BIO-182 LAB MIDTERM
How to put away a microscope
1. Use the coarse adjustment to make sure the stage is as far down as the knob will turn. 2. Take the slide off. 3. Make sure the scanning objective is in place. 4. Make sure the stage is clean (only use lens paper to clean a microscope). 5. Turn off the power.
What are the three mechanisms for evolutionary change?
1. natural selection 2. gene flow 3. genetic drift
What are the five conditions for Hardy Weinberg to be met?
1. no mutations 2. random mating 3. no natural selection 4. extremely large population size 5. no gene flow
What is a methanogen?
A bacteria that reduces carbon dioxide to methane
What is genetic drift?
A change in allele frequencies caused by random events
what is the DNA structure of archaea?
Circular
what is the DNA structure or bacteria?
Circular
What is a psycrophile?
Cold loving bacteria 15 degrees celsius or below
What is the DNA structure of protists?
Compact, linear chromosome
what is an example of bacteria?
E. coli
What is the cell type of protists?
Eukaryotic
what are the parts of a stereoscope?
Eyepieces, Magnification Knob, focus knob, light controls, reflective light, and transmitted light
Do protists have a peptidoglycan cell wall?
NO
Does Archaea have a membrane bound organelle?
NO
Does Archaea have a nuclear DNA?
NO
Does archaea have a peptidoglycan cell wall?
NO
does bacteria have membrane bound organelles?
NO
What is the cell type of Archaea?
Prokaryotic
what is the cell type of bacteria?
Prokaryotic
what is an example of a halophile?
Staphylococcus aureus
what is an example of a thermophile?
Thermus aquaticus
Do protists have membrane bound organelles?
YES
Do protists have nuclear DNA?
YES
Does bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall?
YES
what is the outcome of natural selection?
adaptive evolution
what is an example of protists?
algae, protozoa, slime molds
What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
allele frequencies in a population should remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change
What is a halophile?
an organism that grows best in environments with high salt
What is a thermophile?
an organism who is high heat loving, the optimum growth is at 50 degrees C to 60 degrees C
What are acidophiles?
bacteria that grow in acidic environments
What is a prokaryotic cell?
cell that does not have a nucleus or organelles
What is a eukaryotic cell?
cell that has a nucleus and organelles
How to focus a microscope?
coarse adjustment then fine adjustment
What are bacterial shapes?
coccus, bacillus, spiral
What is excavata characterized by?
cytoskeleton, it has a excavated groove on 1 side
How to find the diameter of an object under a microscope?
divide the field number by magnification number
p represents what in the hardy Weinberg equation?
dominant allele
what was the purpose of the PTC test?
evaluate the genotype frequency of students and compare it to the rest of the united states
what is adaptive evolution?
evolution that results in a better match between organisms and their environment
p^2 represents what in hardy Weinberg?
homozygous dominant
q^2 represents what in hardy Weinberg?
homozygous recessive
what is an example of an extremophile?
many members of archaea
what is gene flow?
movement of alleles between populations
What is an extremophile?
organisms that are adapted to survive in extreme conditions
What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
how to find the area of the field of view?
pie(r)^2
How does gram negative bacteria stain?
pink
How does gram positive bacteria stain?
purple
q represents what in the hardy Weinberg equation?
recessive allele
How do you calculate the total magnification for different objective lenses?
take eyepiece magnification X objective lens power= total magnification EX: 10X4= 40 x EX2: 10X10= 100x EX3: 40X10=400x
why were the beads returned after they were selected?
the beads were returned to the container to demonstrate random mating and mainly because it represents the same number of alleles in the population
In the gram negative bacteria what happens to the the peptidoglycan cell wall?
the crystal violet is easily rinsed away, revealing the red safranin dye
Why were the beads used in the hardy Weinberg part one of the lab?
the different color bead represent the different genotypes in society EX: blue beads=BB homozygous dominant purple beads=Bb heterozygous white beads=homozygous recessive
In the gram positive bacteria what happens to the peptidoglycan cell wall?
the peptidoglycan cell wall traps the crystal violet, which makes the safranin dye
what is the nuclear DNA of bacteria?
there is none
what is an example of archaea?
thermophiles
why were so many beads used in hardy weinberg?
to demonstrate the large population being tested for hardy weinberg equilibrium
what was the purpose of the hardy-Weinberg equilibrium lab?
to focus on how natural selection can affect hardy weinberg the first part is to observe large populations and how random mating can lead to changes in the allele frequency
why did the population of "rice grains" change over time?
to show natural selection leading to adaptive evolution
what was the purpose of the natural selection lab?
to stimulate predation to demonstrate how natural selection can lead to adaptive evolution
