine. E) calcium.
A
4) Which category of signal exerts its effects on target cells by binding to membrane-bound receptor proteins? A) neurohormones B) estrogens C) androgens D) vitamin D E) neurohormones, estrogens, androgens, and vitamin D
A
59) Which of the following animals is incorrectly paired with its feeding mechanism? A) lionsubstrate feeder B) baleen whalesuspension feeder C) aphidfluid feeder D) clamsuspension feeder E) snakebulk feeder
A
6) The fat-soluble vitamins include A) vitamin A. B) vitamin B12. C) vitamin C. D) iodine. E) calcium.
A
60) Testosterone is an example of A) an androgen. B) an estrogen. C) a progestin. D) a catecholamine. E) an adrenal steroid.
A
62) Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because A) the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. B) the volume of the alveoli increases as smooth muscles contract. C) gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. D) pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. E) a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes.
A
63) The exhalation of air from human lungs is driven by A) a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity. B) a decrease in the residual volume of the lungs. C) the contraction of the diaphragm. D) the closure of the epiglottis. E) the expansion of the rib cage.
A
71) Shortly after ingesting a big plate of carbohydrate-rich pasta, you measure your blood's hormone levels. What results would you expect, compared to before the meal? A) high insulin, low glucagon B) low insulin, low glucagon C) high insulin, high glucagon D) low insulin, high glucagon E) low insulin, no change in glucagon
A
64) As a person goes from rest to full-effort exercise, there is an increase in the A) tidal volume. B) vital capacity. C) residual volume. D) total lung capacity. E) All of the above would be different.
A`
10) The reason that the steroid hormone aldosterone affects only a small number of cells in the body is that A) only its target cells get exposed to aldosterone. B) only its target cells contain aldosterone receptors. C) it is unable to enter nontarget cells. D) nontarget cells destroy aldosterone before it can produce any effect. E) nontarget cells convert aldosterone to a hormone to which they do respond.
B
21) After ingestion by humans, the first category of macromolecules to be chemically digested by enzymes in the mouth is A) proteins. B) carbohydrates. C) cholesterol and other lipids. D) nucleic acids. E) minerals.
B
22) During short-term starvation, most available fuel molecules are catabolized to provide energy for metabolism rather than being used as building blocks for growth and repair, a trade-off that is hormonally regulated by A) acetylcholine. B) glucagon. C) oxytocin. D) antidiuretic hormone. E) insulin.
B
22) Salivary amylase digests A) protein. B) starches. C) monosaccharides. D) glucose. E) maltose.
B
29) An enzyme with high activity in an acidic environment is A) amylase. B) pepsin. C) gastrin. D) trypsin. E) sucrose.
B
32) In a lactating mammal, the two hormones that promote milk synthesis and milk release, respectively, are A) prolactin and calcitonin. B) prolactin and oxytocin. C) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. D) luteinizing hormone and oxytocin. E) prolactin and luteinizing hormone.
B
40) Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having A) a sufficient colony of H. pylori. B) a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells. C) a high level of secretion by chief cells. D) a high level of secretion from parietal cells. E) secretions enter the stomach from the pancreas.
B
40) The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is synthesized, are A) growth hormone and pancreas, respectively. B) erythropoietin and kidney, respectively. C) cortisol and adrenal gland, respectively. D) epinephrine and adrenal gland, respectively. E) acetylcholine and bone marrow, respectively.
B
44) Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for 24 hours would be expected to reveal high levels of A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) secretin. D) gastrin. E) glucose.
B
45) When the beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood, A) the blood glucose levels rise to a set point and stimulate glucagon release. B) the skeletal muscles and the adipose cells take up glucose at a faster rate. C) the liver catabolizes glycogen. D) the alpha cells of the pancreas release glucose into the blood. E) the kidneys begin gluconeogenesis.
B
52) Melatonin is secreted by A) the hypothalamus during the day. B) the pineal gland during the night. C) the autonomic nervous system during the winter. D) the posterior pituitary gland during the day. E) the thyroid gland during cold seasons.
B
54) Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because A) water is less dense than air. B) water contains much less O₂ than air per unit volume. C) gills have less surface area than lungs. D) gills allow only unidirectional transport. E) gills allow water to flow in one direction.
B
66) An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is A) thyroxine and parathyroid hormone in calcium balance. B) insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism. C) progestins and estrogens in sexual differentiation. D) epinephrine and norepinephrine in fight-or-flight responses. E) oxytocin and prolactin in milk production.
B
8) Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have A) an open circulatory system. B) a closed circulatory system. C) a gastrovascular cavity. D) branched tracheae. E) hemolymph.
B
1) All hormones A) are produced by endocrine glands. B) are lipid-soluble molecules. C) are carried to target cells in the blood. D) are protein molecules. E) elicit the same biological response from all of their target cells.
C
10) The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the A) amphibians. B) birds. C) fishes. D) mammals. E) reptiles.
C
16) When a steroid hormone and a peptide hormone exert similar effects on a population of target cells, then A) the steroid and peptide hormones must use the same biochemical mechanisms. B) the steroid and peptide hormones must bind to the same receptor protein. C) the steroid hormones affect the synthesis of effector proteins, whereas peptide hormones activate effector proteins already present in the cell. D) the steroid hormones affect the activity of certain proteins within the cell, whereas peptide hormones directly affect the processing of mRNA. E) the steroid hormones affect only the release of proteins from the target cell, whereas peptide hormones affect only the synthesis of proteins that remain in the target cell.
C
21) During mammalian labor and delivery, the contraction of uterine muscles is enhanced by oxytocin. This is an example of A) a negative feedback system. B) a hormone that acts in an antagonistic way with another hormone. C) a hormone that is involved in a positive feedback loop. D) signal transduction immediately changing gene expression in its target cells. E) the key role of the anterior pituitary gland in regulating uterine contraction.
C
27) The bile salts A) are enzymes. B) are manufactured by the pancreas. C) emulsify fats in the duodenum. D) increase the efficiency of pepsin action. E) are normally an ingredient of gastric juice.
C
3) Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because A) only those animals use those nutrients. B) the nutrients are subunits of important polymers. C) these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients. D) the nutrients are necessary coenzymes. E) only certain foods contain them.
C
31) A nutritional monomer that can be transported in the blood after a typical meal is A) sucrose. B) maltose. C) fatty acid. D) dipeptide. E) trinucleotide.
C
35) Iodine is added to table salt to help prevent deficiencies of an essential mineral needed for the proper function of the A) parathyroid glands. B) adrenal glands. C) thyroid glands. D) the endocrine pancreas. E) the exocrine pancreas.
C
36) Historically inaccurate diagnosis of acid reflux disorders and gastric ulcers has been improved by A) pH monitoring. B) X-ray technology. C) the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori infection. D) colonoscopy. E) sonography.
C
45) The production of red blood cells is stimulated by A) low-density lipoproteins. B) immunoglobulins. C) erythropoietin. D) epinephrine. E) platelets.
C
51) A fasting animal whose energy needs exceed those provided in its diet draws on its stored resources in which order? A) fat, then glycogen, then protein B) glycogen, then protein, then fat C) liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat D) muscle glycogen, then fat, then liver glycogen E) fat, then protein, then glycogen
C
61) Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function? A) stomachprotein digestion B) oral cavitystarch digestion C) large intestinebile production D) small intestinenutrient absorption E) pancreasenzyme production
C
68) Which hormone is incorrectly paired with its action? A) oxytocinstimulates uterine contractions during childbirth B) thyroxinestimulates metabolic processes C) insulinstimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver D) ACTHstimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex E) melatoninaffects biological rhythms, seasonal reproduction
C
69) Steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common A) the building blocks from which they are synthesized. B) their solubility in cell membranes. C) their requirement for travel through the bloodstream. D) the location of their receptors. E) their reliance on signal transduction in the cell.
C
86) When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe? A) rising O₂ B) falling O₂ C) rising CO₂ D) falling CO₂ E) rising CO₂ and falling O₂
C
17) Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals? A) left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation B) right ventricle → pulmonary vein → pulmocutaneous circulation C) pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit D) vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit E) right atrium → pulmonary artery → left atrium → ventricle
D
18) A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of A) 500 mL/minute. B) 1,000 mL/minute. C) 1,750 mL/minute. D) 2,800 mL/minute. E) 4,800 mL/minute.
D
19) Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans A) is a major contributor to heart attacks. B) would block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers. C) would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance. D) would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions. E) would have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta.
D
25) Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that A) is manufactured by the pancreas. B) helps stabilize fat-water emulsions. C) splits maltose into monosaccharides. D) begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach. E) is denatured and rendered inactive in solutions with low pH.
D
30) The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that the A) processing of fats does not require any digestive enzymes, whereas the processing of carbohydrates does. B) fat absorption occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small intestine. C) carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested, whereas fats do not. D) most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood. E) fats, but not carbohydrates, are digested by bacteria before absorption.
D
42) Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine activity? A) the pituitary gland B) parathyroid glands C) salivary glands D) the pancreas E) adrenal glands
D
57) Air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange A) in their specialized external gills. B) in their specialized internal gills. C) in the alveoli of their lungs. D) across the membranes of their cells. E) across all parts of their thin cuticular exoskeleton.
D
60) Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of A) the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air. B) the overproduction of surfactants. C) the incomplete development of the lung surface. D) lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant. E) mutations in the genes involved in lung formation
D
62) Which of the following is not a major activity of the stomach? A) mechanical digestion B) HCl secretion C) mucus secretion D) nutrient absorption E) enzyme secretion
D
63) After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of A) starch. B) protein. C) sugar. D) fat. E) water.
D
66) During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of A) nitric acid. B) nitrogen. C) oxygen. D) carbon dioxide. E) carbon monoxide.
D
87 87) One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is A) the number of heart chambers. B) the type of gas exchange tissues. C) a complete separation of circuits for circulation. D) the number of circuits for circulation. E) a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit.
D
87) One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is A) the number of heart chambers. B) the type of gas exchange tissues. C) a complete separation of circuits for circulation. D) the number of circuits for circulation. E) a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit.
D
9) A cell with membrane-bound proteins that selectively bind a specific hormone is called that hormone's A) secretory cell. B) plasma cell. C) endocrine cell. D) target cell. E) regulatory cell.
D
2) Animals that migrate great distances would obtain the greatest energetic benefit of storing chemical energy as A) proteins. B) minerals. C) carbohydrates. D) amino acids. E) fats.
E
20) Hormones that promote homeostasis A) are not found as members of antagonistic signaling mechanisms. B) travel to target cells without passage in the plasma. C) utilize receptors that bind any hormone. D) initiate signal transduction in the target cell without binding to receptors. E) usually operate as part of a negative feedback system.
E
20) In the digestive system, peristalsis is A) a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine. B) voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation. C) the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vessel. D) a common cause of loss of appetite, fatigue, and dehydration. E) smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus.
E
29) The blood pressure is lowest in the A) aorta. B) arteries. C) arterioles. D) capillaries. E) venae cavae.
E
